HVOF喷涂WC-12Co粒子沉积行为分析

目的 研究不同超音速火焰喷涂条件下WC-12Co粒子在45^#碳钢基体上的沉积变形行为。方法 基于Johnson-Cook塑性材料模型与Thermal-Isotropy-Phase-Change热材料模型,采用LS-DYNA进行建模分析。结果 不同喷涂参数下,WC-12Co粒子在45^#碳钢基体上的沉积行为存在明显差异。沉积过程中,粒子等效塑性应变幅度高于基体;粒子边缘位置等效塑性应变幅度高于粒子中心轴线位置;粒子初始速度与初始温度的增加有助于提升结合界面温度与粒子扁平化程度;粒子初始温度与粒子初始速度对接触界面能量变化影响程度基本一致,单位粒子初始速度与温度提升的能量贡献比 分别为0.78以及0.76,二者的能量贡献比近似相同;适度的基体预热( =500 K)可以促进粒子变形,加深沉积坑深度,增大粒子与基体的结合面积,有助于提升粒子与基体之间的结合强度。基体过冷( =300 K)将导致粒子“翘曲”,降低粒子与基体之间的结合面积,基体过热( =600 K)将导致二者结合处于不稳定状态,易引起粒子剥落,二者均不利于粒子与基体的有效结合。结论 一定范围内提升粒子初始速度、温度与基体初始温度,可以提高粒子扁平化程度,增大粒子与基体结合面积,提升粒子与基体的结合性能,进一步提高涂层质量。     

WC-17Co 粉末尺寸对粒子飞行状态与涂层性能的影响分析

目的 提高碳化钨涂层的性能.方法 运用Fluent软件进行超音速火焰喷涂焰流的仿真模拟,得出喷涂距离-焰流速度、喷涂距离-焰流温度曲线.采用粒子飞行监测仪对三组不同粒度(粒子平均直径分别为21.72、32.92、42.56 μm)WC-17Co粉末在超音速火焰喷涂过程中的飞行状态进行监测,并得出喷涂距离-速度、喷涂距离-温度曲线,揭示喷涂过程中焰流速度、温度对粒子速度和温度的影响.通过扫描电镜观察分析不同粒度WC-17Co粉末撞击镍718合金基体后的扁平化程度,测量不同粒度WC-17Co涂层的孔隙率,比较涂层致密度的差异,同时采用压痕法测量涂层的硬度.结果 WC-17Co粒子飞行速度和温度随喷涂距离的增加呈先增大后减小的趋势,且粒子飞行速度和温度随粉末粒径的增大而减小,根据粉末粒径的不同,其速度峰值在690～810 m/s之间变化,温度峰值在1890～2050℃之间变化.直径越小的粒子撞击基体后的扁平率越高,扁平率在1.94～2.35之间.WC-17Co涂层的孔隙率随粒子直径的增大而升高,涂层的硬度与孔隙率成反比,涂层努氏硬度在1072～1284HK之间.结论 超音速火焰喷涂过程中,碳化钨粉末的飞行速度和温度呈先增大后减小的趋势,且飞行速度和温度与粒子直径大小成反比.碳化钨涂层的致密度与硬度随粒子直径的增大而减小.     

基体表面粗糙度对HVOF粒子沉积行为的影响

目的 研究超音速火焰喷涂时,45#碳钢基体表面粗糙度对WC-12Co粒子在其表面的沉积变形行为的影响.方法 基于Johnson-Cook塑性材料模型与Thermal Isotropy-Phase-Change热材料模型,采用LS-DYNA进行建模分析.结果 不同45#碳钢基体表面粗糙度下,WC-12Co粒子的沉积行为存在明显差异,波峰高度与波谷深度的差异造成粒子不同程度的不规则变形.当基体表面粗糙度Ra=10.26μm时,粒子沉积位置不同将引起粒子最终沉积形貌不同,但粒子的冲击均引起波峰偏移变形,且粒子不同程度地填充弥补波谷.粒子沉积过程中,粒子中下部与粒子先接触基体处的屈服应力、等效塑性应变与温升均高于粒子顶部以及粒子后接触基体处.Ra=0μm时,粒子等效塑性程度最大,等于2.03,此时粒子温度峰值最高为1562 K,粒子-基体结合界面局部区域屈服应力迅速下降为0,但基体变形程度较低,二者结合面积有限,粒子-基体结合强度较弱.Ra=5.34μm时,粒子的屈服应力在非理想平面状态下最为稳定,且等效塑性应变与温升幅度最大,分别为1.83以及1496 K.结论 理想表面状态下,粒子屈服应力、等效塑性应变以及温度变化最佳,但粒子-基体结合面积较低,并不利于粒子沉积.非理想表面状态下,一定程度增加Ra,可促进粒子塑性变形,提升粒子温度,增大结合面积,降低粒子屈服应力,但粒子沉积形貌相比理想表面沉积形貌更加多样复杂.此外,过度增加Ra将引起波峰变形偏移,消耗大量粒子动能,粒子主要用于填充弥补波谷,等效塑性变形程度与温升幅度下降,屈服应力增加,不利于粒子沉积.     

