Sensory evaluation and physicochemical optimisation of soy-based desserts using response surface methodology

The objective of this study was to develop a dessert that contains soy protein (SP) (1%, 2%, 3%) and guava juice (GJ) (22%, 27%, 32%) using Response Surface Methodology (RSM) as the optimisation technique. Water activity, physical stability, colour, acidity, pH, iron, and carotenoid contents were analysed. Affective tests were performed to determine the degree of liking of colour, creaminess, and acceptability. The results showed that GJ increased the values of redness, hue angle, chromaticity, acidity, and carotenoid content, while SP reduced water activity. Optimisation suggested a dessert containing 32% GJ and 1.17% SP as the best proportion of these components. This sample was considered a source of fibres, ascorbic acid, copper, and iron and garnered scores above the level of ‘slightly liked’ for sensory attributes. Moreover, RSM was shown to be an adequate approach for modelling the physicochemical parameters and the degree of liking of creaminess of desserts.     

EFFECTS OF ALKALIZED COCOA POWDER AND SOY LECITHIN ON PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF CHOCOLATE BEVERAGE POWDERS

Chocolate beverage powders (CBPs) were produced from alkalized cocoa powder (ACP) at 10–30% and soy lecithin (SL) at 0–4%. Response surface methodology (RSM) was used to determine the optimum level of ACP and SL on sedimentation, wettability, bulk density, despersibility, moisture content and flavor acceptability. SL was effective on wettability, and it also showed an optimum level for sedimentation and bulk density, while ACP was found to be significant for all physical properties. For sensory evaluation, flavor was acceptable at 20% ACP level soy taste was detected by panelists in CBPs with high SL and low ACP contents. It was found that as the ACP content was increased the soy taste of CBPs decreased. For overall physical characteristics, the optimum levels of 20% of ACP and 2–4% of SL were selected.     

不同结晶态脂肪比例对乳液奶油感感知的影响

通过调配无水乳脂肪的脂肪酸组成，构建含不同结晶态比例的乳脂肪模型和与牛奶脂肪含量和粒径匹配的乳液体系，进而模拟口腔加工，测定含不同结晶态脂肪比例乳液的口腔聚合性和摩擦学特性，并评价其奶油感。成功构建了含不同结晶态比例（10%～85%）的乳脂肪模型（F10～F85），所构建乳液（E10～E85）中脂肪球平均粒径为4 μm，在模拟口腔加工后，乳液粒径显著增大，其中E40样品增大程度最大。随着结晶态脂肪比例的增加，乳液口腔摩擦系数（μ20）先减小后增加，其中E40样品μ20最小，为（0.04±0.01）。描述性感官评价结果显示，随着结晶态脂肪比例的增加，乳液样品的整体奶油感先增大后减小，其中E40样品得分最高，为8.06±0.73。主成分分析结果显示，乳液的口腔光滑感和糊口感与整体奶油感相关性最强，其中E40样品与整体奶油感相关性最强。暂时性感官支配评价结果显示，口腔加工中后期，乳液在口腔感知中最显著的优势感官属性为口腔光滑感和糊口感，其中E40样品的口腔光滑感和糊口感优势率最高。本研究明确了结晶态脂肪比例对乳液奶油感感知的影响，为开发低脂但具备全脂口感的乳制品提供理论依据。     

Effect of emulsifier type on sensory properties of oil-in-water emulsions

This work investigates the fundamental properties of emulsifiers that may contribute to the fat-associated sensory attributes of emulsions. Model oil-in-water emulsions were prepared with 0, 12, 24, 36 and 48% oil and emulsified with seven different emulsifiers; two proteins; sodium caseinate and whey protein, and five different sucrose esters. Emulsions were rated for perceived ‘fat content’, ‘creaminess’ and ‘thickness’ on nine-point category scales. Instrumental measurements of particle size, viscosity, thin film drainage, surface dilational modulus and interfacial tension were made. The sensory results indicate significant main and interactive effects of fat level and emulsifier type. At higher fat levels, emulsions prepared with sodium caseinate and whey protein emulsifiers had higher viscosities and higher sensory scores than those prepared with the sucrose esters. Results indicate that emulsifier type has a significant effect on the sensory properties of oil-in-water emulsions, and relationships between instrumental and sensory measures suggest that this may be due to the interfacial properties of emulsifiers at the oil–water interface. © 1998 SCI.     

