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1.
This article presents a formal dialogue game for adjudication dialogues. Existing AI & law models of legal dialogues and argumentation-theoretic
models of persuasion are extended with a neutral third party, to give a more realistic account of the adjudicator’s role in
legal procedures. The main feature of the model is a division into an argumentation phase, where the adversaries plea their
case and the adjudicator has a largely mediating role, and a decision phase, where the adjudicator decides the dispute on
the basis of the claims, arguments and evidence put forward in the argumentation phase. The model allows for explicit decisions
on admissibility of evidence and burden of proof by the adjudicator in the argumentation phase. Adjudication is modelled as
putting forward arguments, in particular undercutting and priority arguments, in the decision phase. The model reconciles
logical aspects of burden of proof induced by the defeasible nature of arguments with dialogical aspects of burden of proof
as something that can be allocated by explicit decisions on legal grounds.
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2.
Assumptions are frequently made during requirements analysis of a system about the trustworthiness of its various components
(including human components). These trust assumptions, whether implicit or explicit, affect the scope of the analysis, derivation
of security requirements, and in some cases how functionality is realized. This paper presents trust assumptions in the context
of analysis of security requirements. A running example shows how trust assumptions can be used by a requirements engineer
to help define and limit the scope of analysis and to document the decisions made during the process. The paper concludes
with a case study examining the impact of trust assumptions on software that uses the secure electronic transaction specification.
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3.
Meta modeling is a wide-spread technique to define visual languages, with the UML being the most prominent one. Despite several
advantages of meta modeling such as ease of use, the meta modeling approach has one disadvantage: it is not constructive,
i.e., it does not offer a direct means of generating instances of the language. This disadvantage poses a severe limitation
for certain applications. For example, when developing model transformations, it is desirable to have enough valid instance
models available for large-scale testing. Producing such a large set by hand is tedious. In the related problem of compiler
testing, a string grammar together with a simple generation algorithm is typically used to produce words of the language automatically.
In this paper, we introduce instance-generating graph grammars for creating instances of meta models, thereby overcoming the
main deficit of the meta modeling approach for defining languages.
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4.
This article argues how one problem of computing lies in realizing a significant instance given a class or type. Analysis
of a case study on digital narrative suggests two general processes for instantiating significant instances: interaction and
optimization. The article then explains how the problem of universals needs to be deconstructed when trying to understand
what type of entities significant instances are and what the process for obtaining them is.
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5.
Quantitative usability requirements are a critical but challenging, and hence an often neglected aspect of a usability engineering process. A case study is described where quantitative usability requirements played a key role in the development of a new user interface of a mobile phone. Within the practical constraints of the project, existing methods for determining usability requirements and evaluating the extent to which these are met, could not be applied as such, therefore tailored methods had to be developed. These methods and their applications are discussed. 相似文献
6.
This viewpoint argues that the introduction of most computer-based system to an organization transforms the organization and
changes the work patterns of the system’s users in the organization. These changes interact with the users’ values and beliefs
and trigger emotional responses which are sometimes directed against the software system and its proponents. A requirements
engineer must be aware of these emotions.
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7.
Recent proposals for computer-assisted argumentation have drawn on dialectical models of argumentation. When used to assist public policy planning, such systems also raise questions of political legitimacy. Drawing on deliberative democratic theory, we elaborate normative criteria for deliberative legitimacy and illustrate their use for assessing two argumentation systems. Full assessment of such systems requires experiments in which system designers draw on expertise from the social sciences and enter into the policy deliberation itself at the level of participants. 相似文献
8.
Requirements engineering is a field with a heavy practical emphasis and for the most part is quite rightly unconcerned with
philosophical reflection. However, there have been exceptions. Philosophical arguments are important because they can be used
to powerful effect, facilitating explicit debate on views that may previously have been implicit, and shaping the direction
of thought and research within the field. Several cases from both requirements engineering and software engineering have given
prominence to the philosophy of positivism. This paper will outline arguments against such a view.
