二维投影与PCA相结合的人脸识别算法

传统的特征抽取算法是基于向量的,在模式是图像时并不方便。二维投影方法利用图像矩阵直接计算,虽然抽取特征速度快,但抽取出的特征是矩阵,对应的特征数量大,影响分类速度。该文结合二者的优点,先用二维投影处理原始图像,降维后再做主分量分析,抽取出少量的特征进行分类,识别率和分类速度均有提高。在ORL人脸库上20次实验的平均识别率达95.83%。     

单样本条件下权重模块2DPCA人脸识别

针对单样本人脸识别问题,提出了权重模块2DPCA识别方法。该方法首先利用模块2DPCA方法对图像矩阵进行区域分块和子图像主成分特征提取,再用光流方法度量测试图像和样本图像对应分块像素区域由于人物变化、表情不同、饰物遮蔽等造成的差异,并以此为依据对得到的样本和测试图像的特征矩阵之间的差分矩阵分块区域赋以相对权重,最后进行最邻近分类判别。在JAFFE和ORL人脸库上的实验结果表明,在同等鉴别特征维数下,权重模块2DPCA识别方法较之传统2DPCA方法和模块2DPCA方法具有更高的识别率和鲁棒性,证明了在基于PCA的人脸识别方法中加入先验知识以提高识别能力的可行性。     

一种对角LDA算法及其在人脸识别上的应用

2维特征抽取方法(如2DPCA、2DLDA),因为其抽取特征的速度和识别率要比1维的方法好,所以在人脸识别中得到了广泛的应用。最近基于2DPCA又提出了对角主成份分析(diagonal principal component analysis,DiaPCA),该方法由于保持了图像的行变化和图像的列变化之间的相关性,从而克服了2DPCA仅能反映图像行之间的变化,而忽略了图像列之间变化的缺点。但是,由于DiaPCA并没在特征抽取中融入鉴别信息,同时2DLDA也具有与2DPCA同样的缺点,从而分别影响了DiaPCA与2DLDA两种方法的识别性能。针对这一问题,提出了一种对角线性鉴别分析(diagonal linear dicriminant analysis,DiaLDA)的新算法,该新算法是基于对角人脸图像来求解最优鉴别向量。该新算法在ORL和FERET人脸库进行了实验,并与PCA、Fisherface、DiaPCA、2DLDA等方法进行了比较。实验结果表明,该方法比其他方法的识别性能要好。     

图像特征抽取的MDNIB2DPCA方法

在多方向二维主成分分析法MD2DPCA和无迭代双边二维主成分分析（NIB2DPCA）的基础上,提出了多方向无迭代双边二维主成分分析（MDNIB2DPCA）的特征抽取新方法。该方法可以对图像矩阵在多个方向上进行特征抽取,与MD2DPCA方法相比也提高了特征抽取速度。在灰度人脸图像库上的对比实验表明,所提的方法可以提高灰度图像识别率两个百分点以上;进一步地,在基于NIB2DPCA的彩色图像识别方法的基础上,提出了将所提的MDNIB2DPCA替换NIB2DPCA的彩色图像处理的新方法。在彩色人脸库上的对比实验表明,所提方法的识别正确率也可提高约一个百分点。     

Color face recognition based on quaternion matrix representation

There are several methods to recognize and reconstruct a human face image. The principal component analysis (PCA) is a successful approach because of its effective extraction of the global feature and excellent reconstruction of face image. However, the crucial shortcomings of PCA are its low recognition rate and overfitting of feature extraction which leads to the dependence of training data on training samples. In this paper, a modified two-dimension principal component analysis (2DPCA) and bidirectional principal component analysis (BDPCA) methods based on quaternion matrix are proposed to recognize and reconstruct a color face image. In these methods, the spatial distribution information of color images is used to represent a color face, and the 2DPCA or BDPCA feature of color face image is extracted by reducing the dimensionality in both column and row directions. A method obtaining orthogonal eigenvector set of quaternion matrix is proposed. Numerous experiments show that the present approach based on quaternion matrix can effectively smooth the overfitting issue and substantially enhance the recognition rate.     

一种双向压缩的二维特征抽取算法及其应用

针对二维主分量分析（2DPCA）在最优投影轴上的投影是一个向量,其抽取出的图像特征是一个矩阵,特征数据量大,不便于直接分类的弱点,提出了一种特征抽取新方法。首先用2DPCA作一次横向压缩,对抽取出的特征矩阵再作一次2DPCA进行纵向压缩。这样抽取出的特征数量大大减少,可加快分类速度。ORL人脸库的试验结果表明了该方法的有效性。     

