Application of an intelligent classification method to mechanical fault diagnosis

A new method for intelligent fault diagnosis of rotating machinery based on wavelet packet transform (WPT), empirical mode decomposition (EMD), dimensionless parameters, a distance evaluation technique and radial basis function (RBF) network is proposed in this paper. In this method, WPT and EMD are, respectively, used to preprocess vibration signals to mine fault characteristic information more accurately. Then, dimensionless parameters in time domain are extracted from each of the original vibration signals and preprocessed signals to form a combined feature set. Moreover, the distance evaluation technique is utilised to calculate evaluation factors of the combined feature set. Finally, according to the evaluation factors, the corresponding sensitive features are selected and input into the RBF network to automatically identify different machine operation conditions. An experiment of rolling element bearings is carried out to test the performance of the proposed method. The experimental result demonstrates that the method combining WPT, EMD, the distance evaluation technique and the RBF network may accurately extract fault information and select sensitive features, and therefore it may correctly diagnose the different fault categories occurring in the bearings. Furthermore, this method is applied to slight rub fault diagnosis of a heavy oil catalytic cracking unit, the actual result shows the method may be applied to fault diagnosis of rotating machinery effectively.     

基于Peakvue技术的滚动轴承故障诊断

滚动轴承作为旋转机械的关键部件,其运行状态决定设备以及整个系统的性能.滚动轴承出现故障时会产生高频的应力波信号,而Peakvue技术能够有效的检测应力波,运用一种基于Peakvue技术的滚动轴承故障诊断方法.该方法采用加速度传感器采集滚动轴承振动信号,利用高通滤波器滤除加速度传感器输出信号中不必要的低频部分,按照一定的时间间隔对高频信号和应力波信号进行峰值提取,并对提取的峰值信号进行包络检波处理分析故障类型.应用西储大学轴承数据集进行验证,结果表明该方法能准确有效地检测出滚动轴承的故障类型.     

基于双树复小波包和改进SVM的轴承故障诊断

为了提高滚动轴承内圈、滚动体、外圈等故障诊断效率,提出了将双树复小波包和支持向量机（Support Vector Machine,SVM）结合的故障诊断方法。采用双树复小波包对轴承振动信号分解和重构,提取重构信号中的故障能量特征并构造特征样本作为支持向量机诊断模型的输入。针对支持向量机的参数选取没有固定方法而导致故障诊断的准确性降低的问题,采用人工鱼群算法对支持向量机的惩罚系数和核参数进行寻优。用寻优得到的参数建立支持向量机诊断模型对特征样本进行故障诊断。仿真结果表明提出的方法不仅可以提高降噪效果从而得到滚动轴承故障振动的特征信号,而且能实现更高精度的故障诊断。     

A novel deep learning scheme for multi-condition remaining useful life prediction of rolling element bearings

The remaining useful life (RUL) prediction of a rolling element bearing is important for more reasonable maintenance of machinery and equipment. Generally, the information of a failure can hardly be acquired in advance while running and the degradation process varies in terms of different faults. Thus, fault identification is indispensable for a multi-condition RUL prediction, where, however, the fault identification and RUL prediction are separated in most studies. A new hybrid scheme is proposed in this paper for the multi-condition RUL prediction of rolling element bearings. The proposed scheme contains both classification and regression, where the 2D-DCNN based classifier and predictors are built concerning typical fault conditions of a bearing. For the online prediction, the raw signals are spanned in the time-frequency domain and then transferred into images as the input of the scheme. The classifier is used to monitor the vibration of rolling bearings for online fault recognition and excite the corresponding predictor for RUL prediction once a fault is detected. The output from the predictor is amended by the proposed adaptive delay correction method as the final prediction results. A demonstration is performed based on the XJTU-SY datasets and the results are compared with those from the state-of-the-art methods, which proves the superiority of the proposed scheme in improving the accuracy and linearity of RUL prediction. The time cost of the proposed online prediction scheme is also investigated and the results indicate high time effectiveness.     

