HYDROCARBON SOURCE ROCKS AND GENERATION HISTORY IN THE LUNNAN OILFIELD AREA, NORTHERN TARIM BASIN (NW CHINA)

In this paper we report on source rocks and maturation history at the Lunnan oilfield, northern Tarim Basin (NW China), using a combination of organic petrographic and geochemical techniques. Three separate source rock intervals are present here: Cambrian mudstones and argillaceous limestones; Middle and Upper Ordovician argillaceous limestones; and Triassic mudstones. Reservoir rocks comprise Lower Ordovician carbonates, Carboniferous sandstones, and Triassic and Jurassic sandstones. Structural traps were formed principally during the Silurian and Jurassic.
The Lunnan field is located on a small-scale palaeo uplift which developed during the Early Palaeozoic. Hydrocarbons migrated updip from source areas in surrounding palaeo-lows along faults and unconformities. Major phases of hydrocarbon generation and migration occurred in the Early Silurian — Late Devonian, Cretaceous — Early Tertiary and Late Tertiary. Uplift and intense erosion at the end of the Devonian destroyed Early Palaeozoic oil and gas accumulations sourced from the Cambrian source rocks, but hydrocarbons generated by Middle and Upper Ordovician source rocks during the Mesozoic and Tertiary have been preserved. At the present day, accumulations are characterized by a range of crude oil compositions because source rocks from different source areas with different maturation histories are involved.     

Joint geophysical and geochemical evaluation of source rocks – A case study in Sayun-Masila basin,Yemen

Integration of geophysical and geochemical approaches is used for qualitative and quantitative evaluation of source rocks. The Upper Jurassic rocks in the Sayun-Masila basin are used as a case study due to its high hydrocarbon potentiality. Stratigraphically, these rocks could be differentiated from base to top into: Shuqra, Madbi and Nayfa formations. The total organic carbon (TOC) values were determined in the shale and/or carbonate intervals of these formations from four studied wells by the ΔlogR method using sonic, resistivity and gamma-ray log data. Then the discriminant analysis was applied in differentiating source from non-source rocks. Also, the effect of the burial and thermal histories on the organic material maturation and the oil and/or gas generation was studied through the application of two analytical methods, namely, the level of organic metamorphism (LOM) and the time-temperature index (TTI), depending on the corrected temperature logs integrated with the time and depth data. The reliability of the obtained results has been confirmed and combined with the results supplied from geochemical analyses. The Upper Jurassic sediments are found to be oil–prone source rock in a mature stage. The Madbi Formation is considered as the most effective source rock. The burial and thermal histories of the basin in four modeled wells showed that mature oil generation window and hydrocarbon expulsion would have been initiated in the depocenters from Upper Jurassic Madbi Formation source rock during Late Cretaceous to Middle Miocene time.     

银根-额济纳旗盆地烃源岩特征及油气富集规律

基于对银根-额济纳旗盆地上古生界、侏罗系和白垩系烃源岩地球化学特征的系统评价,分析了盆地内各凹陷的油气来源和富集规律。盆地上古生界石炭系—二叠系暗色泥岩整体已达到过成熟阶段,中生界凹陷内已发生浅变质—变质作用,油气保存条件较差,油气资源和勘探潜力小;中—下侏罗统发育一套煤系烃源岩,在盆地腹部及南部凹陷中已达成熟阶段,具有一定生烃潜力;白垩系巴音戈壁组烃源岩的有机质丰度高、类型较好,是盆地的主力烃源岩层系,且油源对比结果证实,盆地已发现的油气均来源于该套烃源岩。银根-额济纳旗盆地的油气成藏过程可划分为早白垩世晚期油气成藏和早白垩世末期调整改造2个阶段,油气的富集主要受巴音戈壁组烃源岩的热演化程度和晚期构造活动强度共同控制。银根-额济纳旗盆地腹部是其油气富集的最有利区,中西部是油气勘探的有利区,中东部的油气成藏条件较差。     

