高温灵敏系数标定影响因素分析

高温应变计是高温结构强度测试、疲劳测试和寿命评估的主要测量传感器,其灵敏系数测试的准确性影响高温应变测试中应变修正数据的真实性。对应变计灵敏系数原理进行分析,明确灵敏系数是应变计输出与应变之间的关系,对砝码加载四点式简支梁结构和纯弯矩钢架梁结构灵敏系数测量模型进行分析,确定产生标准应变的影响因素。常温灵敏系数标定的影响因素有试验梁尺寸、试验梁轴向力,实际灵敏系数测试结果表明简支梁灵敏系数略大,分散明显较大。高温下应变计的输出与载荷应变、应变计热输出、试验梁尺寸变化、弹性模量变化和摩擦力变化有关,对热输出消除方法进行探讨,理论上明确温度下简支梁尺寸变化、弹性模量变化误差高达22%,钢架梁的刚性封闭静态力学平衡系统的温度影响误差较小。利用自研框架式高温裸栅应变计、高温陶瓷胶,进一步用简支梁、钢架梁实际测试灵敏系数随温度变化验证了理论分析的正确性。     

火灾场冲击波荷载作用下简支钢梁动力响应

根据火灾场不同时刻温度的变化,考虑火灾高温对结构钢弹性模量、屈服强度和钢梁塑性弯矩的影响,分析了火灾场中冲击波荷载作用下简支钢梁各个阶段不同时刻的动力响应,通过具体算例计算了火灾场工字形简支钢梁在冲击波荷载作用下弹性阶段和塑性阶段的变形,分析表明在计算火灾场冲击波荷载作用下简支钢梁的动力响应时,火灾高温对结构钢的弹性模量、屈服强度以及梁的塑性弯矩和动力响应有显著的影响。     

Thermal buckling analysis of functionally graded material beams

Buckling of beams made of functionally graded material under various types of thermal loading is considered. The derivation of equations is based on the Euler–Bernoulli beam theory. It is assumed that the mechanical and thermal nonhomogeneous properties of beam vary smoothly by distribution of power law across the thickness of beam. Using the nonlinear strain–displacement relations, equilibrium equations and stability equations of beam are derived. The beam is assumed under three types of thermal loading, namely; uniform temperature rise, nonlinear, and linear temperature distribution through the thickness. Various types of boundary conditions are assumed for the beam with combination of roller, clamped and simply-supported edges. In each case of boundary conditions and loading, a closed form solution for the critical buckling temperature for the beam is presented. The formulations are compared using reduction of results for the functionally graded beams to those of isotropic homogeneous beams given in the literature.     

Simulation of temperature distribution in single metallic powder layer for laser micro-sintering

Simulation of temperature distribution in single metallic powder layer for laser micro-sintering (LMS) using finite element analysis (FEA) has been proposed, taking into account the adoption of ANSYS μMKS system of units, the transition from powder to solid and the utilization of moving laser beam power with a Gaussian distribution. By exploiting these characteristics a more accurate model could be achieved. The effects of the process parameters, such as laser beam diameter, laser power and laser scan speed on the temperature distribution and molten pool dimensions have been preliminarily investigated. It is shown that temperature increases with the laser power and decreases with the scan speed monotonously. For the laser beam diameter during single-track, the maximum temperature of the powder bed increases with the decrease in the laser beam diameter, but far from the center of the laser beam area, the temperature increases with the laser beam diameter. The molten pool dimensions in LMS are much less than that in classical selective laser sintering (SLS) process. Both molten pool length and width decrease with the laser beam diameter and the laser scan speed, but increase with the laser power. The molten pool length is always larger than the molten pool width. Furthermore, the center of molten pool is slightly shifted for the laser multi-track.     

Beam displacement as a function of temperature and turbulence length scale at two different laser radiation wavelengths

Narrow laser beams directed from aircraft may at times pass through the exhaust plume of the engines and potentially degrade some of the laser beam characteristics. This paper reports on controlled studies of laser beam deviation arising from propagation through turbulent hot gases, in a well-characterized laboratory burner, with conditions of relevance to aircraft engine exhaust plumes. The impact of the temperature, laser wavelength, and turbulence length scale on the beam deviation has been investigated. It was found that the laser beam displacement increases with the turbulent integral length scale. The effect of temperature on the laser beam angular deviation, σ, using two different laser wavelengths, namely 4.67 μm and 632.8 nm, was recorded. It was found that the beam deviation for both wavelengths may be semiempirically modeled using a single function of the form, σ=a(b+(1/T)(2))(-1), with two parameters only, a and b, where σ is in microradians and T is the temperature in °C.     

