Acoustic behaviour of chromium soap solutions in benzene–dimethyl formamide mixture

The critical micelle concentration and various acoustic parameters of chromium soaps (myristate, palmitate, and stearate) in a mixture of benzene and dimethyl formamide (4 : 1 v/v) have been determined by ultrasonic velocity measurements. The results showed that the ultrasonic velocity, specific acoustic impedance, molar sound velocity, and molar sound compressibility increase, while intermolecular freelength, adiabatic compressibility, and available volume decrease with increasing concentration and chain length of the soap. The results show that there is a significant interaction between soap and solvent molecules in dilute solutions and the soap molecules do not aggregate appreciably in dilute solutions. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Acoustic behavior of calcium soap solutions

The results of ultrasonic velocity for calcium soap solutions show that the adiabatic compressibility, intermolecular free length and solvation number decrease while the specific acoustic impedence, apparent molal compressibility, apparent molal volume and molar sound velocity increase with increasing soap concentration. The ultrasonic results are in agreement with the conductance measurements and confirm that calcium soaps behave as weak electrolytes in solutions.     

液态和超临界态二氧化碳的非线性声学性质

根据美国国家标准局提供的二氧化碳在液态和超临界态下的声速、密度、比定压热容、膨胀系数等物理参数数据库中数据,计算了二氧化碳在液态和超临界状态下的声速压力系数、声速温度系数和非线性声参量几个非线性声学参数。分析归纳了液态二氧化碳和超临界二氧化碳的非线性声学特性,对比分析了液态二氧化碳、超临界二氧化碳和一般有机液的非线性声学特性。详细分析了二氧化碳在临界点附近的非线性声学特性。研究表明,液态二氧化碳表现出类似于一般液体在常温常压下的非线性声学特性;超临界二氧化碳的声速压力系数、声速温度系数和非线性声参量值可为正值或负值,其值随压力或温度的变化具有一定的规律性。压力越大温度越低,超临界二氧化碳的非线性声学特性越接近液态二氧化碳或一般液体。在临界点附近区域,3个参量值随压力或温度的变化出现正负最大值间的跳跃变化。     

Experimental characterization of concentration of nanofluid by ultrasonic technique

This paper proposes a novel method to detect the concentration of nanoparticles in DI water using ultrasound. The underlying principle being that the velocity of sound through a medium is a function of its density and compressibility. The Urick's equation relating the ultrasound velocity to slurry concentration holds good for applications in which micron sized particles are involved. The results show that the Urick's equation also holds good for nanoparticle concentrations of 0.1, 0.5, 1 and 2 wt.% in DI water. The present study shows that the nanoparticles alter the ultrasonic velocity by affecting the acoustic time of flight. It is also found that the velocity of sound is independent of particle shape and size in the range of particle size less than 100 nm.     

基于超声波阻抗谱的颗粒粒径表征方法

研究超声反射波谱与颗粒粒径及浓度之间的关系并发展一种基于超声波阻抗谱的颗粒粒径表征方法。对超声波波动理论模型适当变形,建立超声阻抗谱与颗粒粒径及浓度之间的关系;进一步通过数值模拟分析超声阻抗谱对颗粒浓度及粒径变化的敏感性;实验中使用中心频率10~100MHz超声波换能器,利用自发自收模式对超声波在缓冲层与介质界面上的反射波信号进行测量并分析,对体积中位径分别为7.69、21.58、66.64mm的聚苯乙烯悬浮液进行实验,获得阻抗谱并与数值模拟结果对比,根据实验阻抗谱进行数据反演获得样品颗粒粒度分布,并与图像分析结果进行了对比,结果显示,本方法可有效分辨3种颗粒样品的粒径。     

超声微反应器内气液传质过程的介尺度强化机制

采用CFD方法对超声微反应器内的Taylor气液两相流的传质过程进行了模拟。针对传质过程中主要的介尺度结构,包括气泡表面波、空化声流、液相内的局部浓度,分析了其空间分布和时间演化规律。模拟结果有效捕捉了实验难以观测的液膜区域,并将液膜厚度与气泡表面波振动进行了关联,阐释了气液界面附近的空化声流对传质过程的强化作用。根据超声微反应器内Taylor流的传质特点,分别研究了不同流动和超声条件对液弹内和液膜处传质过程的影响,比较了各局部传质对整体传质效率的贡献。通过分析整体/局部Sherwood数与Peclet数间的关系,研究了超声效应对气液传质速率的影响。分析结果从介尺度角度验证了文献关于超声微反应器传质系数的计算,完善了超声微反应器内气液传质过程的强化理论。     

固含率对沸腾床反应器气泡行为的影响

采用动态气体逸出法,在高7.0 m、直径0.3 m的有机玻璃塔中研究了固含率对沸腾床反应器内气泡行为特性的影响。在表观气速2.16~21.62 cm/s和固含率9.8%~39.0%（体积分数）范围内测定了反应器内的总气含率、大小气泡含率、大小气泡上升速度及其尺寸等参数。结果表明：总气含率随着表观气速的增大而增大,随着固含率的增大而减小。随着表观气速的增大,大气泡含率、大气泡直径及其上升速度均呈增大趋势;小气泡含率明显增大,但小气泡上升速度和直径趋于减小。随着固含率的增大,大气泡含率略有降低,但大气泡直径及其上升速度都明显增大;当固含率超过19.5%（体积分数）后,小气泡上升速度几乎下降为0;当固含率达到29.3%（体积分数）时,小气泡基本消失。     