A feature extraction method for use with bimodal biometrics

Bimodal biometrics has been found to outperform single biometrics and are usually implemented using the matching score level or decision level fusion, though this fusion will enable less information of bimodal biometric traits to be exploited for personal authentication than fusion at the feature level. This paper proposes matrix-based complex PCA (MCPCA), a feature level fusion method for bimodal biometrics that uses a complex matrix to denote two biometric traits from one subject. The method respectively takes the two images from two biometric traits of a subject as the real part and imaginary part of a complex matrix. MCPCA applies a novel and mathematically tractable algorithm for extracting features directly from complex matrices. We also show that MCPCA has a sound theoretical foundation and the previous matrix-based PCA technique, two-dimensional PCA (2DPCA), is only one special form of the proposed method. On the other hand, the features extracted by the developed method may have a large number of data items (each real number in the obtained features is called one data item). In order to obtain features with a small number of data items, we have devised a two-step feature extraction scheme. Our experiments show that the proposed two-step feature extraction scheme can achieve a higher classification accuracy than the 2DPCA and PCA techniques.     

基于DCT融合2DPCA与DLDA的人脸识别

传统的基于主成分分析的人脸识别需要将图像矩阵转化为向量,特征提取需要花费大最时间.二维主成分分析直接利用图像矩阵,特征提取速度快,但特征数量大,影响分类速度.因此,提出了一种基于离散余弦变换(DCT)的二维主成分分析(2DPCA)和直接线性判决分析(DLDA)结合的人脸识别方法.算法首先用DCT对人脸图像进行压缩并重建,然后利用2DPCA和DLDA对人脸图像进行特征提取.最后选用最近邻分类器进行分类.在ORL人脸库上的测试结果表明,与DLDA或2DPCA算法相比,算法具有更高的识别率.     

二维主成分分析方法的推广及其在人脸识别中的应用

提出了分块二维主成分分析(分块2DPCA)的人脸识别方法。分块2DPCA方法先对图像矩阵进行分块,对分块得到的子图像矩阵直接进行鉴别分析。其特点是:能方便地降低鉴别特征的维数;可以完全避免使用矩阵的奇异值分解,特征抽取方便;与2DPCA方法相比,使用低维的鉴别特征矩阵,而达到较高(至少是不低)的正确识别率。此外,2DPCA是分块2DPCA的特例。在ORL和NUST603人脸库上的试验结果表明,所提出的方法在识别性能上优于2DPCA方法。     

分块二维主成分分析鉴别特征抽取能力研究

基于二维主成分分析(2DPCA),文章提出了分块二维主成分分析(M2DPCA)人脸识别方法。M2DPCA从模式的原始数字图像出发,先对图像进行分块,对分块得到的子图像矩阵采用2DPCA方法进行特征抽取,从而实现模式的分类。新方法的特点是能有效地抽取图像的局部特征,正是这些特征使此类模式区别于彼类。在ORL人脸数据库上测试了该方法的鉴别能力。实验的结果表明,M2DPCA在鉴别性能上优于通常的2DPCA和PCA方法,也优于基于Fisher鉴别准则的鉴别分析方法:Fisherfaces方法、F-S方法和J-Y方法。     

基于模块2DPCA的人脸识别方法

提出了模块2DPCA（two-dimensional principal component analysis）的人脸识别方法。模块2DPCA方法先对图像矩阵进行分块，将分块得到的子图像矩阵直接用于构造总体散布矩阵，然后利用总体散布矩阵的特征向量进行图像特征抽取。与基于图像向量的鉴别方法（比如PCA）相比，该方法在特征抽取之前不需要将子图像矩阵转化为图像向量，能快速地降低鉴别特征的维数，可以完全避免使用矩阵的奇异值分解，特征抽取方便；此外，模块2DPCA是2DPCA的推广。在ORL和NUST603人脸库上的试验结果表明，模块2DPCA方法在识别性能上优于PCA，比2DPCA更具有鲁棒性。     

Two-dimensional PCA: a new approach to appearance-based face representation and recognition

In this paper, a new technique coined two-dimensional principal component analysis (2DPCA) is developed for image representation. As opposed to PCA, 2DPCA is based on 2D image matrices rather than 1D vectors so the image matrix does not need to be transformed into a vector prior to feature extraction. Instead, an image covariance matrix is constructed directly using the original image matrices, and its eigenvectors are derived for image feature extraction. To test 2DPCA and evaluate its performance, a series of experiments were performed on three face image databases: ORL, AR, and Yale face databases. The recognition rate across all trials was higher using 2DPCA than PCA. The experimental results also indicated that the extraction of image features is computationally more efficient using 2DPCA than PCA.     

双向压缩二维特征抽取人脸识别新方法

提出了二维主成分分析(2DPCA)与二维线性鉴别分析(2DLDA)相结合的双向压缩投影的子空间人脸识别方法.该方法在进行一次2DPCA运算后,对特征矩阵进行转置,再进行2DLDA运算,与(2D)~2PCA与(2D)~2LDA相比,充分利用了2DPCA和2DLDA的优点,既包含了样本的类别信息,又消除了图像矩阵行和列的相关性,有效地提取了行和列的识别信息,识别特征维数也大幅度减少.在ORL和PERET人脸库上的实验表明,在不影响识别速度的情况下,其识别率优于现有二维特征提取方法.     