PETROLEUM GEOLOGY OF THE NOGAL BASIN AND SURROUNDING AREA,NORTHERN SOMALIA,PART 2: HYDROCARBON POTENTIAL

Seismic reflection profiles and well data show that the Nogal Basin, northern Somalia, has a structure and stratigraphy suitable for the generation and trapping of hydrocarbons. However, the data suggest that the Upper Jurassic Bihendula Group, which is the main source rock elsewhere in northern Somalia, is largely absent from the basin or is present only in the western part. The high geothermal gradient (～35–49 °C/km) and rapid increase of vitrinite reflectance with depth in the Upper Cretaceous succession indicate that the Gumburo Formation shales may locally have reached oil window maturity close to plutonic bodies. The Gumburo and Jesomma Formations include high quality reservoir sandstones and are sealed by transgressive mudstones and carbonates. ID petroleum systems modelling was performed at wells Nogal‐1 and Kalis‐1, with 2D modelling along seismic lines CS‐155 and CS‐229 which pass through the wells. Two source rock models (Bihendula and lower Gumburo) were considered at the Nogal‐1 well because the well did not penetrate the sequences below the Gumburo Formation. The two models generated significant hydrocarbon accumulations in tilted fault blocks within the Adigrat and Gumburo Formations. However, the model along the Kalis‐1 well generated only negligible volumes of hydrocarbons, implying that the hydrocarbon potential is higher in the western part of the Nogal Basin than in the east. Potential traps in the basin are rotated fault blocks and roll‐over anticlines which were mainly developed during Oligocene–Miocene rifting. The main exploration risks in the basin are the lack of the Upper Jurassic source and reservoirs rocks, and the uncertain maturity of the Upper Cretaceous Gumburo and Jesomma shales. In addition, Oligocene‐Miocene rift‐related deformation has resulted in trap breaching and the reactivation of Late Cretaceous faults.     

准噶尔盆地南缘油气生成与分布规律——烃源岩地球化学特征与生烃史

准噶尔盆地南缘发育二叠系、三叠系、侏罗系、白垩系和古近系5套可能的烃源岩,并在很多构造圈闭发现了不同物理化学性质的油气。长期以来对该地区有效烃源岩及所发现油气的来源存在很大争议。通过对南缘地区24条地面剖面及28口探井烃源岩岩心系统采样分析研究认为,不仅二叠系与侏罗系是南缘地区重要的烃源岩,三叠系是可能的烃源岩,白垩系与古近系也是非常重要的烃源岩。二叠系烃源岩有机质丰度很高、类型好,以I、II型有机质为主;三叠系与侏罗系烃源岩有机质丰度变化大,且类型较差,以II、III型有机质为主;白垩系和古近系烃源岩有机质丰度中等,但有机质类型好,以I、II型有机质为主。5套烃源岩目前成熟度差异较大,二叠系、三叠系、侏罗系烃源岩处于低成熟-高、过成熟阶段,白垩系烃源岩处于未成熟-高成熟阶段,古近系烃源岩处于未成熟-成熟演化阶段。5套烃源岩大量生烃时期明显不同:中二叠统烃源岩主要在晚侏罗世-古近纪,侏罗系在晚白垩世-新近纪;白垩系从始新世延续现今,在上新世初达到生油高峰;古近系中新世末期进入生油门限开始生油,目前仍未达生油高峰。白垩系在南缘中部地区为有效生烃源岩,古近系在南缘西部地区是有效的生油源岩。     

PETROLEUM GEOLOGY AND FUTURE HYDROCARBON POTENTIAL OF THE IRISH SEA

The East Irish Sea Basin is hydrocarbon prolific with ten gasfields, two oilfields and another eight gas or oil discoveries. Production is from a widespread Triassic fluvioaeolian reservoir (the Ormskirk Sandstone) which is sealed by salt-prone mudstones. Three episodes of hydrocarbon generation occurred from a rich, Namurian-age source rock during deep burial in the Late Carboniferous-Early Permian, in the Early Jurassic and in the Late Cretaceous. All of the discoveries are in structural traps which are controlled to some degree by N-S trending normal faults probably active in the Late Jurassic. Consequently, the third (Cretaceous) phase of hydrocarbon generation is the most important. Another phase of uplift and erosion occurred in the Early Tertiary leading to the almost complete removal of Cretaceous and Jurassic strata. This event led to significant primary and tertiary migration as a result of overpressuring in the source rock and gas expansion within the reservoir. Although similar good quality Triassic reservoir occurs in other basins in the Irish Sea, rift-related uplift and erosion in the Middle Permian caused the widespread removal of potential Carboniferous source rocks in these areas, severely limiting the chance of hydrocarbon charge.     

