软件可靠性预测中不同核函数的预测能力评估

基于核函数回归估计理论的软件可靠性预测建模引起诸多研究者的兴趣.此类研究中,核函数选择问题尤为重要.然而目前还很少有针对所给软件失效数据进行核函数选择或者构建核函数的工作.在14个常用软件失效数据集上应用配对t-检验对基于核函数理论的软件可靠性预测模型中核函数选择问题进行研究.使用的核函数回归估计方法包括核主成分回归算法、核偏最小二乘回归算法、支持向量回归算法、相关向量回归算法;核函数包括高斯核函数、线性核函数、多项式核函数、柯西核函数、拉普拉斯核函数、对称三角核函数、双曲正割核函数、平方正弦基核函数.实验结果表明:不同类型的核函数在不同数据集上表现差异较大,高斯核函数在所有数据集上表现较为稳定,预测结果最好.     

一种基于核映射的自适应优化配置属性权重组的方法

通过引入一个从样本空间到特征空间的核映射,从而将样本空间中的分类问题与特征空间中的聚类问题联系起来.为获得样本空间中的一组合适的属性权重值,提出了一种基于核映射的自适应优化配置属性权重组的方法.在特征空间中根据"聚类之内的数据点最大限度的相近,聚类之间的数据点最大限度的相离"这个原则,提出了一个带约束的混和目标函数,通过优化这个混和目标函数来获得样本空间中的一个合适的属性权重组.为求解这个混和目标函数,提出了一种基于负投影梯度的自适应优化配置属性权重组的方法.接着采用UCI的两个标准数据集来进行实验验证,可以证实这种根据给定数据点集进行自适应优化配置样本空间中的属性权重组方法的有效性.最后给出了两种自适应优化目标函数权重参数和核函数参数的方法.     

基于模糊松弛约束的外观缺陷多核学习技术

为了满足当前工业生产中对产品外观缺陷检测的精度及实时的要求,提出一种基于模糊松弛约束多核学习的产品外观缺陷检测方法（FRC-MKL）。该方法对各类外观缺陷的样本图像进行特征提取,采用模糊约束理论求解组合核函数中各核函数的权重,通过给每个核函数划定一个模糊权重得到组合核函数,实现了将该组合核函数作为分类器的核函数进行缺陷的学习分类。实验结果表明,利用模糊松弛约束和多核技术可以提高产品外观缺陷的检测精度并且在实地检测中可以更好地满足外观缺陷的实时检测。     

利用组合核函数建立VSV系统回归预测模型

利用支持向量回归机(SVR)建立了飞机巡航阶段发动机可调静子叶片系统(VSV)的回归预测模型.在利用SVR进行建模时,核函数的选用尤为关键,核函数有局部核函数和全局核函数,利用单一核函数训练模型易出现过拟合或欠拟合问题.为解决核函数的选用难题,避免训练过程中出现模型过拟合或欠拟合问题,提出了组合核函数.通过对单一核函数的组合,组合核函数兼具全局核函数和局部核函数的优点.最后,利用粒子群算法(PSO)对模型进行参数寻优优化,结果表明:相较于单一核函数,采用组合核函数的模型训练时间更短,模型精度更高.     

卷积神经网络的聚焦均方损失函数设计

为了提高卷积神经网络在人体姿势估计任务上的精度,提出了一种基于均方损失函数（Mean Squared Error,MSE）的改进损失函数来处理网络学习中回归热点图的前景（高斯核）和背景之间像素点不均衡问题,根据前景与背景不同像素点值对损失函数赋予不同权重,并将其命名为聚焦均方损失函数（Focus Mean Squared Error,FMSE）.与均方损失函数相比,我们提出的聚焦均方损失函数可以有效地减少前景和背景之间像素点不均衡对网络性能的影响,帮助网络定位关键点的空间位置,提升了网络性能,并使得训练阶段中损失函数收敛速度更快.并在公开数据集上进行实验,以验证我们所提出的聚焦均方损失函数的有效性.     

