Microstructural effects on the springback of advanced high-strength steel

The application of advanced high-strength steels (AHSS) has been growing rapidly in the automotive industry. Because of their high-strength, thinner sheet metals can be used for body components to achieve both weight savings and increased safety. However, this will lead to greater springback deviation from design after the forming operation. Fundamental understanding and prediction of springback are required for springback compensation and tooling design. While various types of continuum mechanics based models have been proposed to simulate the mechanical behavior of advanced high-strength steels, few of them consider microstructural effects such as material heterogeneity. In this study, through sheet thickness strength variation has been observed in DP 780 and TRIP 780 steels. Finite-element simulation indicates that the through thickness effect (TTE) can have a significant impact on the springback behavior of these sheet metals. This is verified through our experimental work using draw-bend testing. The results suggest that microstructural effects should be considered to accurately simulate springback of AHSS. Based on these results, implications of different microstructural designs will be discussed.     

钒微合金化钢的技术进展与应用

摘要：介绍了钒微合金化技术的最新进展以及钒钢的开发与应用情况。氮是含钒钢中有效的合金元素,含钒钢中增氮,优化了钒在钢中的析出,显著提高沉淀强化效果。采用钒氮微合金化设计,配合适当的轧制工艺,促进V(C,N)在奥氏体中析出,起到了晶内铁素体形核核心作用,实现了含钒钢的晶粒细化。最新的研究成果表明钒微合金化可以提高双相钢、贝氏体钢、相变诱导塑性钢、孪晶诱导塑性钢、热成型马氏体钢等汽车用先进高强度钢的强度并改善使用性能,显示出良好的应用前景。钒氮微合金化技术在中国高强度钢筋、高强度型钢、非调质钢、薄板坯连铸连轧高强度带钢等产品中获得广泛应用,大大促进了中国钒微合金化钢的发展。     

国外新型汽车用钢的技术要求及研究开发现状

为了满足未来新一代汽车工业发展的需求,开发了大量的新钢铁材料,如超高强钢(AHSS)、高强钢(HSS)、双相钢(DP钢)、TRIP钢,TWIP钢等。介绍了这些钢铁材料,给出并分析了它们的成分、结构、工艺、性能和特点。     

河钢集团汽车板产品研发与技术创新

 为了应对汽车行业对安全性、轻量化及节能环保的要求,河钢集团构建了汽车板生产、研发与EVI的创新体系,在此基础上实现了超深冲、高强钢系列品种的全覆盖,运用轻量化材料技术实现抗拉强度980 MPa 级的DP钢、780 MPa级的TRIP钢、1 500 MPa级的马氏体钢和热成形钢的批量供货,创新并实现了1 180 MPa级的DP钢、镀层热成形钢以及Q&P钢生产工艺。此外,介绍了河钢集团典型的轻量化钢种DP钢、马氏体钢、镀层热成形钢、Q&P钢的产品技术特点,指出汽车板材料轻量化和提升应用技术服务等是今后河钢集团汽车板产品结构调整与技术创新的发展方向。     

Processing of thin sheet multiphase steel grades

Despite the extensive research and development work done in the field of high strength thin sheet multiphase steel grades, in the past, there are still two main challenges to be tackled, particularly for steel grades with tensile strength levels above 780 MPa. First a challenging optimisation and improvement of the overall processing in the steel plant is still necessary. This includes modified and improved layouts of processing lines. Further, due to the limited application and lacking feedback an overall customer oriented development and optimization is still necessary. Therefore, in a first step, this work reports on the alloy concepts and phase transformations in the annealing lines required for the adjustment of the microstructure of DP and TRIP grades. Then, the most critical processing steps are mentioned and in particular the demanded processing parameters in the annealing lines and the resulting layouts are highlighted. In a further part, three selected items of a costumer oriented development and optimisation of DP and TRIP steel grades are discussed. These include the improvement of the flange‐ability and bendability and efforts oriented towards the reduction of the banded structure in DP and TRIP steel grades. Finally, the improvement of the fracture appearance of spot welded joints of TRIP steels is highlighted and alloy concepts with a balance between weldability and formability are introduced.     

780MPa级冷轧双相钢的组织与性能

 780MPa级冷轧双相钢是低碳低合金钢,主要的金属元素为锰,另外根据强度要求的不同,还加入了适量的Mo、Cr等元素。试验结果表明：690℃卷取可以获得更好的性能;随着退火温度的升高,试验钢的马氏体体积分数增加,强度增加,在820℃获得的综合性能最好;在820℃退火,当退火时间为80~100s时强度变化剧烈;当退火时间超过100s后,变化趋势相对平缓,综合比较,退火时间为100s时,获得的综合性能最好。     

Comparative study of resistance spot welding performance between cold-rolled DP980 and Q&P980 steels

Advanced high strength steel (AHSS) has been widely used in the automobile industry.The resistance spot welding performance of DP980 and Q&P980 steels was studied through comparing the two steels’welding current range,tensile shear strength (TSS),cross tension strength (CTS),weld spots’microhardness,etc.The following conclusions were achieved:It is easy for both DP980 and Q&P980 steels to get a nugget size bigger than 4 mm,they all have welding current ranges exceeding 2 kA and high weld strength.     