PETROLEUM SYSTEMS OF THE WEST IBERIAN MARGIN: A REVIEW OF THE LUSITANIAN BASIN AND THE DEEP OFFSHORE PENICHE BASIN

The relatively well‐studied Lusitanian Basin in coastal west‐central Portugal can be used as an analogue for the less well‐known Peniche Basin in the deep offshore. In this paper the Lusitanian Basin is reviewed in terms of stratigraphy, sedimentology, evolution and petroleum systems. Data comes from published papers and technical reports as well as original research and field observations. The integration and interpretation of these data is used to build up an updated petroleum systems analysis of the basin. Petroleum systems elements include Palaeozoic and Mesozoic source rocks, siliciclastic and carbonate reservoir rocks, and Mesozoic and Tertiary seals. Traps are in general controlled by diapiric movement of Hettangian clays and evaporites during the Late Jurassic, Late Cretaceous and Late Miocene. Organic matter maturation, mainly due to Late Jurassic rift‐related subsidence and burial, is described together with hydrocarbon migration and trapping. Three main petroleum systems may be defined, sourced respectively by Palaeozoic shales, Early Jurassic marly shales and Late Jurassic marls. These elements and systems can tentatively be extrapolated offshore into the deep‐water Peniche Basin, where no exploration wells have so far been drilled. There are both similarities and differences between the Lusitanian and Peniche Basins, the differences being mainly related to the more distal position of the Peniche Basin and the later onset of the main rift phase which was accompanied by Early Cretaceous subsidence and burial. The main exploration risks are related to overburden and maturation timing versus trap formation associated both with diapiric movement of Hettangian salt and Cenozoic inversion.     

STRATIGRAPHY AND PETROLEUM GEOLOGY OF THE CROATIAN PART OF THE ADRIATIC BASIN

Coastal parts of Croatia are dominated by the SW‐verging Dinaric foldbelt, to the west and SW of which is the Adriatic Basin (the stable foreland). In both areas, the stratigraphic column is dominated by a thick carbonate succession ranging from Carboniferous to Miocene. Four megasequences have been identified: (i) a pre‐platform succession ranging in age from Late Carboniferous (Middle Pennsylvanian: Moscovian) to Early Jurassic (Early Toarcian; Bru?ane and Ba?ke Ostarije Formations); (ii) an Early Jurassic to Late Cretaceous platform megasequence (Mali Alan Formation); (iii) a Paleogene to Neogene post‐platform megasequence (Ra?a Formation); and (iv) a Neogene to Quaternary (Pliocene to Holocene) megasequence (Istra and Ivana Formations). A number of organic‐rich intervals with source rock potential have been identified on‐ and offshore Croatia: Middle and Upper Carboniferous, Upper Permian, Lower and Middle Triassic, Lower and Upper Jurassic, Lower and Upper Cretaceous, Eocene, and Pliocene – Pleistocene. Traps and potential plays have been identified from seismic data in the Dinaric belt and adjacent foreland. Evaporites of Permian, Triassic and Neogene (Messinian) ages form potential regional seals, and carbonates with secondary porosity form potential reservoirs. Oil and gas shows in wells in the Croatian part of the Adriatic Basin have been recorded but no oil accumulations of commercial value have yet been discovered. In the northern Adriatic offshore Croatia, Pliocene hemi‐pelagic marlstones and shales include source rocks which produce commercial volumes of biogenic gas. The gas is reservoired in unconsolidated sands of the Pleistocene Ivana Formation.     

准噶尔盆地永1井油气来源及成藏模式分析

准噶尔盆地永1井侏罗系地层中存在几套地化特征完全不同的原油,油源分析认为其侏罗系西山窑组原油主要来自二叠系烃源岩、三工河组下部原油主要来自侏罗系烃源岩,而上部油砂的抽提物则具有上下2套原油的混合特征。侏罗系和二叠系是准噶尔盆地昌吉凹陷最主要的烃源岩,下二叠系烃源岩的主要生烃期在二叠纪末至侏罗纪早期,中二叠统烃源岩主要生烃期在三叠纪末期至早白垩纪,而侏罗系烃源岩的主要生烃期在第三纪以后。根据分析昌吉凹陷的构造演化后认为,西山窑组中的降解原油为侏罗纪末抬升剥蚀前形成的油藏,其正常原油油藏则在白垩系沉积后形成,而三工河组侏罗系原油则相对更晚形成。      