Effect of fortification of defatted soy flour on sensory and rheological properties of wheat bread

The objective of this study was to determine the effects of soy-fortified bread on the sensory and rheological properties. Ground defatted soy flour was blended with wheat flour at 3%, 7% and 12%. The organoleptic characteristics of soy-fortified wheat breads were carried out by taste panel. The effect of this fortification on the rheological properties of the resulting dough was investigated using farinograph and extensograph for quality assessment of the final product. The ash and protein contents of 3% and 7% wheat–soy bread blends increased compared with control. The results revealed that organoleptic characteristics score such as bendability, appearance, flavour and taste, crust texture and overall acceptability properties of bread containing 3% defatted soy flour was highest even though it is not significantly different. Therefore, we conclude that adding 3% or 7% defatted soy flour actually gives as good a loaf of bread as the 100% wheat bread with higher nutritional quality and acceptable consumer attitude with rheological and sensory characteristics.     

响应面法优化复合枣粉配方研究

在单因素实验的基础上,选取合适的因素及水平,利用响应面法对复合枣粉配方进行优化。选择浓缩枣汁与浓缩苹果汁比例、黄豆粉添加量、麦芽糊精添加量作为优化因素,研究各因素的不同水平对复合枣粉的口感、风味、色泽的影响。通过优化后的配方是浓缩枣汁与浓缩苹果汁比例为2.79(mL/mL),100 mL混合浓缩汁中添加黄豆粉20.78 g、麦芽糊精9.54 g,然后取适量的柠檬酸、白砂糖调味。在此条件制得的复合枣粉感官评定分值最高。     

Influence of main emulsion components on the physical properties of corn oil in water emulsion: Effect of oil volume fraction,whey protein concentrate and Lepidium perfoliatum seed gum

The effect of composition (whey protein concentrate, Lepidium perfoliatum seed gum, and oil content) of corn oil-in-water emulsions on their physical properties, droplet size and viscosity was studied using response surface methodology (RSM). For each response, a second-order polynomial model was developed using multiple linear regression analysis. The results indicated that the response surface models were significantly fitted for all response variables studied. It was shown that all emulsion components greatly influenced the physical properties of emulsion and its overall stability during storage. The main effect of L. perfoliatum seed gum was observed to be significant in most of response surface models. Therefore, the concentration of this gum should be considered as a critical variable for the formulation of emulsions. The overall optimum region resulted in a desirable emulsion was predicted to be obtained by combined level of 0.59% L. perfoliatum seed gum, 6% WPC and 21.95% oil volume fraction.     

Concentration of soy protein isolate affects starch-based confections' texture, sensory, and storage properties

The effects of increasing soy protein isolate concentration on the physico-chemical properties of starch-based grape confectionery gels were investigated using thermal, textural, and sensory analyses. Soy protein isolate decreased hardness, cohesiveness, and gumminess, demonstrating potential as a texture modifier. Increasing soy protein concentration progressively decreased the elastic properties of the starch network demonstrated by a lower G'-G" crossover frequency. High levels of soy protein also created a more homogeneous water population, one which was lost at lower temperatures compared to standard confections. An improvement in taste and texture acceptability of the confections upon addition of soy protein isolate was found by sensory analysis. Finally, physico-chemical properties were compared up to 20 d of storage at ambient temperature. Soy-containing confections demonstrated lower gumminess and cohesiveness during the entire storage period but a significant increase in hardness after 20 d of storage. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: Soy protein isolate imparted soft texture to starch-based confections on a concentration-dependent basis. Increasing soy protein isolate concentration decreased elastic properties of the starch network in starch confections and significantly improved flavor and texture. Gumminess and cohesiveness of soy protein isolate confection was lower during 20 d of storage.     