Symmetrical PolyMUMPs-Based Piezoresistive Microcantilever Sensors With On-Chip Temperature Compensation for Microfluidics Applications

Microelectromechanical systems (MEMS)-based cantilever beam sensors for microfluidics applications with on-chip temperature sensors for temperature drift compensation were developed. The stress induced on gold surface with polysilicon piezoresistive sensing is demonstrated. In principle, adsorption of biochemical species on a functionalized surface of the microfabricated cantilever will cause surface stress and, consequently, cantilever bending. The sensing mechanism relies on the piezoresistive properties of the doped polysilicon wire encapsulated in the beam. The beam is constructed through multiusers MEMS Process (PolyMUMPs) foundry with postprocessing silicon etching. Bending analysis is performed so that the beam tip deflection can be predicted. The piezoresistor designs on the beams were varied, within certain constraints, so that the sensitivity of the sensing technique could be measured by external read-out circuit. The mass detection of 0.0058-0.0110 g is measured by the beam resistor series as a balanced Wheatstone bridge configuration. The voltage output of the bridge is directly proportional to the amount of bending in the MEMS cantilever. The temperature dependency and sensor performance have been characterized in experiments. Compensation by resisters on the substrate significantly reduces the temperature dependence.     

Analytical solution to compensate for thermal expansion change in photopolymer volume holograms using a tunable laser

For holographic data storage, it is necessary to adjust the wavelength and direction of the reading beam if the reading and recording temperature do not match. An analytical solution for this adjustment is derived using first-order approximations in a two-dimensional model. The optimum wavelength is a linear function of the temperature difference between recording and reading, and is independent of the direction of the reference beam. However, the optimum direction of incidence is not only a linear function of the temperature difference, but also depends on the direction of the reference beam. The retrieved image, which is produced by a diffracted beam, shrinks or expands slightly according to the temperature difference.     

表面淬火等离子体束温度及宽度测量方法

等离子体表面淬火技术是一种新型表面处理技术。该技术通过等离子体发生器产生高能等离子体束作用于金属材料表面,使材料表面温度快速升高超过相变温度,再依靠自身快速冷却达到淬火效果。目前在缺少对淬火过程中等离子体束温度的测量方法。本文研究出一种数字图像处理与双色比色法相结合的方法能够测量出等离子体束在表面淬火过程中的温度。实验结果显示本方法可以有效观测到淬火过程中的等离子体束温度与宽度及其变化,为等离子体表面淬火技术提供了支持。     

Evolution properties of partially coherent four-petal Gaussian beams in oceanic turbulence

Based on the extended Huygens–Fresnel integral formula, the analytical expressions for partially coherent four-petal Gaussian beam propagating in oceanic turbulence are derived, and the influences of coherence length, beam order N and the parameters of oceanic turbulence (the rate of dissipation of turbulent kinetic energy per unit mass of fluid, the rate of dissipation of mean square temperature and the relative strength of temperature and salinity fluctuations) on average intensity properties are investigated using numerical examples in detail. The results show that the beam with the higher beam order N or coherence length will lose its initial four-petal profiles slower. It is also indicated that the beam will evolve into a Gauss-like beam more rapidly with increasing oceanic turbulence strength. The results have the potential application in underwater laser communication using a partially coherent four-petal Gaussian beam.     

Microprocessor-Based Temperature Monitoring System Using Optical Fibers

This paper describes a microprocessor-based temperature monitoring instrumentation system based on phase modulation principle using interferometric optical sensors system, where the phase of a beam through a temperature sensing fiber (placed in a hot chamber) is compared with that of a beam from a reference fiber placed out side the hot chamber. The sensor system consists of a He-Ne laser source, two beam splitters, two single-mode optical fibers, and two light dependent resistor (LDR)-based timer circuits as detectors. The frequencies of the timer circuits change according to the change in temperature of the hot chamber. A 8085 microprocessor-based system is used to sample the frequencies of the timer circuits.      