四川盆地北部上三叠统须家河组煤系烃源岩生烃史

为准确认识四川盆地北部上三叠统须家河组天然气成藏过程,基于近年来煤系烃源岩生排烃特征研究的最新进展和盆地模拟技术,对该区煤系烃源岩埋藏热演化史、生烃史进行了系统研究。首先,分别建立了盆地的地质、热力学和生烃动力学模型,其次,选取古水深、沉积水界面温度、古热流值作为模拟参数,对该区17口钻井进行了模拟。结果表明：①须家河组烃源岩生气时段发生在快速沉降阶段,总体表现为快速生气的特点,元坝地区的生气时间略早于通南巴地区;②须家河组烃源岩在中侏罗世中期Ro达到0.6%,开始生气,中侏罗世晚期-晚侏罗世Ro达到0.7%,开始大量生气,晚侏罗世-早白垩世Ro达到1.0%,进入生气高峰期;③随着埋深进一步增大（在早白垩世末期达到最大埋深）,烃源岩进入高-过成熟阶段,至晚白垩世盆地整体大幅度抬升,地温降低,逐渐停止生烃。     

Petroleum source rocks characterization and hydrocarbon generation of the Upper Jurassic succession in Jabal Ayban field,Sabatayn Basin,Yemen

The Upper Jurassic samples of Jabal Ayban field, Sabatayn Basin, western Yemen were used to determine the source rock characteristics and petroleum generative potentials. Based on organic geochemical analysis, the Upper Jurassic source rocks have variable TOC content in the range of 0.82–13?wt%, indicating a fair to very good source rock generative potential. The bulk geochemical results showed that Safer Member contains Type III kerogen grading to mixed Type II–III, while the Lam and Meem members displaying generally Type II, mixed Type II–III and Type III kerogens, which have the ability to generate mixed oil and gas accumulations under thermal maturation level. Vitrinite reflectance in the range (0.35–0.78% Ro) and Tmax in the range (411–445?°C), generally proving that the Meem source rocks have sufficient thermal maturity for hydrocarbon-generation, whereas the Lam and Safer are immature source rocks. 1D basin modelling was performed to analyse the hydrocarbon generation and expulsion history of the study area. Calibration of the model with measured VR (% Ro) and (BHT) data shows that the paleo-heat-flow was high at Late Jurassic. The burial/thermal history models indicate that the source rocks in the Lam and Safer members are immature source rocks and the peak oil generation has not been reached yet. The models also indicate that the early hydrocarbon generation (0.64% Ro) in the Meem source rock occurred during late Jurassic at 150?Ma and the main hydrocarbon generation (0.79% Ro) has been reached approximately at 146?Ma. Therefore, the Meem Member can be consider as generative potentials of prospective source rock horizons in Jabal Ayban field, Sabatayn Basin.     

AN EVALUATION OF THE HYDROCARBON POTENTIAL OF THE SEDIMENTARY BASINS OF LIBYA

Distinctive structural and stratigraphic styles, together with the timely development of source rocks, reservoirs and seals, have produced in Libya the richest hydrocarbon habitats on the African continent. These habitats are located in the Sirte Basin (29,000 MM brl of proved reserves), and Ghadames Basins and Pelagian Shelf (3,000 MM brls of proved reserves). Significant oil discoveries have also been made in the Murzuk Basin (1,500 MM brl of proved reserves) and the offshore Cyrenaica Platform.
Four major potential source rocks have been identified in Libya: the Sirte shales (Campanian), the Hagfa shales (Palaeocene), the Tanezzuft shales (Silurian), and shales of Devonian age. The Sirte and Hagfa shales have generated hydrocarbons for most of the prolific reservoirs in the Sirte Basin. The Sirte shales supply hydrocarbons to clastic reservoirs of Cambro-Ordovician age (the Gargaf Group) and Lower Cretaceous age (Nubian sandstones), and also to Upper Cretaceous carbonates. The Hagfa shales source most of the Tertiary reservoirs in the Sirte Basin and possibly the Cyrenaica Platform. Silurian (Tanezzuft) and Devonian shales supply hydrocarbons to reservoirs of Palaeozoic and Mesozoic ages, particularly Silurian and Devonian sandstones in the Ghadames and Murzuk Basins, and the Cyrenaica Platform.
The principal seals in the Sirte Basin are Late Cretaceous and Tertiary shales and anhydrites. Palaeozoic and Mesozoic shales, impermeable carbonates, and occasional anhydrites form the major seals in the Ghadames and Murzuk Basins and the Cyrenaica Platform.     

