自由曲面数控加工路径规划的研究

论述了自由曲面数控加工路径规划对加工效率的影响,讨论了目前刀具轨迹算法的优缺点。针对自由曲面走刀方向数控加工的研究,建立了简化的刀具轨迹时间模型,并对路径规划的系统进行了讨论。     

NURBS曲面插值参数化及其在数控加工中的应用

对NURBS曲面插值以及曲面数控加工NC代码生成的基本算法进行研究,提出了在自由端点边界条件下的控制点反求算法,引入插值参数和曲面形状修改参数,利用MATLAB三维空间图形处理工具显示各参数变化对曲面插值及曲面形状的影响,研究曲面参数化在刀位轨迹生成中的应用.以某曲面零件为数控加工仿真对象,模拟其在虚拟环境下的切削过程,利用VC++和OpenGL,编程实现重构算法并完成曲面加工轨迹仿真,通过实例验证了该曲面造型方法及数控代码生成方法的正确性.     

三角形网格模型上刀触点的加权补偿法矢量计算方法

研究面向三角形网格曲面数控加工刀位点的计算方法,提出了一种用于精确计算网格曲面上刀触点法矢量的方法。该方法引入了包含网格模型上刀触点所在区域附近的网格顶点的法矢量信息的加权补偿矢量及渐变影响函数,通过非线性插值三角形顶点处的法矢量得到位于网格模型上各刀触点的法矢量,使之更加接近理论参数曲面相应位置的法矢量。实例计算和误差分析表明,该方法可以有效地提高网格曲面上刀触点处法矢量的计算精度,对提高刀具轨迹上相应刀位点的位置精度和基于三角形网格曲面的数控加工精度有积极意义。      

复杂曲面五轴数控加工刀轴矢量优化方法研究

科学技术的快速发展,为复杂曲面五轴加工方式的不断优化提供了必要的技术支持,使得其加工技术水平逐渐提升。实践过程中加工人员在曲面形状突变及干涉情况时,若采用五轴加工轨迹生成方法,由于其中刀轴矢量剧烈变化的问题,使得刀具性能受到了潜在威胁,且产品加工质量难以保障。针对这种情况,应加强与之相关的五轴加工刀轴矢量优化方法使用。基于此,本文将对复杂曲面五轴数控加工刀轴矢量优化方法进行系统阐述。     

面向数控加工的三角网格法矢量及曲率估算

在面向三角网格曲面的数控加工中,网格曲面的曲率估算精度对数控加工刀具路径设计和加工质量具有重要的影响。针对数控加工需求,提出了一种三角网格曲面中网格节点曲率的精确估算方法。该方法引入网格形状因子,综合考虑三角形的形状和面积两个因素对网格节点法矢量的影响,得到了更为精确的法矢量,从而获得网格节点处更为精确的曲率估算值。此方法能够有效提高三角网格节点曲率估算的精确度,提高了三角网格曲面刀具路径设计中的刀位点计算精度和数控加工精度。     

基于NURBS直纹面拟合敏感点的空间凸轮侧铣刀轨算法优化

基于NURBS直纹面拟合敏感点的空间凸轮侧铣刀轨算法优化原理,提出了拟合误差敏感点的选择方法,根据NURBS曲面重构的原理,将曲面曲率最值点和拟合误差最大点定义为理论加工刀轨曲面误差敏感点。利用曲率敏感点,在理论非等径刀轨曲面规划离散网格,得到初始数据点。通过最小二乘优化方法重构NURBS刀轨直纹面,再根据误差敏感点定义的等参数曲线来调整刀轨直纹面形状。构建了理论加工误差模型,并通过实例的仿真计算和数值模拟说明了该算法的有效性。     