Fe粒子参数对低温超音速火焰喷涂层构建的影响

应用LS-DYNA大应变有限元耦合算法,研究了低温超音速火焰喷涂Fe粒子参数对喷涂层构建的影响.结果表明,随着粒子温度或者速度的升高,粒子所含内能的增加,使得涂层界面温度不断升高,粒子的沉积塑性应变发生变化.粒子在不同基体上的沉积特征表明基体硬度将影响沉积粒子与基体界面的结合状态.随着涂层的构成,后续粒子对已沉积粒子的高速撞击使得先沉积的粒子产生二次塑性变形,并引发温变.先沉积的粒子塑性变形引起的粗化作用将降低后续粒子沉积的临界速度.这些将导致涂层在拉应力作用下发生脆性断裂.     

HVOF喷涂WC-12Co粒子在不同基体上的沉积行为

采用超音速火焰喷涂方法(HVOF)在铝合金、紫铜和不锈钢基体上制备WC-12Co扁平粒子,利用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)对半熔化两相粒子的扁平行为及与基体结合状况进行观察分析,并将半熔化WC-Co粒子与基体碰撞模型简化为液相的Co粒子和固相的WC颗粒分别与基体相互作用的过程,通过改进后的数学模型计算基体与粒子的相对形变比λ。结果表明:HVOF喷涂WC-12Co扁平粒子在铝、铜和不锈钢基体上分别呈现半球状、薄饼状和溅射状形貌,不同形貌的扁平粒子形变比λ不同。与半球状(λ1)和溅射状(λ1)扁平形式相比,形成薄饼状(λ≈1)的扁平粒子时粒子与基体均发生适度的变形,有助于增加粒子与基体的有效结合面积,提高结合强度。     

铝合金表面超音速等离子喷涂WC-12Co涂层的结合机理

在经磨抛处理后的光滑铝合金表面上,利用超音速等离子喷涂制备WC-12Co涂层,通过扫描电镜观察分析,对涂层的结合机理进行了研究.发现涂层与基体的结合是以机械结合为主,还伴有部分冶金结合、物理结合和扩散.实验及模拟结果表明:硬质相WC能够嵌入到基体内部,基体的硬度越小,WC颗粒嵌入基体表面的深度越大;颗粒的速度越大,撞击基体产生的凹坑深度也越大.     

低温超音速喷涂团聚铁粒子沉积的SPH模拟

为了研究纳米团聚粒子形态对涂层特性的影响,应用SPH方法研究了低温超音速火焰喷涂金属团聚粒子的沉积行为.结果表明,纳米粒子团聚为微米级粒子后,基体碰撞出现了飞溅现象,应变变化明显.团聚粒子的等效塑性应变小于普通微米粒子,但团聚粒子的面积扩大比大于普通微米粒子.沉积过程中,当超过临界沉积速度后,金属团聚粒子与基体之间存在过渡区域,过渡区域随粒子速度的增加而扩大.     

超音速等离子与超音速火焰喷涂WC-10Co4Cr涂层的性能及磨损机理

采用超音速等离子喷涂和超音速火焰喷涂分别制备了WC-10Co4Cr金属陶瓷涂层,表征和分析了WC-10Co4Cr涂层的物相组成、微观组织结构,进行了硬度、孔隙率、结合强度及560和1120 r/min下的磨损对比试验。结果表明,超音速等离子喷涂制备的涂层的综合性能与超音速火焰喷涂制备的涂层性能相当。在560 r/min下磨损10 h,超音速等离子喷涂制备的涂层与基体的磨损量比为1∶122.15,超音速火焰喷涂制备的涂层与基体的磨损量比为1∶138.36,涂层的磨损机制主要表现为磨粒磨损。在1120 r/min下磨损10 h,超音速等离子喷涂制备的涂层与基体的磨损量比为1∶109.53,超音速火焰喷涂制备的涂层与基体的磨损量比为1∶127.44,涂层的磨损机制主要表现为磨粒磨损和疲劳磨损。     