SOURCE ROCK QUALITY VARIATIONS OF UPPER JURASSIC – LOWERMOST CRETACEOUS MARINE SHALES AND THEIR RELATIONSHIP TO OILS IN THE VALDEMAR FIELD,DANISH NORTH SEA

The main source rocks for the hydrocarbons at the Valdemar field (Danish North Sea) are the Upper Jurassic – lowermost Cretaceous organic-rich marine shales of the Farsund Formation. However, geochemical analyses of retained petroleum in reservoir cores show variations in oil type and maturity which indicate a complex charging history. This paper reviews the organofacies and source rock quality variations in 55 samples of the Farsund Formation from the North Jens-1 well (Valdemar field) within a sequence stratigraphic framework in order to discuss the source of the hydrocarbons. Petrographic and geochemical data, including biomarker analyses, were integrated in order to characterize the kerogen composition, original source rock potential and depositional environment of the Farsund Formation. The thermal maturity, source rock quality and kerogen quality all vary at the sequence level, and in general change upwards from early mature, primarily gas-prone Type II kerogen in the Kimmeridgian Kimm-2 and Kimm-3 sequences to immature, highly oil-prone sapropelic Type II kerogen in the Volg-4 and Ryaz-1 sequences (Volgian, Ryazanian). The kerogen has a maceral composition dominated by fluorescing amorphous organic matter (AOM) and liptodetrinite, with variable but generally minor amounts of terrigenous organic matter. The stratigraphic distribution of organic matter is similar to that in regional observations from the Danish Central Graben but minor differences occur, especially in the amount of fluorescing AOM in the Kimmeridgian sequences. The decrease in terrigenous input (vitrinite) upwards through the marine shale succession likely reflects a marine transgression of the Danish Central Graben area during Late Jurassic time. The source potential of the Upper Jurassic – lowermost Cretaceous shales in the North Jens-1 well is generally lower than that observed regionally, including an absence of relatively organic-rich, oil-prone intervals in the older part of the succession which have been demonstrated to occur elsewhere in the Danish Central Graben. However, in agreement with the regional trend, back-calculated source rock data and calculated Ultimate Expulsion Potentials show that the uppermost Volgian (Volg-4) and Ryazanian (Ryaz-1) sequences are the most oil-prone intervals. The Ryaz-1 sequence represents a condensed section formed during a period characterised by low sedimentation rates and high preservation of algal organic matter. Biomarker compositions from source rock extracts from the North Jens-1 well cannot be directly correlated to Valdemar reservoir oils, suggesting that the mature organofacies which charged the oils are not represented in the samples from North Jens-1.     

HYDROCARBONS IN THE MIDDLE MIOCENE JERIBE FORMATION,DYALA REGION,NE IRAQ

The Lower Miocene Jeribe Formation in northern and NE Iraq is composed principally of dolomitic limestones with typical porosity in the range of 10–24% and mean permeability of 30 mD. The formation serves as a reservoir for oil and gas at the East Baghdad field, gas at Mansuriya, Khashim Ahmar, Pulkhana and Chia Surkh fields, and oil at Injana, Gillabat, Qumar and Jambur. A regional seal is provided by the anhydrites of the Lower Fars (Fat'ha) Formation. For this study, oil samples from the Jeribe Formation at Jambur oilfield, Oligocene Baba Formation at Baba Dome (Kirkuk field) and Late Cretaceous Tanuma and Khasib Formations at East Baghdad field were analysed in order to investigate their genetic relationships. Graphical presentation of the analytical results (including plots of pristane/nC₁₇ versus phytane/nC_l8, triangular plots of steranes, tricyclic terpane scatter plots, and graphs of pristanelphytane versus carbon isotope ratio) indicated that the oils belong to a single oil family and are derived from kerogen Types II and III. The oils have undergone minor biodegradation and are of high maturity. They were derived from marine organic matter deposited with carbonate‐rich source rocks in suboxic‐anoxic settings. A range of biomarker ratios and parameters including a C₂₈/ C₂₉ sterane ratio of 0.9, an oleanane index of 0.2 and low tricyclic terpane values indicate a Late Jurassic or Early Cretaceous age for the source rocks, and this age is consistent with palynomorph analyses. Potential source rocks are present in the Upper Jurassic – Lower Cretaceous Chia Gara Formation and the Middle Jurassic Sargelu Formation at the Jambur, Pulkhana, Qumar and Mansuriya fields; minor source rock intervals occur in the Balambo and Sarmord Formations. Hydrocarbon generation and expulsion from the Chia Gara Formation was indicated by pyrolysate organic matter, palynofacies type (A), and the maturity of Gleichenidites spores. Oil migration from the Chia Gara Formation source rocks (and minor oil migration from the Sargelu Formation) into the Jeribe Formation reservoirs took place along steeply‐dipping faults which are observed on seismic sections and which cut through the Upper Jurassic Gotnia Anhydrite seal. Migration is confirmed by the presence of asphalt residues in the Upper Cretaceous Shiranish Formation and by a high migration index (Rock Eval SI / TOC) in the Chia Gara Formation. These processes and elements together form a Jurassic/Cretaceous – Tertiary petroleum system whose top‐seal is the Lower Fars (Fat'ha) Formation anhydrite.     

