Working-point control method for readout of dynamic phase changes in interferometric fiber-optic sensors by tuning the laser frequency

A simple but reliable method, namely the working-point control by tuning the laser frequency, for the dynamic phase shift measurement in a passive homodyne interferometric fiber-optic sensor is proposed. A dc voltage calculated from the photodetector output is applied to the light source to control the interferometer at the condition of maximum sensitivity. Then the signal's phase shift can be obtained from the components of zero and fundamental frequencies. To test the method, an all polarization-maintaining Mach-Zehnder interferometer with a piezoelectric ceramic (PbZrTiO(3), or PZT) cylinder in one arm is constructed. The experimental results show that the simulation signal's phase shift generated by the PZT cylinder can be read out correctly with the method. It has the advantages of simplicities of operation, no-active element in the sensing head, and large operating bandwidth. It can be used for readout of dynamic phase shifts in various interferometric fiber-optic sensors.     

基于地球重力法的低频加速度计校准

ISO 16063-16描述的地球重力法只能用于低频加速度计灵敏度幅值静态校准, 无法用于灵敏度幅值与相位的动态校准。采用机器视觉方法测量激励加速度相位,并得到对应时刻的加速度计输出信号相位,该方法可同时实现基于地球重力法的灵敏度幅值与相位动态校准。该方法测量时由转台为被校加速度计提供峰值恒定为1g的正弦激励加速度,有效避免了低频时微小激励加速度引起的加速度计输出低信噪比信号对校准精度的影响。实验结果表明,地球重力法可实现从静态(DC)至10Hz范围内的灵敏度幅值与相位高精度校准。     

Extending the dynamic range of phase contrast magnetic resonance velocity imaging using advanced higher-dimensional phase unwrapping algorithms.

Phase contrast magnetic resonance velocity imaging is a powerful technique for quantitative in vivo blood flow measurement. Current practice normally involves restricting the sensitivity of the technique so as to avoid the problem of the measured phase being 'wrapped' onto the range -pi to +pi. However, as a result, dynamic range and signal-to-noise ratio are sacrificed. Alternatively, the true phase values can be estimated by a phase unwrapping process which consists of adding integral multiples of 2pi to the measured wrapped phase values. In the presence of noise and data undersampling, the phase unwrapping problem becomes non-trivial. In this paper, we investigate the performance of three different phase unwrapping algorithms when applied to three-dimensional (two spatial axes and one time axis) phase contrast datasets. A simple one-dimensional temporal unwrapping algorithm, a more complex and robust three-dimensional unwrapping algorithm and a novel velocity encoding unwrapping algorithm which involves unwrapping along a fourth dimension (the 'velocity encoding' direction) are discussed, and results from the three are presented and compared. It is shown that compared to the traditional approach, both dynamic range and signal-to-noise ratio can be increased by a factor of up to five times, which demonstrates considerable promise for a possible eventual clinical implementation. The results are also of direct relevance to users of any other technique delivering time-varying two-dimensional phase images, such as dynamic speckle interferometry and synthetic aperture radar.     

Phase evaluation of speckle patterns during continuous deformation by use of phase-shifting speckle interferometry

A method for measurement of continuous displacements that uses phase-shifting speckle interferometry is presented. The initial random phase of the speckle pattern is evaluated by phase shifting before deformation. The changing phase thereafter is evaluated from only one image at a time by a least-squares algorithm. The technique can be used for measuring transients and other dynamic events, heat expansion as well as other phenomena, for which it is difficult to accomplish phase shifting during deformation. Theory along with computer simulations and experimental results are described.     

Multiple time scale method for atomistic simulations

A novel multiple time scale approach is proposed which combines dynamic and static atomistic methods in one numerical simulation. The method is especially effective for modeling processes that consist of two distinct phases: the slow phase when atomic equilibrium positions barely change and the fast phase associated with a rapid change of the system’s configuration. In this case, the slow phase can be effectively modeled using static energy minimization while molecular dynamics (MD) can be applied when specific dynamic effects have to be captured. Compared to direct MD simulations, the new method allows for computational cost savings, and eventually simulation timescale extension, since the major part of the simulation can be modeled as static, without the need to follow vibrations of individual atoms and comply with the critical time step requirement of molecular dynamics. As a result, this approach may allow for modeling loading velocities and strain rates that are more realistic than those currently attainable through direct MD simulations. The fundamental issues in developing this method include the correlation between the MD time scale and quasi-static step-like procedure as well as finding effective criteria for switching between the static and dynamic regimes. The method was inspired by and is applied to simulations of atomic-scale stick-slip friction. Possible applications of the new method to other nano-mechanical problems are also discussed.     