整体叶轮叶片根部特征刀具轨迹规化研究

针对整体叶轮叶片根部特征加工过程中极易产生过切和欠切的问题,提出了适合光滑过渡曲面区域的叶轮叶片根部特征的精加工的刀具轨迹规划优化方法。该方法首先对叶根曲面进行划分,定义加工曲面类型;然后对加工曲面进行刀具轨迹规划,计算出最佳走刀步长和行距;最后在保证刀具不与被加工表面发生过切和欠切的基础上,使得刀具与被加工曲面在刀触点处平面上每个方向的曲率相匹配,并使生成的刀轨光顺简洁,改善曲面加工精度与加工效率。通过对某叶片根部的仿真实例加工验证了该方法的正确性。该方法在多轴数控加工中具有重要的实用价值。     

基于UG的螺旋叶片数控五轴加工

为提高螺旋叶片的加工效率和质量,提出了一种新的综合优化方法.以螺旋叶片高效率、高质量、无干涉五轴加工刀具轨迹为目标,采用UG CAM可变轴曲面轮廓铣的曲面区域驱动方法,选择合适的投影矢量方向和刀轴方向,采用合理的加工工艺、切削用量和优化进退刀,采用自定义的后处理文件生成了相应数控系统的数控代码实验结果表明该零件的加工质...     

广域曲率吻合原则与复杂曲面数控加工的全面优化

按广域曲率吻合原则考察刀具与工件曲面的接触状态，并在深入分析工件曲面特性的基础上，选择优化的加工方法、优化的刀具形状及参数、优化的走刀方案规划、优化的刀位等，使复杂曲面数控加工做到全面优化。最后对两篇文献的实例进行分析并加以优化。     

NURBS曲面五轴加工刀具规迹生成技术研究

为解决传统的复杂参数曲面五轴加工中所存在的效率和精度不高的问题,提出了一种基于STEP-NC的NURBS曲面五轴加工刀具轨迹生成技术。采用STEP-NC的数据格式描述复杂NURBS参数曲面,在此基础上采用等残留高度法对五轴加工刀具轨迹进行了规划,包括刀轨行距的计算,刀具轨迹的生成等任务。采用加工试验的方式对本文方法进行了验证,并与传统方法进行对比分析。试验结果表明,新方法能够提高复杂参数曲面的加工效率和表面加工质量。     

A new approach to generating arc length parameterized NURBS tool paths for efficient three-axis machining of smooth, accurate sculptured surfaces

With the development of a new function of computer numerical control controllers, nonuniform rational B-spline (NURBS) interpolation, NURBS tool path generation for sculptured surface machining is under extensive research. The common procedures of the current NURBS tool path planning methods are as follows: first, to find a group of cutter contact points on a sculptured surface; second, to calculate their corresponding cutter locations (CLs); then, to fit a NURBS tool path to the CLs within a prescribed tolerance; and finally, to inspect the tool path for possible gouge by the tool and delete the invalid path segments, if any. However, the NURBS tool path has the following problems: (a) although it passes through the discrete CLs of the theoretical CL path, the deviation along the two paths could be larger than the tolerance; (b) its parameter is not the arc length of the path; and (c) it is difficult to detect gouge along the NURBS path and to remove the invalid segments from it. Consequently, NURBS tool paths generated with the current methods of commercial computer-aided design/computer-aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM) software cannot be used to make smooth and accurate surfaces. To address these problems, this work proposes a new approach to generating arc length parameterized NURBS tool paths with high accuracy in terms of the theoretical CL paths and without gouge and interference. Two practical examples in this work clearly demonstrate the feasibility of this approach and the advantages of the generated NURBS tool paths. Therefore, this approach can be implemented into the CAD/CAM software to promote NURBS machining in industry.     

NURBS output based tool path generation for freeform pockets

A robust method is proposed to generate tool paths for NURBS-based machining of arbitrarily shaped freeform pockets with islands. Although the input and output are all of higher-degree NURBS curves, only one simple category of geometric entities, i.e., line segments, is required for initial offsetting and for detecting and removing self-intersecting loops. Furthermore, using those linear non-self-intersecting offsets as the legs of NURBS control polygons, NURBS-format tool paths can be smoothly reconstructed with G¹-continuity, no overcutting, no cusps, and global error control. Since all operations involved in computing tool path curves are linear geometric calculations, the method is robust and simple. Examples with integrated rough and finish cutting tool paths of pockets demonstrate the usefulness and effectiveness of this method.     