大庆探区煤系烃源岩的生烃条件研究

大庆探区主要包括松辽及其外围盆地，勘探实践证实这些盆地在晚侏罗系、早白垩系和第三系广泛发育的煤层和煤系烃源岩层是油气生成的潜在物质基础。探讨这套烃源岩的生烃潜力对指导各研究区块的煤成烃勘探具有现实的参考价值。因此，应用有机地球化学、有机岩石学和热模拟实验技术并结合地层的沉积史和热演化史分析，系统研究了大庆探区煤系烃源岩的生烃特征及其勘探潜力。结果表明，煤系烃源岩的生油潜力分为好、中、差、非4种类型，各类煤系烃源岩的生烃特征、有机质结构和成烃模式均存在明显差异，从而影响了煤成油气的勘探方向。地质与地球化学综合研究表明，海拉尔盆地煤成油的勘探前景相对较好；汤原断陷煤成油的勘探以低熟油为主；鸡西盆地煤成油的勘探以寻找次生油藏为主：松辽盆地煤成油的勘探前景不大．以寻找煤成气为主。     

澳大利亚北卡那封盆地Rankin台地天然气富集原因初探

Rankin台地是澳大利亚北卡那封盆地重要的天然气和凝析油富集带,在早侏罗世已经抬升,白垩纪中期重新广泛沉积,巨厚的中、上三叠统Mungaroo组三角洲砂岩是该台地重要勘探层系。台地气藏多气源。中、上三叠统Mungaroo组页岩是台地确定的生气岩,形成多套成藏组合。台地也是Barrow—Dampier次盆供烃指向区,由于Barrow、Dampier次盆烃品质不同,造成台地北部的凝析气田比南部的凝析气田含有更多的凝析油。台地天然气富集主要和构造圈闭发育、良好的盖层条件及多气源有关。     

Organic geochemistry investigations of crude oils from Bayoot oilfield in the Masila Basin,east Yemen and their implication for origin of organic matter and source-related type

Thirteen crude oil samples from fractured basement reservoir rocks in the Bayoot oilfield, Masila Basin were studied to describe oil characteristics and to provide information on the source of organic matter input and the genetic link between oils and their potential source rock in the basin. The bulk geochemical results of whole oil and gasoline hydrocarbons indicate that the Bayoot oils are normal crude oil, with high hydrocarbons of more than 60%. The hydrocarbons are dominated by normal, branched and cyclic alkanes a substantial of the light aromatic compounds, suggesting aliphatic oil-prone kerogen. The high abundant of normal, branched and cyclic alkanes also indicate that the Bayoot oils are not biodegradation oils.The biomarker distributions of isoprenoid, hopane, aromatic and sterane and their cross and triangular plots suggest that the Bayoot oils are grouped into one genetic family and were generated from marine clay-rich source rock that received mixed organic matter and deposited under suboxic conditions. The biomarker distributions of the Bayoot oils are consistent with those of the Late Jurassic Madbi source rock in the basin. Biomarker maturity and oil compositions data also indicate that the Bayoot oils were generated from mature source rock with peak oil-window maturity.     