基于SE-ResNeXt的滚动轴承故障诊断方法

针对滚动轴承在故障诊断过程中信号特征提取困难导致诊断准确率低、鲁棒性差的问题,提出一种基于Squeeze-Excitation-ResNeXt(SE-ResNeXt)网络的滚动轴承故障诊断方法;将采集的一维轴承振动信号作为输入,进行滑动窗口采样与标准化处理,通过压缩、激励操作进行特征重标定,扩大模型感受野,并级联聚集残差变换网络自适应提取故障信号特征;在模型训练过程中选择最优压缩率为1/8以及8个组卷积,引入Relu函数加快网络收敛,使用全局平均池化替代全连接层避免过拟合现象,构造能够自主进行表征学习的最优故障诊断模型;通过仿真实验表明:与目前的深度学习算法相比,SE-ResNeXt网络能够准确的实现轴承故障诊断,并在高噪声的环境下仍具有较好的鲁棒性。     

基于参数优化VMD和样本熵的滚动轴承故障诊断EI北大核心CSCD

针对滚动轴承故障特征提取不丰富而导致的诊断识别率低的情况,提出了基于参数优化变分模态分解(Variational mode decomposition,VMD)和样本熵的特征提取方法,采用支持向量机(Support vector machine,SVM)进行故障识别.VMD方法的分解效果受限于分解个数和惩罚因子的选取,本文分析了这两个影响参数选取的不规律性,采用遗传变异粒子群算法进行参数优化,利用参数优化的VMD方法处理故障信号.样本熵在衡量滚动轴承振动信号的复杂度时,得到的熵值并不总是和信号的复杂度相关,故结合滚动轴承的故障机理,提出基于滚动轴承故障机理的样本熵,此样本熵衡量振动信号的复杂度与机理分析的结果一致.仿真实验表明,利用本文提出的特征提取方法,滚动轴承的故障诊断准确率有明显的提高.     

基于变分模态分解改进方法的滚动轴承故障特征提取

针对滚动轴承早期故障振动信号信噪比低、故障特征提取困难的问题,提出了基 于多相关-变分模态分解(MC-VMD)的滚动轴承故障诊断方法。首先对多加速度传感器采集到的 信号进行多相关处理以突出故障信号特征;然后通过VMD 自适应地将信号分解成多个本征模 态分量(IMFs),运用谱峭度法和包络解调对相关峭度较大的分量进行分析;最后通过包络谱识 别出滚动轴承的工作状态和故障类型。将该方法应用到滚动轴承故障实例数据中,实验结果表 明,该方法可有效提取滚动轴承故障特征频率信息。     

基于小波包分析的电机滚动轴承故障诊断

电机滚动轴承发生故障时的信号是非平稳的,小波包变换对故障特征提取有明显的优势,给出了利用小波包对故障信号进行分析的方法。确定轴承参数以及对故障信号的采集,并计算各类故障特征频率,选择小波基和确定最佳的分解层数,之后在Matlab软件环境下对信号进行小波包分解和重构,得到滚动轴承各类故障信号的功率谱,最后把实验结果与计算结果做对比,证实了该方法可以有效地把轴承中的故障信息成分检测出来,从而判断滚动轴承的故障类型。     

基于混沌动力学的滚动轴承故障诊断研究

为了研究旋转机械非平稳信号的非线性动力学特征,探索旋转机械故障诊断方法,以滚动轴承为研究对象,采用嵌入式传感器获取滚动轴承振动信号,通过计算滚动轴承振动时间序列的关联维数、Kolmogorov熵等混沌特征量,提取设备运动状态特征,并对其进行了详细分析。结果表明：该方法可以实现对滚动轴承的故障诊断,从而为旋转机械的故障诊断提供了一种新的方法。     

A deep feature enhanced reinforcement learning method for rolling bearing fault diagnosis

Fault diagnosis of rolling bearing is crucial for safety of large rotating machinery. However, in practical engineering, the fault modes of rolling bearings are usually compound faults and contain a large amount of noise, which increases the difficulty of fault diagnosis. Therefore, a deep feature enhanced reinforcement learning method is proposed for the fault diagnosis of rolling bearing. Firstly, to improve robustness, the neural network is modified by the Elu activation function. Secondly, attention model is used to improve the feature enhanced ability and acquire essential global information. Finally, deep Q network is established to accurately diagnosis the fault modes. Sufficient experiments are conducted on the rolling bearing dataset. Test result shows that the proposed method is superior to other intelligent diagnosis methods.     