非保守力和热载荷作用下FGM梁的稳定性

研究了在热载荷和切向均布随从力作用下FGM梁的稳定性问题。假设材料常数(即弹性模量和密度)随温度及沿截面高度连续变化,且材料常数按各材料的体积分数以幂率变化,温度分布满足一维热传导方程,计算了不同梯度指标和不同温度下FGM梁的弹性模量随截面高度变化情况。基于Euler-Bernoulli梁理论,建立梁的控制微分方程,用小波微分求积法(WDQ法)求解,分析了梯度指标、温度、随从力等参数对简支FGM梁振动特性与稳定性的影响。     

纤维编织网增强地聚物砂浆加固钢筋混凝土梁受剪性能研究

为研究纤维编织网增强地聚物砂浆（TRGM）加固钢筋混凝土构件的可行性,首先通过双剪试验探讨了地聚物砂浆与碳纤维编织网在常温下和高温后的粘结性能,随后开展了地聚物砂浆粘贴不同层数（1层、2层、3层）碳纤维编织网抗剪加固钢筋混凝土梁的静载试验,并与未加固梁、环氧树脂粘贴碳纤维编织网抗剪加固混凝土梁进行了试验比较。试验结果表明,地聚物砂浆与碳纤维编织网的常温粘结强度达2.02 MPa,在温度不高于300℃时强度退化不显著;在未采取任何锚固措施的情况下,采用地聚物砂浆粘贴单层碳纤维编织网加固梁的抗剪承载力相比于未加固梁提高47.1%,提高幅度约为采用环氧树脂粘贴加固的一半;两层TRGM加固梁中的纤维作用发挥得最充分。最后,提出了TRGM抗剪加固梁斜截面承载力的简化计算模型,模型计算结果与试验结果吻合较好。     

电子束钎焊温度场PID控制系统

为了将电子束应用于精密构件及热敏感性材料钎焊,以适应复杂形状曲线钎焊缝的要求,采用电子束扫描轨迹编辑及在线调节、钎焊温度实时采集及PID控制器构建真空电子束钎焊温度闭环控制系统.研究表明:本控制方法可实现在焊接过程中电子束按设定轨迹对工件进行扫描加热的同时,对被加热工件温度进行在线检测及实时调节.采用电子束扫描轨迹编辑及在线调节可以适应各种形状曲线钎焊缝、特殊材料及热敏感性材料的钎焊要求;只要适当选取PID参数,采用PID控制器可以对钎焊温度进行有效控制.该方法提高了电子束钎焊温度控制的精确性和适应性,有利于钎焊质量的提高.     

温度场中的柔性梁系统动力学建模

研究温度场下带集中质量的柔性梁系统的动力学问题。考虑几何非线性，在纵向变形与轴向伸长的关系式中计及了与横向变形有关的二次耦合项。考虑温度变化对系统动力学性态的影响，在本构关系式中计及了热应变。用假设模态法对各柔性梁进行离散，从虚功原理出发，根据各柔性梁之间的运动学约束关系，建立了带集中质量的柔性梁系统的动力学方程。仿真结果表明．即使在转速较低的情况下，随着集中质量的增大和温度的急剧变化，纵向变形的二次耦合项的影响不容忽视，此外，温度的变化还引起轴向变形和轴向约束力高频振荡。     

高温下张弦梁结构力学特征解析解

在实腹钢梁或钢桁架下部张拉预应力高强钢索形成预应力张弦梁结构,然而钢索的预应力对温度变化敏感,因此火灾是危及张弦梁结构安全性的重要灾害,求解高温下结构的力学特征解析解是进一步研究其火灾安全性能的理论基础。考虑高温下钢材材性的衰减、非线性热应变以及几何形变的耦合,建立张弦梁结构高温下梁单元与索单元建立基本平衡微分方程,分别推导出在均布荷载作用下张弦梁结构在均匀温度场及非均匀温度场中,结构跨中挠度、预应力索水平张力和撑杆轴力的解析解;并且基于张弦梁结构力学特征解析解,对比分析了张弦梁结构热力耦合数值分析模型的可靠性,可为后继设计张弦梁受火试验方案及研究其受火破坏机理提供参考。     