镁合金表面冷喷涂纳米WC-17Co涂层及其性能

采用冷喷涂和超音速火焰喷涂(HVOF)在AZ80镁合金表面制备了纳米WC-17Co涂层。利用SEM分析了原始粉末形貌、喷涂粒子沉积行为及涂层显微结构,并采用球盘式摩擦磨损实验机考察了涂层的摩擦磨损性能。结果表明:采用冷喷涂工艺可在AZ80镁合金基体上制备出高质量的WC-17Co涂层,涂层的显微硬度为(1 380±82)HV,磨损率为9.1×10-7 mm3/Nm,其耐磨性较HVOF制备的WC-17Co涂层提高了1倍,较镁合金基材提高了3个数量级。研究表明,冷喷涂WC-17Co涂层在不对镁合金基体产生热影响的情况下,可以显著提高镁合金的表面性能,是一种新型镁合金表面强化工艺。     

钛合金与WC-17Co涂层界面结合性能分析

采用超音速火焰喷涂技术在Ti-6Al-4V合金表面制备WC-17Co涂层,从显微形貌、界面氧化行为、裂纹扩展形式等方面系统分析了WC-17Co涂层与Ti-6Al-4V基体界面断裂失效原因,并利用四点弯曲法测量了WC-17Co与Ti-6Al-4V合金的平均断裂能量释放率.结果表明,热喷涂过程使Ti-6Al-4V的表面氧化相含量显著提高.氧化后Ti-6Al-4V的表面显微硬度达到322.4 HV,熔融粒子撞击到Ti-6Al-4V表面很难对基体造成明显的塑性变形,不能形成有效咬合,使得钛合金与WC-17Co涂层的结合性能偏低.     

冷喷涂Cu粒子参量对其碰撞变形行为的影响

采用有限元数值计算方法研究了冷喷涂过程中Cu粒子与Cu基体的碰撞变形行为,探讨了粒子速度、温度对其碰撞基体后的变形行为、界面温度变化与粒子和基体的接触面积的影响．结果表明,随粒子碰撞速度的增加,粒子扁平率与碰撞界面温度增加、接触面积增大．证实了存在使碰撞界面发生绝热剪切失稳变形的临界速度,该速度与粒子沉积的临界速度一致．当粒子速度大于产生绝热剪切失稳变形的临界速度时,粒子的变形扁平率显著增加,且界面温度与有效接触界面面积也显著增加;随碰撞前粒子温度的增加,碰撞界面的温度也显著增加．高达粒子材料熔点的界面温度与有效接触面积的显著增加,将有助于粒子与基体之间冶金结合的形成．     

基体表面粗糙度对冷喷涂粒子沉积过程影响的物质点法数值分析

目的 解决有限元法模拟冷喷涂粒子沉积过程时存在的网格畸变等问题,并探讨粒子和粗糙基板的结合方式。方法 基于物质点法建立冷喷涂粒子沉积的仿真模型。利用FORTRAN语言自编程序对铜粒子冷喷涂铜基板的过程进行仿真分析,并与其他研究中的试验结果进行对照,结果吻合较好,表明物质点法模拟冷喷涂粒子沉积问题是可行且有效的。此外,分析基体表面粗糙度对粒子沉积过程的影响规律,并探讨粒子在不同位置沉积的结合机理。结果 随着表面粗糙度的增大,粒子扁平化趋势增大,回弹动能减小。表面粗糙度足够大时,粒子射流可能和基板形成机械咬合结构;粒子在波谷处沉积时受两侧波峰作用难以扁平化,但是凹坑深度增大,回弹动能减小,粒子基板结合强度增大;粒子在左侧半腰处沉积时,其在切向速度分量作用下与右侧波峰形成二次接触,形成了较长的射流。结论 粒子与基板的结合强度随着表面粗糙度的增大而增大。粒子在波峰处可以形成机械咬合结构;在波谷处凹坑深度增大、回弹动能减小,起填充作用;在半腰处能够与右侧波峰产生二次接触,增大结合强度。研究结果可为冷喷涂工艺生产提供一定指导。     