蝙蝠算法优化极限学习机的滚动轴承故障分类

针对传统智能故障诊断方法在滚动轴承的故障诊断中诊断准确率不高的问题,引入了一种启发式搜索算法——蝙蝠算法(BA)优化极限学习机(ELM)的方法,利用ELM构建滚动轴承故障诊断分类模型。首先采用滚动轴承振动信号的五种代表性时域无量纲指标作为诊断模型输入特征,然后,利用蝙蝠算法的全局寻优能力对ELM模型的参数进行优化,获取最优输入权重和隐含层偏置的ELM分类模型,最后采用美国西储大学轴承数据中心网站公开发布的轴承探伤数据集验证算法诊断效果。实验结果表明：该方法可以有效地对滚动轴承不同故障状态进行识别,与BP神经网络、支持向量机(SVM)和极限学习机(ELM)方法比较,所提出的方法能够提高故障诊断准确率,达到99.17%。     

自适应流形学习在故障诊断中的应用

针对人工干预的旋转轴承故障类型及损坏程度诊断问题,提出了一种基于自适应流形学习的故障诊断新方法。该算法借助集合经验模态分解和双谱分析提取振动信号的故障特征,用纹理分析法构建故障信息的纹理特征矩阵,通过自适应流形学习的方法对高维纹理特征矩阵进行降维。整个过程能够很好地去除噪声,同时自适应选择参数,具有很好的聚类性能和复杂信号处理能力。实验结果表明该方法能够很好地区分不同的故障类型,同时在区分内圈故障、外圈故障、滚动元素故障退化程度方面也有着较好的性能。     

Fault diagnosis of rolling element bearings via discriminative subspace learning: Visualization and classification

Rolling element bearings play an important role in ensuring the availability of industrial machines. Unexpected bearing failures in such machines during field operation can lead to machine breakdown, which may have some pretty severe implications. To address such concern, we extend our algorithm for solving trace ratio problem in linear discriminant analysis to diagnose faulty bearings in this paper. Our algorithm is validated by comparison with other state-of art methods based on a UCI data set, and then be extended to rolling element bearing data. Through the construction of feature data set from sensor-based vibration signals of bearing, the fault diagnosis problem is solved as a pattern classification and recognition way. The two-dimensional visualization and classification accuracy of bearing data show that our algorithm is able to recognize different bearing fault categories effectively. Thus, it can be considered as a promising method for fault diagnosis.     

基于BO-DKELM的滚动轴承故障诊断

滚动轴承作为旋转机械中的必需元件,其任何故障都可能导致机器乃至整个系统发生故障,从而导致巨大的经济损失和时间的浪费,因此必须要及时准确地诊断滚动轴承故障。针对传统极限学习机中模型参数对滚动轴承故障诊断精度影响较大的问题,提出了一种基于贝叶斯优化的深度核极限学习机的滚动轴承故障诊断方法。首先,将自动编码器与核极限学习机相结合,构建了深度核极限学习机(Deep kernel extreme learning machine, DKELM)模型。其次,利用贝叶斯优化(Bayesian optimization, BO)算法对DKELM中的超参数进行寻优,使得训练数据集和验证数据集在DKELM模型中的分类错误率之和最低。然后,将测试数据集输入到训练好的BO-DKELM中进行故障诊断。最后,采用凯斯西储大学轴承故障数据集对所提方法进行验证,最终故障诊断精度为99.6%,与深度置信网络和卷积神经网络等传统智能算法进行对比,所提方法具有更高的故障诊断精度。     

邻域知识图算法在旋转机械设备故障诊断中的应用

旋转机械应用过程中极易出现内环故障、外环故障、滚动体故障的情况,而这也直接影响机械部件的使用寿命。为准确诊断设备元件的故障行为,达到延长旋转机械设备寿命水平的目的,针对邻域知识图算法在旋转机械设备故障诊断中的应用展开研究。求解邻域知识图算法的函数表达式,并以此为基础,完成对故障数据的推荐,再通过预处理的方式,实现对旋转机械设备故障数据的深度挖掘。融合关键故障数据,并对其进行降维处理,根据核特征定义条件,完善具体的故障诊断流程,完成基于邻域知识图算法的旋转机械设备故障诊断算法的设计。实验结果表明,上述方法的应用,可以准确诊断出内环故障、外环故障、滚动体故障三种故障表现行为,通过适当方法对所诊断出故障行为加以处理,可以达到延长旋转机械设备使用寿命的目的。     