伊朗库姆盆地油气成藏机理分析

库姆盆地是以前寒武系变质岩为基底的中新生代盆地,通过对中下侏罗统舍姆沙克组和渐新统—中新统库姆组两套烃源岩的有机质丰度、类型、成熟度及油源对比等地球化学分析表明,舍姆沙克组烃源岩为一套有效的烃源岩层系,库姆组为一套潜在的烃源岩层系。舍姆沙克组烃源岩在早白垩世开始进入生烃门限,大约在17Ma时进入湿气和凝析油阶段,上新世早期盆地的快速沉降使侏罗系源岩达到过成熟阶段。经对库姆盆地成藏要素的演化过程进行分析,认为库姆盆地的区域石油地质背景有利于油气藏的形成、演化。库姆盆地既存在以舍姆沙克组(及库姆组)为源岩的新近系油气藏,也可存在舍姆沙克组原生油气藏。燕山期和喜山期形成的圈闭是本区的有利勘探目标。      

准噶尔盆地西北缘不整合储层流体包裹体特征与油气成藏期次

准噶尔盆地西北缘存在着众多的地层油气藏,目前对于其油气成藏期次及成藏时间的认识尚存在争议。为此,采集了该区26口钻井的58块流体包裹体样品,利用流体包裹体显微测温技术,结合埋藏史及热演化史分析成果,研究了上述流体包裹体的显微特征和均一温度特征,确定了该区地层油气藏的油气成藏期次,进一步结合该区烃源岩生排烃史和构造发育史,恢复了地层油气藏的成藏过程。结论认为:①晚二叠世-早三叠世,二叠系佳木河组烃源岩生成的成熟油气进入石炭系火山岩储层和二叠系佳木河组、风城组、夏子街组等碎屑岩不整合储层中聚集成藏;②晓三叠世-早侏罗世,二叠系风城组烃源岩生成的成熟油气进入二叠系内部以及三叠系底部不整合砂砾岩储层中聚集,以形成中深部油藏为主;③晚侏罗世-早白垩世,二叠系佳木河组烃源岩生成的天然气和二叠系下乌尔禾组烃源岩生成的成熟油气进入三叠系底部、侏罗系底部、白垩系底部等碎屑岩不整合储层中聚集,以形成中浅部油/气藏和稠油油藏为主。     

SOURCE ROCK POTENTIAL OF THE BLUE NILE (ABAY) BASIN, ETHIOPIA

The Blue Nile Basin, a Late Palaeozoic ‐ Mesozoic NW‐SE trending rift basin in central Ethiopia, is filled by up to 3000 m of marine deposits (carbonates, evaporites, black shales and mudstones) and continental siliciclastics. Within this fill, perhaps the most significant source rock potential is associated with the Oxfordian‐Kimmeridgian Upper Hamanlei (Antalo) Limestone Formation which has a TOC of up to 7%. Pyrolysis data indicate that black shales and mudstones in this formation have HI and S₂ values up to 613 mgHC/gCorg and 37.4 gHC/kg, respectively. In the Dejen‐Gohatsion area in the centre of the basin, these black shales and mudstones are immature for the generation of oil due to insufficient burial. However, in the Were Ilu area in the NE of the basin, the formation is locally buried to depths of more than 1,500 m beneath Cretaceous sedimentary rocks and Tertiary volcanics. Production index, T_max, hydrogen index and vitrinite reflectance measurements for shale and mudstone samples from this areas indicate that they are mature for oil generation. Burial history reconstruction and Lopatin modelling indicate that hydrocarbons have been generated in this area from 10Ma to the present day. The presence of an oil seepage at Were Ilu points to the presence of an active petroleum system. Seepage oil samples were analysed using gas chromatography and results indicate that source rock OM was dominated by marine material with some land‐derived organic matter. The Pr/Ph ratio of the seepage oil is less than 1, suggesting a marine depositional environment. n‐alkanes are absent but steranes and triterpanes are present; pentacyclic triterpanes are more abundant than steranes. The black shales and mudstones of the Upper Hamanlei Limestone Formation are inferred to be the source of the seepage oil. Of other formations whose source rock potential was investigated, a sample of the Permian Karroo Group shale was found to be overmature for oil generation; whereas algal‐laminated gypsum samples from the Middle Hamanlei Limestone Formation were organic lean and had little source potential