控轧工艺对Mn-Mo-Nb-B系超低碳贝氏体钢力学性能的影响

以 6 2 0MPa、6 90MPa、780MPa三个级别的钢板生产为例 ,研究了Mn -Mo -Nb-B系超低碳贝氏体钢 (ULCB)钢坯加热、控制轧制、控制冷却、时效处理诸因素与钢的力学性能的关系。对三个强度级别的ULCB钢的合金成分与生产工艺提出了设计方案。研究表明 ,在适当的工艺制度下 ,在较低的碳当量基础上可以获得满意的强度与韧性。     

780MPa级重载汽车用大梁钢的工业试制

以低碳复合添加微合金元素铌和钛为成分设计思路,综合运用细晶强化、相变强化和析出强化三种强化机制,在国内某厂1750mm半连续热连轧机组进行了780MPa级大梁钢的工业试制.结果表明,终轧温度需控制在780～860℃,卷取温度需控制在450～550℃.大梁钢的显微组织为贝氏体和少量的细晶铁素体,并获得了大量弥散的尺度为1...     

汽车用第3代先进高强度钢的研发进展

近几十年来,汽车用先进高强度钢(AHSS-Advanced High Strength Steel)是材料的研发重点。第1代以铁素体为基的AHSS钢的强塑积为15 GPa·%,第2代以奥氏体为基的AHSS钢的强塑积为50 GPa·%,其合金含量高和生产工艺控制困难导致成本高,因此正研发第3代多相AHSS钢,通过多相、亚稳和多尺度的组织精细调控,其强塑积为30 GPa·%。第3代AHSS钢以提高第1代AHSS钢强度、塑性和降低第2代AHSS合金含量、生产成本两方面进行研发。本文介绍了超细DP(双相)钢,改进型TRIP(相变诱发塑性)钢,淬火-碳分配(Q&P)钢,超细晶贝氏体钢,超快加热和冷却的贝氏体-铁素体-马氏体钢,高锰铁索体-奥氏体钢和中锰亚稳奥氏体-超细晶基体钢等第3代AHSS钢的研究进展。     

Ultra-high strength sheet steel property developments

Conventional advanced high strength steels(AHSS) such as dual-phase,TRIP and martensitic sheet products have undergone extensive development and substantially increased implementation in automobile structures over the past few years.Efforts are now underway to extend these improvements and develop steels with even greater strengths and formability.A variety of alloy/process/microstructure/property approaches aimed at next generation AHSS properties are highlighted here.One approach involves the quenching...     

Advanced Cold Rolled Steels for Automotive Applications

Advanced high‐strength steels offer a great potential for the further development of automobile bodies‐in‐white due to their combined mechanical properties of high formability and strength. They represent the first choice in material selection for strength and crash‐relevant parts with challenging geometries. The intensive development of multiphase steels by ThyssenKrupp Steel has led to hot dip galvanizing concepts with an outstanding forming potential. Hot rolled, hot dip galvanized complex‐phase steels are currently produced in addition to cold rolled dual phase (DP) and retained austenite (RA) or transformation induced plasticity (TRIP) steels. New continuously annealed grades of steel are being developed with tensile strength levels of up to 1000 MPa in combination with sufficient ductility for the high demands of structural automobile components. These steels make use of the classic advantages of microalloying as well as the principles of DP steels and RA / TRIP steels. Further improvement of properties will be reached by the new class of high manganese alloyed steels.     

鞍钢先进高强汽车用钢的研制开发

介绍了鞍钢先进高强汽车用钢开发研制情况,包括以980 MPa级DP钢、TRIP钢、TWIP钢和QP钢为代表的热轧、冷轧和热镀锌先进高强钢系列产品,以及鞍钢开发的先进高强钢热镀锌生产技术,并对鞍钢先进高强汽车钢未来的发展方向进行了展望。     

Hydrogen Embrittlement of Automotive Advanced High-Strength Steels

Advanced high-strength steels (AHSS) have a better combination between strength and ductility than conventional HSS, and higher crash resistances are obtained in concomitance with weight reduction of car structural components. These steels have been developed in the last few decades, and their use is rapidly increasing. Notwithstanding, some of their important features have to be still understood and studied in order to completely characterize their service behavior. In particular, the high mechanical resistance of AHSS makes hydrogen-related problems a great concern for this steel grade. This article investigates the hydrogen embrittlement (HE) of four AHSS steels. The behavior of one transformation induced plasticity (TRIP), two martensitic with different strength levels, and one hot-stamping steels has been studied using slow strain rate tensile (SSRT) tests on electrochemically hydrogenated notched samples. The embrittlement susceptibility of these AHSS steels has been correlated mainly to their strength level and to their microstructural features. Finally, the hydrogen critical concentrations for HE, established by SSRT tests, have been compared to hydrogen contents absorbed during the painting process of a body in white (BIW) structure, experimentally determined during a real cycle in an industrial plant.     