Effects of Binder Phase Content and Substrate Hardness on Deposition Behavior of Cermet Particles in Cold Spraying Process

In this paper,three kinds of cermet particles with different binder phase and content,namely WC-12Co,WC-17Co and Cr3C2-25NiCr were deposited on the Q235 low carbon steel and WC-12Co coating substrates to investigate the effect of binder phase content and substrate hardness on deposition behavior of cermet particle during cold spraying.The morphology of the deposited particles was examined by scanning electron microscopy(SEM)from the particle surface and cross-sections.It was found that with increasing substrate hardness,the deposition behavior of cermet particles transformed from completely embedding into substrate to partially flattening and even rebounding.Varying the Co content from 12 wt%to 17 wt% influenced significantly the deposition deformation behavior of the WC-Co particles,the higher Co content brought about a fuller flattening of WC-Co particles.However,Cr3C2-25NiCr particle exhibited the relatively lower flattening ratio and significant rebounding of Cr3C2 even with the highest binder phase content,which may be attributed to the bigger Cr3C2 size and weak bonding between Cr3C2 and NiCr.     

The Effects of Successive Impacts and Cold Welds on the Deposition Onset of Cold Spray Coatings

In this study, the impact and deposition behavior of nickel particles onto relatively soft 6061-T6 aluminum alloy and copper substrates in a kinetic spray process was investigated by comparing individual particle impact with full coating deposition. The results indicated that the deposition onset of nickel coatings on the two substrates follows different deposition mechanisms depending on corresponding deformability of the impact couples (substrate and particle). Nickel particles were hardly attached onto the relatively soft 6061-T6 substrate in case of individual impact, but the deposition onset of full coating took place depending on embedding, tamping of successive impact and metallurgical “cold welds” of viscous metal at impact interface when the impinging particles’ velocity was relatively low. In case of Ni-Cu impact, the bonding formed at the peripheral impact interface dominated the deposition onset of nickel coating due to the comparable deformability of the impact couples (Ni and Cu).     

Relationship Between Impact Velocity of Al2O3 Particles and Deposition Efficiency in Aerosol Deposition Method

Aerosol deposition method (ADM) is a technique to form dense films by impacting solid particles to a substrate at room temperature. To improve the deposition efficiency in ADM, the relationship between the impact velocity of Al₂O₃ particles and the deposition efficiency was investigated in this study. Relative difference in impact particle velocity was evaluated by the increment percentage of the substrate surface area after deposition (ΔS). It is thought that the increase of ΔS means the increase of the impact particle velocity. When ΔS was lower than 10 %, the deposition efficiency increased from 0.082 to 0.104 % as ΔS increased from 3.46 to 9.25 %. Increasing impact particle velocity could promote the bonding between the particles themselves. On the other hand, when ΔS was higher than 10 %, the erosion of the film was observed and the deposition efficiency decreased to about 0.02 % as ΔS increased to about 40 %. SEM observation revealed that cracks parallel to the film surface were propagated. There is a possibility that this tendency of the deposition efficiency toward the impact particle velocity is common among the methods for forming ceramic films by impacting solid ceramic particles.     

超音速微粒沉积的颗粒连续沉积过程及模拟研究

目的研究超音速微粒沉积过程中,不同颗粒的沉积状态以及后续颗粒的夯实作用对涂层沉积的影响规律。方法采用显式非线性有限元软件LS-DYNA模拟单层颗粒与基体的碰撞,采用自动二维单面接触ASS2D(Automatic 2-D single surface contact)求解接触过程,研究超音速微粒沉积中多颗粒沉积行为、后续颗粒碰撞对涂层成形的影响规律。采用超音速微粒沉积技术在铝合金表面制备Al-Si涂层,通过扫描电子显微镜(SEM)分析涂层的表面/截面形貌,进而验证模型的可靠性。结果多颗粒沉积过程中,颗粒与颗粒之间相互嵌合,形成互锁效应,有利于提高涂层的结合强度。后续颗粒对先沉积颗粒具有夯实作用,夯实作用使颗粒扁平化程度加大,同时使颗粒之间紧密结合,存在夯实作用的颗粒压缩率提高至3倍以上,有效避免了涂层孔隙和裂纹的形成。通过观察所制备的Al-Si涂层的表面/截面形貌,证明模型具有可靠性。结论采用数值模拟方法探讨超音速微粒沉积多颗粒在基体上的变形行为,可为超音速微粒沉积的应用提供理论依据。     