An adaptive feedrate scheduling method of dual NURBS curve interpolator for precision five-axis CNC machining

Non-uniform rational b-spline (NURBS) tool path is becoming more and more important due to the increasing requirement for machining geometrically complex parts. However, NURBS interpolators, particularly related to five-axis machining, are quite limited and still keep challenging. In this paper, an adaptive feedrate scheduling method of dual NURBS curve interpolator with geometric and kinematic constraints is proposed for precision five-axis machining. A surface expressed by dual NURBS curves, which can continuously and accurately describe cutter tip position and cutter axis orientation, is first used to define five-axis tool path. For the given machine configuration, the calculation formulas of angular feedrate and geometric error aroused by interpolation are given, and then, the adaptive feedrate along the tool path is scheduled with confined nonlinear geometric error and angular feedrate. Combined with the analytical relations of feed acceleration with respect to the arc length parameter and feedrate, the feed profiles of linear and angular feed acceleration sensitive regions are readjusted with corresponding formulas and bi-directional scan algorithm, respectively. Simulations are performed to validate the feasibility of the proposed feed scheduling method of dual NURBS curve interpolator. It shows that the proposed method is able to ensure the geometric accuracy and good machining performances in five-axis machining especially in flank machining.     

High accurate interpolation of NURBS tool path for CNC machine tools

Feedrate fluctuation caused by approximation errors of interpolation methods has great effects on machining quality in NURBS interpolation, but few methods can efficiently eliminate or reduce it to a satisfying level without sacrificing the computing efficiency at present. In order to solve this problem, a high accurate interpolation method for NURBS tool path is proposed. The proposed method can efficiently reduce the feedrate fluctuation by forming a quartic equation with respect to the curve parameter increment, which can be efficiently solved by analytic methods in real-time. Theoretically, the proposed method can totally eliminate the feedrate fluctuation for any 2nd degree NURBS curves and can interpolate 3rd degree NURBS curves with minimal feedrate fluctuation. Moreover, a smooth feedrate planning algorithm is also proposed to generate smooth tool motion with considering multiple constraints and scheduling errors by an efficient planning strategy. Experiments are conducted to verify the feasibility and applicability of the proposed method. This research presents a novel NURBS interpolation method with not only high accuracy but also satisfying computing efficiency.     

基于NURBS曲线拟合的微段高速自适应加工算法

为了满足加工精度的要求,消除以微小直线段离散化自由曲线加工路径的微段加工方式的加工程序量过大和需要频繁加减速的两大弊病,实现微小直线段的高速平滑加工,提出了带权因子和一阶导数约束的NURBS曲线最小二乘逼近算法,并在此基础上给出了基于NURBS曲线拟合的微段平滑加工算法。该微段平滑加工算法将离散的微段数据点拟合成一条NURBS曲线并将其作为新的加工路径,然后利用NURBS曲线实时插补,从而实现微小直线段的平滑加工。验证结果表明,该算法使加工更平滑和高效。     

Non-redundant tool trajectory generation for surface finish machining based on geodesic curvature matching

The increasing complexity of surface has put forward higher demands for CNC machining trajectory generation. The constant scallop height method has the disadvantage of point redundancy during trajectory discretization. Therefore, a non-redundant tool trajectory generation method for surface finish machining is put forward. The cutting row spacing is determined by the geodesic curvature according to scallop height and the convexity or concavity of the local surfaces. The adjacent cutter contact (CC) points with constant scallop height are expressed point by point from the present CC point. The redundant points are removed by maximizing each cutting step length through making the chord error equal to the machining allowable error. The dual NURBS ruled surface is constructed to realize smooth transition of the tool trajectories and tool axis vector. The prototype system taking ACIS R13 and HOOPS V11.0 as modeling kernel has been developed to verify the proposed method. The experiment results proved that the proposed method can realize non-redundant tool trajectory considering tool interference during surface finish machining.     