Effect of Bake‐Hardening on the Structure‐Property Relationship of Multiphase Steels for the Automotive Industry

The effect of a bake‐hardening (BH) treatment on the microstructure and mechanical properties has been studied in C‐Mn‐Si TRansformation Induced Plasticity (TRIP) and Dual Phase (DP) steels after: (i) thermomechanical processing (TMP) and (ii) intercritical annealing (IA). The steels were characterized using X‐ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and three‐dimensional atom probe tomography (APT). All steels showed high BH response. However, the DP and TRIP steels after IA/BH showed the appearance of upper and lower yield points, while the stress‐strain behavior of the TRIP steel after TMP/BH was still continuous. This was due to the higher volume fraction of bainite and more stable retained austenite in the TMP/BH steel, the formation of plastic deformation zones with high dislocation density around the “as‐quenched” martensite and “TRIP” martensite in the IA/BH DP steel and IA/BH TRIP steel, respectively.     

Dynamic Tensile Behaviour of TRIP and DP Steels at Different Temperatures

The stress‐strain response of TRIP 700 and DP 600 steels was studied at a wide range of strain rates and temperatures using a special high/low temperature tensile Hopkinson Split Bar (THSB) device. The mechanical properties of the studied steels, especially of the TRIP steel, were found to be strongly affected by both temperature and strain rate. The beneficial TRIP effect in the studied steel reached its maximum at temperatures between 75‐150 °C. The transformation behaviour of the retained austenite in the TRIP steel was studied by XRD, revealing that the phase transformation rate increases with decreasing temperature and decreases with increasing strain rate. A phenomenological numerical model was also presented to describe the behaviour of the TRIP and DP steels at different temperatures and strain rates.     

Martensite Transformation and Its Control in DP,TRIP and TWIP Steels

Designing of alloy concept and process for DP,TRIP and TWIP steels stressing at martensite transformation are analyzed.For DP steel,austenite volume percent and its carbon content at different intercritical temperatures are calculated as well as the tensile strength of the steel,which meet well with the experimental result.The condition for dissolution of carbide is discussed by experiments and predicted by kinetic estimation.Several sample TRIP steels are prepared and their concentration profiles are calculated showing different diffusion characteristics of elements.Calculation also shows carbon enrichment is successful in this stage through the quick diffusion of carbon from ferrite to austenie.In order to maintain the austenite stability or to prevent precipitation of cementite,minimum cooling rate from the intercritical zone to over aging stage is obtained through kinetic simulation.Bainite transformation is estimated,which indicates the carbon rerichment from ferrite of bainite structure to austenite in this stage is also successful.Thermal HCP martensite transformation and the strain induced martensite transformation in TWIP steel is introduced.Relationship between transformation and mechanical properties in the steel is also mentioned.     

首钢热轧DP580双相钢的工业试生产

采用合金成本低廉的C-Mn-Cr化学成分设计,通过层流冷却段的水冷—空冷—水冷的三段式冷却模式和低温卷取,成功在1 580mm机组上试生产580MPa级热轧双相钢。对试生产钢卷进行了性能均匀性分析,结果表明:除去轧钢头部弱冷区域,整卷性能均匀,马氏体比例可稳定在10%左右。进而得出当前采用的恒速轧制方法有利于热轧双相钢力学性能均匀性控制的结论。试生产中在终轧后实施了2种不同的中间温度,轧制结果显示2种工艺方案下屈服强度和屈强比差距较大。     

热轧相变诱发塑性钢的热模拟实验

 利用Gleeble 1500热应力 应变模拟机研究了铌含量、热变形参数(终轧温度和卷取温度)对相变诱发塑性(TRIP)钢组织和性能的影响。实验结果表明：不含铌实验钢的残余奥氏体量、残余奥氏体相中的碳含量、宏观维氏硬度和抗拉强度与常规低碳硅锰系TRIP钢的水平相当;增加铌含量,残余奥氏体量和残余奥氏体相中的碳含量有所下降,而宏观维氏硬度和抗拉强度提高;铌含量为0014%、终轧温度为780 ℃、卷取温度为400 ℃时,残余奥氏体量、残余奥氏体相中的碳含量与宏观维氏硬度和抗拉强度具有最佳组合。     

Response Characteristics and Adiabatic Heating during High Strain Rate for TRIP Steel and DP Steel

By using a static and high-speed material testing machine,tensile deformation behaviors of two kinds of SiMn TRIP(transformation induced plasticity)steels and DP(dual phase)steel were studied in a large range of strain rates(0.001-2 000s-1).Temperature variation during adiabatic heating and the amount of retained austenite at fracture were measured by an infrared thermometer and an X-ray stress analyser,respectively.The microstructure of steels was observed by optical microscopy(OM)and scanning electron microscopy(SEM)before and after tensile test.It was found from the experimental results that the tensile strength of these steels increased,and the fracture elongation firstly decreased and subsequently increased,as the strain rate increased in the range of 0.1-2 000s-1.The temperature raised during adiabatic heating of TRIP steel was in the range of 100-300℃,while that of the DP steel was in the range of 100-220 ℃.The temperature rise of these steels increased with increasing the strain rate,as well as the amount of the transformed retained austenite in TRIP steels.It was confirmed that austenite to martensite transformation is not suppressed by adiabatic heating.