模块二维主成分分析——人脸识别新方法

提出了模块二维主成分分析(M2DPCA)线性鉴别分析方法。M2DPCA方法先对图像矩阵进行分块，对分块得到的子图像矩阵直接进行鉴别分析。其特点是：能有效地降低模式原始特征的维数；可以完全避免使用矩阵的奇异值分解，特征抽取方便；此外，2DPCA是M2DPCA的特例。在ORL人脸库上试验结果表明，M2DPCA方法在识别性能上优于PCA，比2DPCA更具有鲁棒性。     

二维PCA非参数子空间分析的人脸识别算法

提出一种结合二维PCA(2DPCA)的二维非参数子空间分析(2DNSA)人脸识别算法.利用2DPCA对原始图像矩阵进行特征降维,以降维后的特征为训练样本,进行二维非参数判别分析,并综合考虑类边界样本对分类的影响,采用2DNSA实现更合理的特征提取.基于Yale、LARGE人脸数据库的实验结果表明,与(2D)2pCA、2...     

Probabilistic two-dimensional principal component analysis and its mixture model for face recognition

Recently, two-dimensional principal component analysis (2DPCA) as a novel eigenvector-based method has proved to be an efficient technique for image feature extraction and representation. In this paper, by supposing a parametric Gaussian distribution over the image space (spanned by the row vectors of 2D image matrices) and a spherical Gaussian noise model for the image, we endow the 2DPCA with a probabilistic framework called probabilistic 2DPCA (P2DPCA), which is robust to noise. Further, by using the probabilistic perspective of P2DPCA, we extend the P2DPCA to a mixture of local P2DPCA models (MP2DPCA). The MP2DPCA offers us a method of being able to model faces in unconstrained (complex) environment. The model parameters could be fitted on the basis of maximum likelihood (ML) estimation via the expectation maximization (EM) algorithm. The experimental recognition results on UMIST, AR face database, and the face recognition (FR) data collected at University of Essex confirm the effectivity of the proposed methods.     

Face recognition by generalized two-dimensional FLD method and multi-class support vector machines

This paper presents a novel scheme for feature extraction, namely, the generalized two-dimensional Fisher's linear discriminant (G-2DFLD) method and its use for face recognition using multi-class support vector machines as classifier. The G-2DFLD method is an extension of the 2DFLD method for feature extraction. Like 2DFLD method, G-2DFLD method is also based on the original 2D image matrix. However, unlike 2DFLD method, which maximizes class separability either from row or column direction, the G-2DFLD method maximizes class separability from both the row and column directions simultaneously. To realize this, two alternative Fisher's criteria have been defined corresponding to row and column-wise projection directions. Unlike 2DFLD method, the principal components extracted from an image matrix in G-2DFLD method are scalars; yielding much smaller image feature matrix. The proposed G-2DFLD method was evaluated on two popular face recognition databases, the AT&T (formerly ORL) and the UMIST face databases. The experimental results using different experimental strategies show that the new G-2DFLD scheme outperforms the PCA, 2DPCA, FLD and 2DFLD schemes, not only in terms of computation times, but also for the task of face recognition using multi-class support vector machines (SVM) as classifier. The proposed method also outperforms some of the neural networks and other SVM-based methods for face recognition reported in the literature.     

一种基于完全2DPCA的二次特征选择方法

提出一种基于完全二维主元分析(2DPCA)的二次特征选择方法用于人脸识别。该方法针对PCA及其改进方法的不足,结合完全2DPCA方法,用免疫算法和基于最近邻分类器的5阶交叉验证方法完成对人脸特征二次选择。基于ORL人脸数据库和Yale人脸数据库的实验结果表明,该方法识别效果较好。     

改进的模块2DPCA与MSD结合的人脸识别

提出了一种改进的模块2DPCA与最大散度差鉴别分析相结合的人脸识别方法。该方法先对原始人脸图像采用改进的模块2DPCA抽取特征,然后对得到的特征图像的子图像块施行最大散度差鉴别分析,得到最终的特征图像。该方法不仅利用了原始图像的局部特征和类别信息,而且完全避免了使用矩阵的奇异值分解。在ORL人脸库上的实验结果验证了该方法的有效性。     

基于2DPCA和压缩感知的人脸识别方法

提出一种基于二维主成份分析(2DPCA)和压缩感知的人脸识别方法.阐述2DPCA提取特征向量的工作原理,利用压缩感知方法求解待识别图像在足够样本下的稀疏表示.由所有训练图的特征向量构成测量矩阵,将每一幅待识别图像的特征向量作为测量值,由压缩感知中求解的L1范数极小值得到待识别图像的编码信号,根据该编码信号识别人脸图像....