大豆乳清中分离干酪乳杆菌GJ00412的种子培养基优化

从大豆乳清中分离得到一株菌GJ00412,经16SrRNA基因测序、比对,初步鉴定为干酪乳杆菌,为降低种子培养基成本并提高其生物量,以便进一步应用,在传统乳酸杆菌(MRS)培养基基础上,采用响应面法对培养基组分进行优化。首先通过Plackett-Burman实验设计,从葡萄糖、大豆蛋白胨、酵母浸粉、胰蛋白胨、MgSO4、MnSO4、吐温80、p H等因素中,筛选出葡萄糖、酵母浸粉、MgSO4,吐温80和pH等5个对菌体生物量有显著影响的因子。采用响应面实验设计对上述5个因素进一步优化。优化后的培养基组成(w/v)如下:2.5%葡萄糖,1.8%大豆蛋白胨,0.4%酵母浸粉,0.08%MgSO4,0.04%MnSO4,0.08%吐温80,pH7.17。优化后的培养基与MRS培养基相比,降低成本,生物量无显著差异。     

Effects of CD36 Genotype on Oral Perception of Oleic Acid Supplemented Safflower Oil Emulsions in Two Ethnic Groups: A Preliminary Study

Previous studies demonstrate humans can detect fatty acids via specialized sensors on the tongue, such as the CD36 receptor. Genetic variation at the common single nucleotide polymorphism rs1761667 of CD36 has been shown to differentially impact the perception of fatty acids, but comparative data among different ethnic groups are lacking. In a small cohort of Caucasian and East Asian young adults, we investigated if: (1) participants could detect oleic acid (C18:1) added to safflower oil emulsions at a constant ratio of 3% (w/v); (2) supplementation of oleic acid to safflower oil emulsions enhanced perception of fattiness and creaminess; and (3) variation at rs1761667 influenced oleic acid detection and fat taste perception. In a 3‐alternate forced choice test, 62% of participants detected 2.9 ± 0.7 mM oleic acid (or 0.08% w/v) in a 2.8% safflower oil emulsion. Supplementation of oleic acid did not enhance fattiness and creaminess perception for the cohort as a whole, though East Asians carrying the GG genotype perceived more overall fattiness and creaminess than their AA genotype counterparts (P < 0.001). No differences were observed for the Caucasians. These preliminary findings indicate that free oleic acid can be detected in an oil‐in‐water emulsion at concentrations found in commercial oils, but it does not increase fattiness or creaminess perception. Additionally, variation at rs1761667 may have ethnic‐specific effects on fat taste perception.     

响应面法优化富含益生元的代餐粉配方

该研究利用响应面法优化一款富含益生元的代餐粉配方。利用高溶胀系数和具有饱腹感的魔芋精粉,添加具有改善肠道菌群的菊粉、低聚果糖、低聚异麦芽糖益生元,添加大豆分离蛋白、植物甾醇酯、木糖醇、香芋粉、三氯蔗糖成分,以代餐粉感官评分为指标,通过单因素试验、Plackett-Burman试验、最陡爬坡试验和Box-Behnken试验优化产品配方,并进行产品质量评价。结果显示,利用响应面方法优化得到最优配方为魔芋精粉添加量3.42 g、大豆分离蛋白0.80 g、植物甾醇酯0.23 g、益生元组合8.00 g（菊粉2.50 g、低聚果糖2.50 g、低聚异麦芽糖3.00 g）、木糖醇1.00 g、香芋粉1.20 g、三氯蔗糖0.005 g,实际感官评分为93.16。该配方代餐粉50 s即可充分溶解,冲调性较好,无颗粒,色泽均匀一致,口感细腻、黏度适中、味道纯正,气味协调,各理化指标及微生物检测按照国家食品相关标准进行了检测,结果均与添加量基本一致,符合国家标准。     