响应面法优化螺旋藻中叶绿素的超声提取工艺

Chlorophylls were extracted by using ultrasonic from Spirulina platensis. Single factor examination and response surface analysis experiments were adopted to investigate the effects of extraction time, extraction solvent, solvent concentration, ratio of liquid to solid and extraction grade. The results showed that the optimal process parameters for this method were: extraction time of 56.5 min, ethanol concentration of 48.3% (vol) of ethanol/acetone solvent, and ratio of liquid to solid of 7. 9 ml·g^-1. The optimized chlorophylls extraction yield was 1.28%. The comparison experimental results indicated that the yield of chlorophylls by ultrasonic extraction was higher than that obtained from conventional solvent extraction.     

Conductometric and spectrophotometric studies on chromium soap solutions in benzene-dimethyl formamide

Critical micelle concentrations, degrees of dissociation, and dissociation constants of chromium soaps (laurate, myristate, palmitate, and stearate) in a mixture of benzene and dimethyl formamide (7:3, vol/vol) were determined from conductivity measurements. The soaps behave as simple moderate electrolytes in dilute solutions. Critical micelle concentration, limiting molar conductance and dissociation constants decreased with increasing numbers of carbon atoms in the soap molecules. Spectrophotometric results show that metal-to-oxygen bonds in chromium soaps are not purely ionic but have some covalent character.     

Numerical Study on Moisture Transfer in Ultrasound-Assisted Convective Drying Process of Sludge

A coupled heat and moisture transfer model for ultrasound-assisted convective drying process of sludge was established. In this model, the permeable flow caused by acoustic pressure gradient in sludge was considered. The pore structure variety in sludge with ultrasonic irradiation was microscopically studied, and the pore size distribution of sludge was described by fractal geometry. Based on the fractal characterization, the physical properties of sludge including permeability, porosity, and tortuosity factor were determined, and the effective moisture diffusion coefficient of sludge under ultrasonic irradiation was also derived considering the effects of ultrasonic excitation energy and thermal effect on migration rate of water molecule. The effects of ultrasonic energy density and convective air temperature on convective drying process of sludge were numerically analyzed. The results showed that the ultrasonic irradiation changes the pore size distribution in sludge, the sludge flocs are dispersed, and the connectivity of pore structure is improved. Ultrasonic treatment is favorable to accelerating the moisture transport in the convective drying process of sludge, and the ultrasonic influence on moisture transport in sludge intensifies gradually with the increase of acoustic energy density from 0.2 to 0.6 W/ml. Furthermore, it can be also found that the enhancement effect of ultrasound on the average drying rate of sludge is more obvious at the connective air temperature of 65°C than that at 40°C under the uniform acoustic energy density and air velocity of 1.5 m/s.     

基于超声衰减和声速动态监测石蜡的相变过程

为研究石蜡在相变过程中内部结构和状态的改变特性,用中心频率为5 MHz的脉冲式超声波动态测量石蜡的相变过程,采集并分析不同升降温速率下的声速和声衰减信号的变化规律,结果与差示扫描量热仪(DSC)测量的热力学性质比较,并拍摄石蜡溶解过程的图像为辅助,探讨了二者由于测量原理不同导致的差异和特点。结果表明,两种方法均得到约50℃的初凝点,且二者信号反映的相变规律一致,表明利用声衰减和声速能够较好的表征石蜡在相变过程中的声学特性。超声可能成为一种新的蜡化物性质原位测量手段。     

超声波H_2O_2在线式浓度计的研制

引　言Ｈ2 Ｏ2 在生产过程中 ,其质量分数变化于 0～52 %之间 ,此变化对Ｈ2 Ｏ2 生产的产量、质量、能源的消耗等技术经济指标都有直接的影响 .Ｈ2 Ｏ2浓度的在线检测一直是Ｈ2 Ｏ2 在生产和控制中的一项难题 .本文通过一套由微机控制的Ｈ2 Ｏ2 在线式超声波浓度计测定了质量分数为 0～ 52 %、温度为 10～50℃的Ｈ2 Ｏ2 溶液的超声波速度 ,计算了超声波速度、温度和浓度间的相互关系 ,为Ｈ2 Ｏ2 溶液浓度的超声在线检测提供了依据 .利用三者关系制成的超声波Ｈ2 Ｏ2 在线式浓度计在生产中取得了良好的测量效果 ,精度优于 0 .5% .1　仪　器超…     