变转速下滚动轴承的阶频谱相关域微弱故障特征增强与提取

滚动轴承是旋转机械常用且故障率较高的部件之一,其故障的及时发现,对于设备安全、稳定运行具有重要意义。滚动轴承的早期故障特征十分微弱,容易被强背景噪声干扰所掩盖。同时,滚动轴承往往在变转速工况下运行,故障特征的时变特性导致特征提取较为困难。针对上述问题,提出一种变转速下滚动轴承的阶频谱相关(OFSC)域微弱故障特征增强与提取方法。首先,利用变转速下滚动轴承故障信号的角度时间域循环平稳特性,将故障信号转换到阶频谱相关域。然后,采用鲁棒主成分分析(RPCA)的低秩稀疏分解方法,将轴承振动信号的阶频谱相关矩阵分解为表征轴承故障特征的稀疏成分,并去除表征噪声的低秩成分,进一步提高稀疏分量的分辨率。最后对分解出的稀疏分量构建增强包络阶次谱(EEOS)来检测滚动轴承的故障特征。仿真和实验分析验证了该方法对于变转速工况轴承微弱故障特征增强和提取的有效性和鲁棒性。     

KNN-朴素贝叶斯算法的滚动轴承故障诊断

滚动轴承的故障诊断对于提高工业生产效率,保障工业生产的稳定安全地运行具有重要意义。为了提高滚动轴承故障识别的正确率,提出一种使用KNN-朴素贝叶斯决策组合算法对滚动轴承故障诊断。组合算法利用朴素贝叶斯算法对使用不同K值的KNN算法初步分类结果进行再分类以达到提高滚动轴承故障识别的目的。首先,使用小波包能量法对滚动轴承振动信号进行能量特征提取,然后使用多个参数K值不同的KNN算法对能量特征数据预分类,得到多个KNN算法分类结果集,将分类结果集进行处理得到预分类结果集,将预分类结果集作为朴素贝叶斯算法的输入,使用朴素贝叶斯算法对数据再分类。实验结果表明,组合算法相较于传统KNN算法及贝叶斯算法在滚动轴承的故障诊断率得到了有效提高,实现了对滚动轴承故障的有效诊断。     

Intelligent fault diagnosis for rotating machinery using deep Q-network based health state classification: A deep reinforcement learning approach

Fault diagnosis methods for rotating machinery have always been a hot research topic, and artificial intelligence-based approaches have attracted increasing attention from both researchers and engineers. Among those related studies and methods, artificial neural networks, especially deep learning-based methods, are widely used to extract fault features or classify fault features obtained by other signal processing techniques. Although such methods could solve the fault diagnosis problems of rotating machinery, there are still two deficiencies. (1) Unable to establish direct linear or non-linear mapping between raw data and the corresponding fault modes, the performance of such fault diagnosis methods highly depends on the quality of the extracted features. (2) The optimization of neural network architecture and parameters, especially for deep neural networks, requires considerable manual modification and expert experience, which limits the applicability and generalization of such methods. As a remarkable breakthrough in artificial intelligence, AlphaGo, a representative achievement of deep reinforcement learning, provides inspiration and direction for the aforementioned shortcomings. Combining the advantages of deep learning and reinforcement learning, deep reinforcement learning is able to build an end-to-end fault diagnosis architecture that can directly map raw fault data to the corresponding fault modes. Thus, based on deep reinforcement learning, a novel intelligent diagnosis method is proposed that is able to overcome the shortcomings of the aforementioned diagnosis methods. Validation tests of the proposed method are carried out using datasets of two types of rotating machinery, rolling bearings and hydraulic pumps, which contain a large number of measured raw vibration signals under different health states and working conditions. The diagnosis results show that the proposed method is able to obtain intelligent fault diagnosis agents that can mine the relationships between the raw vibration signals and fault modes autonomously and effectively. Considering that the learning process of the proposed method depends only on the replayed memories of the agent and the overall rewards, which represent much weaker feedback than that obtained by the supervised learning-based method, the proposed method is promising in establishing a general fault diagnosis architecture for rotating machinery.     

Fault diagnosis of ball bearings using machine learning methods

Ball bearings faults are one of the main causes of breakdown of rotating machines. Thus, detection and diagnosis of mechanical faults in ball bearings is very crucial for the reliable operation. This study is focused on fault diagnosis of ball bearings using artificial neural network (ANN) and support vector machine (SVM). A test rig of high speed rotor supported on rolling bearings is used. The vibration response are obtained and analyzed for the various defects of ball bearings. The specific defects are considered as crack in outer race, inner race with rough surface and corrosion pitting in balls. Statistical methods are used to extract features and to reduce the dimensionality of original vibration features. A comparative experimental study of the effectiveness of ANN and SVM is carried out. The results show that the machine learning algorithms mentioned above can be used for automated diagnosis of bearing faults. It is also observed that the severe (chaotic) vibrations occur under bearings with rough inner race surface and ball with corrosion pitting.