Development of extruded snacks using soy,sorghum, millet and rice blend – A response surface methodology approach

Response surface methodology (RSM) based on a five‐level‐three‐factor central composite rotatable design (CCRD) was employed for optimisation of formulation for production of a soy‐fortified millet‐based extruded snack. Effects of amount of ingredients such as ragi (40–50%), sorghum (10–20%) and soy (5–15%) on the physical properties like bulk density, expansion ratio, water absorption index and water solubility index of snacks were investigated. Significant regression models that explained the effects of different percentages of ragi, sorghum and soy on all response variables were determined. The coefficients of determination, R², of all the response variables were higher than 0.90. Based on the given criteria for optimisation, the basic formulation for production of millet‐based extruded snack with desired sensory quality was obtained by incorporating with 42.03% ragi, 14.95% sorghum, 12.97% soy and 30% rice.     

Emulsion and Storage Stabilities of Emulsions Incorporating Mechanically Deboned Poultry Meat and Various Soy Flours

The stability of emulsions formulated with mechanically deboned poultry in combination with various levels (10%, 15%, 20%, and 25%) of rehydrated vegetable protein flour (VPF), 50% protein; soy concentrate flour (SCF), 70% protein; or soy isolate flour (SIF), 90% protein were determined. VPF emulsions had significantly better emulsion stability than those with SCF or SIF. Flour type had no effect on storage stability (2-thiobarbituric acid values, tensile strength, dominant wavelength, or sensory evaluation); however, SIF emulsions had significantly higher microbiological counts than emulsions incorporating VPF or SCF. Rehydrated flour level had no effect on stability with the exception of higher tensile strength values at lower rehydrated flour levels.     

响应面法优化南美白对虾即食虾滑的加工工艺

为开发即食虾滑新产品,以南美白对虾为原料,研究不同辅料(金线鱼鱼糜、淀粉、大豆分离蛋白)添加量对虾滑凝胶强度、质构特性、持水性、白度和感官评分的影响。在单因素试验基础上,以感官评分和凝胶强度为响应值,利用响应面法对即食虾滑配方进行优化,结果表明:最适合添加到即食虾滑中的淀粉种类是木薯醋酸酯淀粉,影响即食虾滑产品品质的因素从高到低为金线鱼鱼糜添加量、大豆分离蛋白添加量、木薯醋酸酯淀粉添加量,最终得出即食虾滑的最优配方为:100 g虾仁,虾肉块、虾糜质量比3∶2,添加食盐1%、鸡蛋白粉0.3%、魔芋粉3%、金线鱼鱼糜12.68%、木薯醋酸酯淀粉3.30%、大豆分离蛋白1.14%、谷氨酰胺转胺酶0.3%、虾味剂0.4%、复合磷酸盐0.3%、饮用水8%,该条件下所得即食虾滑的口感爽滑、鲜味十足,感官评分和凝胶强度的综合评价结果最优,分别为90.50分和1 339.87 g·mm,与预测值相近,说明利用响应面法优化南美白对虾即食虾滑加工工艺的方法可靠、可行。     

Optimization of ingredients and process conditions for the preparation of tandoori roti using response surface methodology

A model capable of predicting the product quality of tandoori roti has been developed using response surface methodology (RSM) and used to determine the optimum processing conditions. The overall sensory score, which is an indicator of blister size, colour, appearance, handfeel, texture, mouthfeel, taste and aroma, was used to assess the product quality in the preparation of tandoori roti. The optimum conditions which were attained for maximum sensory score (31.6) were: water level – 720mL kg⁻¹ flour (the corresponding farinograph consistency – 800 BU at lever position 1:1), salt level – 11g kg⁻¹ flour, mixing time – 3.7 min in a Hobart mixer at 58 r.p.m., baking time – 37 s, and baking temperature – 425°C.