环氧化物水解酶交联细胞聚集体催化合成(R)-环氧氯丙烷

利用聚乙烯亚胺(PEI) 絮凝、戊二醛(GA)交联对环氧化物水解酶全细胞进行了交联细胞聚集体(CLCAs)制备，考察了PEI浓度、GA浓度及硅藻土载体用量对CLCAs活力回收率的影响，结果表明PEI浓度、GA浓度及硅藻土载体用量最优值分别为3% (体积)和1%(体积)和6 g/L，此时CLCAs活力回收率可达88.4%。以CLCAs作为催化剂，以外消旋环氧氯丙烷((R,S)-ECH) 为底物，在异辛烷/磷酸盐缓冲液两相体系中催化合成(R)-环氧氯丙烷((R)-ECH)。结果表明，在异辛烷与缓冲液的体积比3∶7，底物浓度800 mmol/L，CLCAs加入量18 g /L，缓冲液pH 8.0，温度35℃条件下，(R)-环氧氯丙烷的摩尔产率达到45.2%，产物光学纯度为99.1% ee。考察了CLCAs在两相体系中的操作稳定性，重复使用9个批次活力基本保持不变，显示了良好的操作稳定性。     

Physical Properties of Triglycerides III: Ultrasonic Sound Velocity

The ultrasonic sound velocity has been measured at 20° C and at 40° C for a number of triglycerides in the liquid state. From these data we have computed molar sound velocities according to Rao. Using published data on fatty acid methyl esters and a previously derived relation for triglycerides, an equation is given which relates the ultrasonic sound velocity of a mixture of triglycerides to its refractive index, density, and iodine value. The applicability of this relation to fatty oils is checked against a number of original fatty oils.     

用超声波检测方法评价注塑机螺杆混炼能力的研究

采用从国外引进的超声波检测系统以及实验室自行设计的超声波检测辅助装置,对碳酸钙填充的聚丙烯（PP）以及丙烯腈-丁二烯-苯乙烯共聚物（ABS）体系进行超声波检测,发现超声波声速随着碳酸钙含量的增加呈下降趋势;在注塑机喷嘴处进行超声波在线检测,从超声波声速波动情况以及制品的力学性能两方面,评价了不同注塑螺杆的混炼能力。     

A study of dilatation and acoustic propagation in solidifying fats and oils: II. Experimental

Experimental evidence is presented to support the hypothesis that acoustic dilatation is linearly related to solid fat index dilation. This hypothesis is shown to be consistent with the measured temperature dependence of the dilation and ultrasonic velocity during solidification of palm oil, coconut oil, tristearin and a vegetable fat, all of which were diluted with triolein. The maximum solid content examined was 15%. The ultrasonic pulse echo method may provide a means of measuring the solid content of oils and of indicating the presence of phase transitions in the solid phase.     

Physical properties of fatty acid methyl esters. IV. Ultrasonic sound velocity

The ultrasonic sound velocity of the unsaturated fatty acid methyl esters from acetate to nonadecanoate, methyl oleate, linoleate, linolenate, and erucate have been measured at 20C and 40C in the liquid state. Data of the saturated compounds were correlated with the Smittenberg relation and a reasonable fit was noted. The molar sound velocity according to Rao was computed from the observed values and increments for the CH₂ group and for the double bond are presented.     

Analysis of ultrasonically induced free radicals in the emulsion polymerization system by GC–MS

A specially designed gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) analytical method has been developed and applied to identify the source of free radicals that served as initiators in a new ultrasonically induced emulsion polymerization system with monomer methyl mathacrylate (MMA), surfactant sodium dodecylsulfate (SDS) and water. The results showed the radicals came from the dissociation of SDS under ultrasonic irradiation. A quantitative determination procedure has been also developed and utilized to investigate the effects of the polymerization parameters, such as the surfactant concentration, the acoustic intensity of ultrasound, and the argon flow rate on the concentration of the generated free radicals in the emulsion system under ultrasonic irradiation. The results were helpful to understand the mechanism and kinetics of the system. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

超声波对氯代1-烯丙基-3-甲基咪唑离子液体合成的强化

采用超声波辅助加热回流的方法合成了氯代1–烯丙基–3–甲基咪唑离子液体([AMIM]Cl),并对其进行了紫外光谱(UV)和傅利叶红外光谱(FT–IR)表征。考察了反应物摩尔比、反应时间和超声波功率对离子液体的收率和纯度的影响,探讨了超声波对合成反应的强化效应。实验结果表明超声波能强化[AMIM]Cl的合成,明显缩短合成时间,且其强化效应受反应物摩尔比的影响较小,而与超声波功率紧密相关。[AMIM]Cl适宜的合成条件为反应温度50℃、反应时间2h、氯丙烯与1–甲基咪唑的摩尔比1.4、超声波功率100W,此时离子液体的收率和纯度分别为94.4%和99.2%。     

Particles settling studies using ultrasonic techniques

Effects of acoustic velocity and attenuation measurements during settling of 43-, 110- and 168-μm glass beads in water are reported. Ultrasonic waves were generated at a frequency of 3.2 MHz. An abrupt increase in acoustic velocity and a sharp peak in the attenuation characterized the onset of settled bed. The observed attenuation peak at the transition between suspended and settled bed was attributed to dissipation caused by viscous absorption losses. The critical concentration at which increase in acoustic velocity and attenuation peak occurred was estimated for these particle sizes.