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9.
We present a framework that supports the formal verification of early requirements specifications. The framework is based on Formal Tropos, a specification language that adopts primitive concepts for modeling early requirements (such as actor, goal, and strategic dependency), along with a rich temporal specification language. We show how existing formal analysis techniques, and in particular model checking, can be adapted for the automatic verification of Formal Tropos specifications. These techniques have been implemented in a tool, called the T-Tool, that maps Formal Tropos specifications into a language that can be handled by the NuSMV model checker. Finally, we evaluate our methodology on a course-exam management case study. Our experiments show that formal analysis reveals gaps and inconsistencies in early requirements specifications that are by no means trivial to discover without the help of formal analysis tools. 相似文献
10.
This paper describes the simulated car racing competition that was arranged as part of the 2007 IEEE Congress on Evolutionary
Computation. Both the game that was used as the domain for the competition, the controllers submitted as entries to the competition
and its results are presented. With this paper, we hope to provide some insight into the efficacy of various computational
intelligence methods on a well-defined game task, as well as an example of one way of running a competition. In the process,
we provide a set of reference results for those who wish to use the simplerace game to benchmark their own algorithms. The paper is co-authored by the organizers and participants of the competition.
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11.
The paper reflects on the unique experience of social and technological development in Lithuania since the regaining of independence
as a newly reshaped society constructing a distinctive competitive IST-based model at global level. This has presented Lithuanian
pattern of how to integrate different experiences and relations between generations in implementing complex information society
approaches. The resulting programme in general is linked to the Lisbon objectives of the European Union. The experience of
transitional countries in Europe, each different but facing some common problems, may be useful to developing countries in
Africa.
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12.
The complexity of group dynamics occurring in small group interactions often hinders the performance of teams. The availability
of rich multimodal information about what is going on during the meeting makes it possible to explore the possibility of providing
support to dysfunctional teams from facilitation to training sessions addressing both the individuals and the group as a whole.
A necessary step in this direction is that of capturing and understanding group dynamics. In this paper, we discuss a particular
scenario, in which meeting participants receive multimedia feedback on their relational behaviour, as a first step towards
increasing self-awareness. We describe the background and the motivation for a coding scheme for annotating meeting recordings
partially inspired by the Bales’ Interaction Process Analysis. This coding scheme was aimed at identifying suitable observable
behavioural sequences. The study is complemented with an experimental investigation on the acceptability of such a service.
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13.
Listening to music on personal, digital devices whilst mobile is an enjoyable, everyday activity. We explore a scheme for
exploiting this practice to immerse listeners in navigation cues. Our prototype, ONTRACK, continuously adapts audio, modifying
the spatial balance and volume to lead listeners to their target destination. First we report on an initial lab-based evaluation
that demonstrated the approach’s efficacy: users were able to complete tasks within a reasonable time and their subjective
feedback was positive. Encouraged by these results we constructed a handheld prototype. Here, we discuss this implementation
and the results of field-trials. These indicate that even with a low-fidelity realisation of the concept, users can quite
effectively navigate complicated routes.
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14.
Awareness systems have attracted significant research interest for their potential to support interpersonal relationships.
Investigations of awareness systems for the domestic environment have suggested that such systems can help individuals stay
in touch with dear friends or family and provide affective benefits to their users. Our research provides empirical evidence
to refine and substantiate such suggestions. We report our experience with designing and evaluating the ASTRA awareness system,
for connecting households and mobile family members. We introduce the concept of connectedness and its measurement through
the Affective Benefits and Costs of communication questionnaire (ABC-Q). We inform results that testify the benefits of sharing
experiences at the moment they happen without interrupting potential receivers. Finally, we document the role that lightweight,
picture-based communication can play in the range of communication media available.
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15.