基于模糊sigmoid核的支持向量机回归建模

支持向量机中对核函数的要求为对称的半正定矩阵.来自于神经网络的sigm o id核函数在其参数满足一定条件时才成为半正定矩阵,但是这种核函数在SVM中却有很多成功的应用.本文将sigm o id核函数与模糊逻辑相结合并使其模糊化,从而简化了SVM的计算并便于用硬件实现.通过对混沌时间序列预测以及图像去噪滤波器两个实例的实验研究发现,使用模糊sigm o id核函数可以使SVM回归建模在损失较小精度的代价下,较大地降低平均CPU执行时间,便于硬件实现     

基于密度估计的逻辑回归模型

介绍了一种基于密度的逻辑回归（Density-based logistic regression,DLR）分类模型以解决逻辑回归中非线性分类的问题. 其主要思想是根据Nadarays-Watson密度估计将训练数据映射到特定的特征空间,然后组建优化模型优化特征权重以及Nadarays-Watson 密度估计算法的宽度. 其主要优点在于:它不仅优于标准的逻辑回归,而且优于基于径向基函数（Radial basis function,RBF）内核的核逻辑回归（Kernel logistic regression,KLR）. 特别是与核逻辑回归分析和支持向量机（Support vector machine,SVM）相比,该方法不仅达到更好的分类精度,而且有更好的时间效率. 该方法的另一个显著优点是,它可以很自然地扩展到数值类型和分类型混合的数据集中. 除此之外,该方法和逻辑回归（Logistic regression,LR）一样,有同样的模型可解释的优点,这恰恰是其他如核逻辑回归分析和支持向量机所不具备的.     

RVM核参数的遗传算法优化方法

核函数的参数严惩影响RVM的综合性能.为求得稀疏解、避免过拟合,提出使用遗传算法针对问题背景自动优化核函数的参数.在适应度函数评判下,种群经过选择、交叉和变异迭代进化,高效率地得到最优解,在定义RVM回归性能综合评判批准Fitness作为适应度函数的基础上,使用Matlab遗传算法工具箱和改进的Tipping程序获取sinc数据最优核函数参数,实验证明遗传算法可以高效准备地优化RVM核参数,特别对于具有较多参数的核函数更具实用性.     

支持向量机在个人信用评估中的应用

个人信用评估在银行信贷业务中有着举足轻重的作用.为了提高银行对个人信用评估的准确率,将支持向量机应用到个人信用评估中,以德国信贷数据为数据集,采用网格-5折交叉验证方法获取核函数最优参数,然后选择不同的核函数及其最优参数进行训练建模,实验得出RBF核函数更适合该数据集.针对样本中数据小平衡的问题,通过改变权重的方式对不同类别设置不同的惩罚参数.实验结果表明,该方法在保证总的预测准确率较好的前提下,有效地平衡了第一类和第二类错误率,可以作为银行信贷决策的参考依据.     

混合核函数中权重求解方法

为了克服支持向量机(SVM)中单核函数的局限性,经常使用混合核函数做预测,但混合核函数中各函数权重难以确定。为解决该问题,提出了一种基于特征距离的权重求解方法。该方法首先利用支持向量机的几何意义,根据同类样本特征距离最小化和异类样本特征距离最大化原理,分析得出优化函数,然后对优化函数求解得出权重系数。实验结果表明,与传统的交叉验证法和PSO算法相比,该方法在保证预测精度的情况下,将计算时间减少了70%左右。     

Only connect: teaching, technology and telesis

Abstract This paper describes an approach to the design of interactive multimedia materials being developed in a European Community project. The developmental process is seen as a dialogue between technologists and teachers. This dialogue is often problematic because of the differences in training, experience and culture between them. Conditions needed for fruitful dialogue are described and the generic model for learning design used in the project is explained.     

European Community policy and the market

Abstract This paper starts with some reflections on the policy considerations and priorities which are shaping European Commission (EC) research programmes. Then it attempts to position the current projects which seek to capitalise on information and communications technologies for learning in relation to these priorities and the apparent realities of the marketplace. It concludes that while there are grounds to be optimistic about the contribution EC programmes can make to the efficiency and standard of education and training, they are still too technology driven.     

一种自适应子融合集成多分类器方法

融合集成方法已经广泛应用在模式识别领域,然而一些基分类器实时性能稳定性较差,导致多分类器融合性能差,针对上述问题本文提出了一种新的基于多分类器的子融合集成分类器系统。该方法考虑在度量层融合层次之上通过对各类基多分类器进行动态选择,票数最多的类别作为融合系统中对特征向量识别的类别,构成一种新的自适应子融合集成分类器方法。实验表明,该方法比传统的分类器以及分类融合方法识别准确率明显更高,具有更好的鲁棒性。     

Avoiding semantic and temporal gaps in developing software intensive systems

Development of software intensive systems (systems) in practice involves a series of self-contained phases for the lifecycle of a system. Semantic and temporal gaps, which occur among phases and among developer disciplines within and across phases, hinder the ongoing development of a system because of the interdependencies among phases and among disciplines. Such gaps are magnified among systems that are developed at different times by different development teams, which may limit reuse of artifacts of systems development and interoperability among the systems. This article discusses such gaps and a systems development process for avoiding them.     