Cutting temperature,tool wear,and tool life in heat-pipe-assisted end-milling operations

In this paper, using the specifications of nodal points on a nonuniform rational B-spline (NURBS) curve of three degrees with respect to NURBS curve parameter and defining the coefficients for the velocity and acceleration vectors on these points, a new method is presented to design a tool path via C² PH spline curves. Values of the velocity/acceleration vector coefficients corresponding to the nodal points on the original NURBS curve are computed by pattern search algorithm. To this end, the normal distance between the constructed C² PH spline curve and its corresponding original NURBS curve is considered as the objective function. Using combination of the time-dependent feed rate interpolation in the acceleration/deceleration phase of the motion and the constant feed rate interpolation in the middle region of the motion, the position commands of the designed NURBS-based C² PH spline curve are generated. Several improved NURBS-based C² PH spline curve following tasks were implemented with pseudo-derivative feedback feed forward (PDFF) controller. The experimental and simulation results confirm that the devised interpolator with designed PDFF controller is not only feasible for machining the complicated tool path represented in the improved NURBS-based C² PH spline form but also yields satisfactory contouring performance under variable feed rate.     

Three-dimensional tool radius compensation for multi-axis peripheral milling

Few function about 3D tool radius compensation is applied to generating executable motion control commands in the existing computer numerical control (CNC) systems. Once the tool radius is changed, especially in the case of tool size changing with tool wear in machining, a new NC program has to be recreated. A generic 3D tool radius compensation method for multi-axis peripheral milling in CNC systems is presented. The offset path is calculated by offsetting the tool path along the direction of the offset vector with a given distance. The offset vector is perpendicular to both the tangent vector of the tool path and the orientation vector of the tool axis relative to the workpiece. The orientation vector equations of the tool axis relative to the workpiece are obtained through homogeneous coordinate transformation matrix and forward kinematics of generalized kinematics model of multi-axis machine tools. To avoid cutting into the corner formed by the two adjacent tool paths, the coordinates of offset path at the intersection point have been calculated according to the transition type that is determined by the angle between the two tool path tangent vectors at the corner. Through the verification by the solid cutting simulation software VERICUTwith different tool radiuses on a table-tilting type five-axis machine tool, and by the real machining experiment of machining a soup spoon on a five-axis machine tool with the developed CNC system, the effectiveness of the proposed 3D tool radius compensation method is confirmed. The proposed compensation method can be suitable for all kinds of threeto five-axis machine tools as a general form.     

Design and implementation of a real-time NURBS surface interpolator

In recent years, various parametric curve interpolators have been proposed for high-speed and high-accuracy machining. However, these methods are based on a constant cutter location (CL) velocity. Hence, the cutter contact (CC) velocity along the surface tends to vary, resulting in a nonuniform machining performance. Furthermore, machining complex surfaces requires the provision of a large number of tool paths and therefore the associated NC data files are generally very large. To overcome these limitations, the current study presents a novel real-time NURBS surface interpolator which ensures a constant CC velocity along the CC paths and its intervals. A PC-based real-time motion control network utilizing SSCNET is developed to achieve the goal of multi-axis synchronous motion. In this study, both the NURBS surface interpolator algorithms and the SSCNET communication protocols are realized by Embedded XP with the RTX real-time kernel. The experimental results confirm that the proposed real-time NURBS surface interpolator is capable of achieving a satisfactory performance.     

核电封头五轴数控加工刀具路径规划研究

核电封头机械加工余量大,并且球面上非对称的分布这若干管嘴端面,这给高效刀具路径规划造成了极大的难度。在NURBS方法基础上,针对核电水室封头等形状复杂大型工件,从加工效率和稳定性的角度,建立环形铣刀加工曲面的运动几何学模型并应用加工域规划法进行刀具路径规划。合理的刀具路径规划可以有效的避免刀具干涉,缩短刀具路径,提高加工精度。