We present a study of using camera-phones and visual-tags to access mobile services. Firstly, a user-experience study is described in which participants were both observed learning to interact with a prototype mobile service and interviewed
about their experiences. Secondly, a pointing-device task is presented in which quantitative data was gathered regarding the speed and accuracy with which participants aimed and clicked
on visual-tags using camera-phones. We found that participants’ attitudes to visual-tag-based applications were broadly positive,
although they had several important reservations about camera-phone technology more generally. Data from our pointing-device
task demonstrated that novice users were able to aim and click on visual-tags quickly (well under 3 s per pointing-device
trial on average) and accurately (almost all meeting our defined speed/accuracy tradeoff of 6% error-rate). Based on our findings,
design lessons for camera-phone and visual-tag applications are presented.
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16.
In this paper, we present an Inverse Multi-Objective Robust Evolutionary (IMORE) design methodology that handles the presence
of uncertainty without making assumptions about the uncertainty structure. We model the clustering of uncertain events in
families of nested sets using a multi-level optimization search. To reduce the high computational costs of the proposed methodology
we proposed schemes for (1) adapting the step-size in estimating the uncertainty, and (2) trimming down the number of calls
to the objective function in the nested search. Both offline and online adaptation strategies are considered in conjunction
with the IMORE design algorithm. Design of Experiments (DOE) approaches further reduce the number of objective function calls
in the online adaptive IMORE algorithm. Empirical studies conducted on a series of test functions having diverse complexities
show that the proposed algorithms converge to a set of Pareto-optimal design solutions with non-dominated nominal and robustness
performances efficiently.
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17.
This paper presents the time-bounded task-PIOA modeling framework, an extension of the probabilistic input/output automata
(PIOA) framework that can be used for modeling and verifying security protocols. Time-bounded task-PIOAs can describe probabilistic
and nondeterministic behavior, as well as time-bounded computation. Together, these features support modeling of important
aspects of security protocols, including secrecy requirements and limitations on the computational power of adversarial parties.
They also support security protocol verification using methods that are compatible with less formal approaches used in the
computational cryptography research community. We illustrate the use of our framework by outlining a proof of functional correctness
and security properties for a well-known oblivious transfer protocol.
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18.
Software Product Line Engineering (SPLE) can reduce software development costs, reduce time to market and improve product
quality. A software product line is a set of software products sharing a set of common features but containing variation points.
Successful SPLE requires making selection decisions at variation points effectively and efficiently. A significant challenge
is how to identify, represent and manage the inter-dependency of selection decisions for requirements. We developed the concept
of a meta-model for requirement decision models to bring formalism and consistency to the structure and to model inter-dependencies
between requirement selection decisions. Here we present a meta-model for requirement selection decisions that includes inter-dependencies
and we use a mobile phone worked example to illustrate our approach. To support our method, we developed two separate tools,
V-Define (for domain decision model construction) and V-Resolve (for new product derivation). Finally the results of a metal
processing product line case study using the tools are described.
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19.
In this article we present an engineering approach for the integration of social group dynamics in the behavior modeling of
multiagent systems. To this end, a toolbox was created that brings together several theories from the social sciences, each
focusing on different aspects of group dynamics. Due to its modular approach, the toolbox can either be used as a central
control component of an application or it can be employed temporarily to rapidly test the feasibility of the incorporated
theories for a given application domain. This is exemplified by applying the toolbox to different applications.
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20.
Wealth distribution based on classic sugarscape model leads to a population increase and the Gini coefficient decrease when
cooperation and communication parameters are taken into account. In another study, this model was developed by implying a
receipt of one-fifth of the assets of the population and derived utilization for poor people. The results showed a relation
between mortality decrease, population increase, and Gini coefficient decrease (equality increase). In a synergic process,
the wealth adjustment based on sugarscape model underwent some experiments by implying communication and cooperation, and
the mechanism of receiving and utilizing the assets. The results show that the population increase and the Gini coefficient
decrease play an important role in wealth adjustment.
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