Designing economic np control charts: A programmed simulation approach

This paper presents control charts models and the necessary simulation software for the location of economic values of the control parameters. The simulation program is written in FORTRAN, requires only 10K of main storage, and can run on most mini and micro computers. Two models are presented - one describes the process when it is operating at full capacity and the other when the process is operating under capacity. The models allow the product quality to deteriorate to a further level before an existing out-of-control state is detected, and they can also be used in situations where no prior knowledge exists of the out-of-control causes and the resulting proportion defectives.     

The development of robot art

Going through a few examples of robot artists who are recognized worldwide, we try to analyze the deepest meaning of what is called “robot art” and the related art field definition. We also try to highlight its well-marked borders, such as kinetic sculptures, kinetic art, cyber art, and cyberpunk. A brief excursion into the importance of the context, the message, and its semiotics is also provided, case by case, together with a few hints on the history of this discipline in the light of an artistic perspective. Therefore, the aim of this article is to try to summarize the main characteristics that might classify robot art as a unique and innovative discipline, and to track down some of the principles by which a robotic artifact can or cannot be considered an art piece in terms of social, cultural, and strictly artistic interest. This work was presented in part at the 13th International Symposium on Artificial Life and Robotics, Oita, Japan, January 31–February 2, 2008     

Explanation and prediction: an architecture for default and abductive reasoning

Although there are many arguments that logic is an appropriate tool for artificial intelligence, there has been a perceived problem with the monotonicity of classical logic. This paper elaborates on the idea that reasoning should be viewed as theory formation where logic tells us the consequences of our assumptions. The two activities of predicting what is expected to be true and explaining observations are considered in a simple theory formation framework. Properties of each activity are discussed, along with a number of proposals as to what should be predicted or accepted as reasonable explanations. An architecture is proposed to combine explanation and prediction into one coherent framework. Algorithms used to implement the system as well as examples from a running implementation are given.     

Three Process Perspectives: Organizations, Teams, and People

This paper provides the author's personal views and perspectives on software process improvement. Starting with his first work on technology assessment in IBM over 20 years ago, Watts Humphrey describes the process improvement work he has been directly involved in. This includes the development of the early process assessment methods, the original design of the CMM, and the introduction of the Personal Software Process (PSP)^SM and Team Software Process (TSP){^SM}. In addition to describing the original motivation for this work, the author also reviews many of the problems he and his associates encountered and why they solved them the way they did. He also comments on the outstanding issues and likely directions for future work. Finally, this work has built on the experiences and contributions of many people. Mr. Humphrey only describes work that he was personally involved in and he names many of the key contributors. However, so many people have been involved in this work that a full list of the important participants would be impractical.     

基于复小波噪声方差显著修正的SAR图像去噪

提出了一种基于复小波域统计建模与噪声方差估计显著性修正相结合的合成孔径雷达(Synthetic Aperture Radar,SAR)图像斑点噪声滤波方法。该方法首先通过对数变换将乘性噪声模型转化为加性噪声模型,然后对变换后的图像进行双树复小波变换(Dualtree Complex Wavelet Transform,DCWT),并对复数小波系数的统计分布进行建模。在此先验分布的基础上,通过运用贝叶斯估计方法从含噪系数中恢复原始系数,达到滤除噪声的目的。实验结果表明该方法在去除噪声的同时保留了图像的细节信息,取得了很好的降噪效果。     

基于QTE的蒙古文显示机制研究与实现

蒙古语言是中国蒙古族使用的通用语言,由于蒙古文区别于其他文字的书写方式和其自身变形机制等特点,在很多通用的文字处理引擎中都不被支持。在嵌入式产品开发与应用领域中Linux加QTE已经成为流行方式。该文给出了一种在QTE环境上实现基于标准Unicode的蒙古文点阵显示和变形算法, 并自定义了支持蒙古文的QTE组件,扩展了QTE功能,为在Linux加QTE方式的嵌入式体系结构中处理蒙古文提供了一种解决方法。