Multiscale Model on Deposition Behavior of Agglomerate Metal Particles in a Low-Temperature High-Velocity Air Fuel Spraying Process

A multiscale model was constructed for agglomerate metal particle deposition in a low-temperature high-velocity air fuel (LTHVAF) thermal spraying process using finite element analysis (FEA) and smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH). Here, the agglomerate particle impact on the substrate is simplified to three states. Then, the corresponding model is selected. The simulated results show that the temperature and velocity of agglomerate particle can affect the effective temperature and plastic strain in the contact interface for increasing particle energy. At the microscale, the deformation of the deposited particle might coarsen the coating surface to the extent that the critical velocity of the metal particle would decrease. It indicates that the agglomerate particle might splash when it impacts on the substrate. The transient melting can be ascertained at an angle in an approach to the achievement of intermetallics combined with the modeling of the particle penetrating into the substrate. In this process, the effective strain of an agglomerate particle at the nanoscale is less than that at microscale, but the surface area ratio at nanoscale is large. The uncompacted state of the agglomerate particle can lead to a turbulent force when the agglomerate particle deposits on the substrate, which can reduce the penetration performance of the particle. This behavior can decrease the stress-strain of substrate and cause the cracked particle to sparkle.     

超音速火焰喷涂镍基涂层颗粒沉积特性的数值模拟

目的 考虑后续不同粒径颗粒随机冲击的影响,探索热喷涂涂层颗粒的沉积特性。方法 利用ABAQUS建立颗粒与基底冲击模型,通过颗粒冲击的凹坑深度和应力分布进行网格收敛性研究。通过实验验证模型的可行性。随后,应用验证模型研究颗粒以不同入射角和速度冲击基底时的沉积特性,以及4个颗粒重叠冲击基底及多颗粒随机冲击基底表面时的沉积特性。结果 在颗粒入射角从15°增至60°时,颗粒更好地附着于基底表面;当颗粒速度从350 m/s增至500 m/s时发生了溅射现象,可能造成绝热剪切失稳现象,形成有效结合;在4个颗粒冲击基底时,第2个颗粒对第1个颗粒及基底的影响都最明显;当多颗粒随机冲击基底时,在后续颗粒的冲击和沉积作用下,填充颗粒的形状不规则,同时第1层颗粒可能与基底形成机械咬合。结论 在超音速火焰喷涂时应当倾斜一定角度,同时提升颗粒速度,这对制备涂层更有利;在颗粒重叠冲击时,后续颗粒增大了第1个颗粒的压缩效果,且更深入地嵌入不锈钢基底,这有利于颗粒与颗粒之间的后续黏结;当多颗粒随机冲击基底时,在第1层沉积颗粒与基底之间,以及涂层内相邻颗粒之间均观察到高塑性应变,表明涂层出现黏结,同时后期沉积的颗粒未完整压缩变形。     

Effect of different incidence angles on bonding performance in cold spraying

The deformation behaviour of spray particles impacting upon a substrate under the oblique impact condition in cold spraying was investigated using finite element analysis(FEA)method.The effect of incidence angle of particle on the deformation of particle and substrate was examined.It is found that the contact area between the deformed particle and substrate decreases and the crater depth in the substrate reduces with increasing the tilting angle at the same impact velocity.The normal component of impact velocity takes an important role in the impacting process and formation of bonding.     

Investigation of Deposition Behavior of Cold-Sprayed Magnesium Coating

Two types of magnesium powders with different particle size distributions were deposited by cold spraying at different main gas temperatures. The effects of gas temperature and particle size distribution on the deposition efficiency of particles were studied. The microstructure of coatings was observed, and the porosity of coatings was evaluated. The deposition efficiency of particles increased, and the porosity of coatings decreased with the increase of gas temperature. The deposition efficiency of particles increased when using the powder with a smaller particle size distribution. Stainless steel and aluminum plates were used as substrates. The bonding strength and mechanism between the coating and substrate were studied. The commercial finite element software ABAQUS was used to help us better understand the deformation behavior of particles and substrates. The mean bonding strength slightly increased when aluminum plates were used as substrates. The bonding mechanism of Mg coatings on stainless steel and aluminum substrates was discussed.