Self‐Cooling of a Gas, Absorbing Laser Radiation, Due to the Intensification of Photoabsorption Convection

The effect of decrease in the temperature of an absorbing gas in a volume occupied by the beam of a continuously operated laser with decrease in the beam diameter has been investigated experimentally for the case of constant radiation power. Based on theoretical evaluations it has been inferred that the intensification of photoabsorption convection is the reason for the temperature decrease. It has been shown that an optimum diameter of the beam exists for which (for a given radiation power) the temperature of the absorbing gas attains its maximum (accordingly the maximum is attained by the yield of the reaction of thermal decomposition of the gas in the case of its pyrolysis). When the diameter is optimum the heat loss from the beam volume by heat conduction is equal to the heat loss by photoabsorption convection. It has been inferred that in constructing an adequate theoretical model of laserinduced chemical vapor deposition it is necessary to take into account the convection.     

定常温度热弹性梁的精化理论

首先给出了定常温度热弹性Biot通解的一种新的简化形式,它看起来与各向同性弹性力学的Papkovich-Neuber通解十分相似。不作预先假设,从热弹性理论出发,利用Biot通解和Lur’e算子方法构造了梁的精化理论,得出了自由表面热弹性梁的三个精确方程:四阶方程、超越方程和温度方程。由一般的各向同性弹性梁推广到热弹性梁,导出了在反对称载荷和介质温度作用下热弹性梁的近似控制微分方程。     

某钢结构梁高温切割全过程的监测与分析

为保证某大型生产车间钢框架平台梁在设备荷载作用下改造过程中的安全性,采用ANSYS软件对改造方案进行了有限元分析,并采用光纤光栅传感器对其改造全过程进行了实时可视化监测。通过钢梁的有限元结构分析以及高温切割过程中钢梁温度场分析,确定了钢梁的切割方案,同时为相应高温环境下的结构实时监测方案设计、传感器的布设以及实时监测预警阀值的设定提供了依据。监测过程中实时获取了现场钢梁的工作状态,并对实时监测数据进行了快速分析和评价,从而判断钢梁的安全性,以保证钢梁切割过程的顺利进行。监测结果表明,根据监测方案可以快速评价钢梁的受力状态,为切割机的前进速度提供指导,同时表明光纤光栅应变和温度传感器完全满足高温环境下的测量要求。可视化监测方案在快速预警方面的成功应用可为类似的结构改造提供结构健康监测依据。     

夹层结构主动温控变阻尼振动控制技术

为提高夹层结构的抑振特性,开展了基于主动温控变阻尼技术的夹层结构振动控制方法研究。基于高分子聚合材料在玻璃化转变区的高阻尼特性,提出了一种针对夹层结构高分子聚合芯材进行温度控制,增大其损耗因子以提高结构阻尼的技术途径。根据此技术途径设计了以聚氨酯改性环氧材料为芯材,中间铺设加热膜的温控夹层梁。开展了不同控制温度下夹层梁的振动响应试验研究并探讨了温度对夹层梁弯曲刚度的影响规律,试验结果表明,当将夹层梁温度控制在玻璃化转变温度(Tg)左侧附近时,夹层梁的振动响应可较常温状态下降低8.85 dB,证明了所提出的主动温控变阻尼技术具有良好的抑振效果。     

Analytical solution for three-dimensional model predicting temperature in the welding cavity of electron beam

This paper provides an analytical solution for three-dimensional model predicting temperature in the welding cavity of electron beam. It is not easy to measure the temperature on the keyhole of electron-beam welding. Therefore it is essential to develop an analytical model that can accurately predict the temperature in the keyhole. In this study, the keyhole produced by an electron beam is assumed to be a paraboloid of revolution and the intensity of electron beam is supposed to be Gaussian profile. In order to obtain an analytical solution, the parabolic coordinate system is utilized to analyze the temperature in the keyhole and the parameter approximating convection is proposed to account for the effect of convection of molten metal. Considering the momentum balance at the bottom of the keyhole but neglecting the absorption in the plume, an analytical solution is developed for semi-infinite workpieces. As compared with other analytical solutions, the analytical solution obtained by this model provides the temperature distribution more consistent with the experimental data. The effects of various parameters on the temperature distribution in the keyhole are also discussed in this study.