Drum of CTP Device Dynamic Balance Based on Theory of Wavelet Transform

Conclusion is that the soft threshold de-noising effect is better than hard threshold de-noising though the signal to noise ratio and Root Mean Square error. After analyzing, de-noising and reconstructing signal through wavelet packet from Matlab software, the average value of peak extracted from signal reconstruction is gotten to provide data for dynamic balance. Making use of the influence coefficient method to adjust drum of CTP dynamic balance, the program of Matlab is used to find phase position and weight of the mass block quickly, which can provide evidence for software for dynamic balance developed.     

Analysis of Digital Speckle‐Pattern Interferometry Fringe Patterns Issued from Transitory Mechanical Loadings

Abstract: During a dynamic mechanical loading, we cannot use a phase‐shifting technique because the mechanical parameters evolve according to the time. This problem can be avoided by the development of algorithms which can extract the mechanical information from only one fringe pattern. In this way, we present two algorithms, the modulated phase correlation (MPC) and the polynomial modulated phase correlation (pMPC). These processes are based on the use of the virtual fringe pattern which locally approaches the real fringe morphology. The similarity degree between real and virtual fringe pattern is estimated by digital correlation technique. When the best similarity is obtained, we suppose that the virtual phase function is very close to the real phase function. Some examples are presented to show the low noise sensitivity of these techniques. So, we propose to use the MPC or the pMPC algorithms to extract the relief from a single interferogram obtained by digital speckle‐pattern interferometry. In this paper, we present experimental tests of impact loading on plates. The frame rate is adapted to the dynamic conditions of loading. Recorded fringe patterns and results of the unwrapped phase demodulated with our algorithms are shown.     

滞后型切削颤振诊断技术的研究

着重讨论了滞后型切削颤振的诊断原理和诊断方法。理论分析和试验结果证明，滞后型切削颤振系统的稳定性和切削力信号Ｆｙ（ｔ）相对于振动加速度信号ｙ（ｔ）的相位差ρ存在某种一一对应的关系。因此，可以通过测量切削过程中切削力信号Ｆｙ（ｔ）相对于振动加速度信号ｙ（ｔ）的相位差ρ的大小来诊断生产现场中发生的颤振是否属于滞后型颤振。试验在普通车床上进行。     

尖头弹侵彻延性金属靶板弹道极限的解析模型

现有的尖头弹侵彻金属靶板的弹道极限计算模型往往需要大量的试验数据和靶板材料的动态性能参数,且没有考虑侵彻速度对侵彻效果的影响,这给工程应用带来了很大的不便和误差。基于这一问题,考虑速度效应和靶板材料参数对侵彻的影响,结合流体动力学原理与动态空穴膨胀理论,分别提出了双模式和单模式侵彻模型。双模式侵彻模型的侵彻过程可分为两个阶段：流体动力变形阶段和塑性变形阶段,当侵彻速度小于靶材产生流体动力变形的临界速度时,侵彻进入塑性变形阶段,根据功能原理,建立了计算弹道极限的解析模型;单模式侵彻模型仅考虑塑性变形阶段。解析模型计算的弹道极限与弹道试验结果吻合的较好,且模型中不涉及弹道试验数据和靶板材料的动态性能参数,易于迅速求解,便于工程应用,可用于对延性金属靶板抗尖头弹侵彻能力的评估。     

Phase aberration correction using near-field signal redundancy. I. Principles [Ultrasound medical imaging

The signal redundancy principle in the near field is analyzed quantitatively. It is found that common midpoint signals are not identical (or redundant) for echoes coming from arbitrary target distributions in the near field. A dynamic near-field correction is proposed to reduce the difference between common midpoint signals for echoes coming from the region of interest. When phase aberrations are present, it is shown that the dynamic correction can generally be done assuming no phase aberration, and the relative time-shift between common midpoint signals can be used to measure phase-aberration profiles. A phase-aberration correction algorithm based on that principle is proposed. In this algorithm, after common midpoint signals are collected they are dynamically corrected for near-field effects and cross-correlated with one another. In a related way, the phase errors are measured from peak positions of these cross-correlation functions. The phase-aberration profile across the array is derived from these measurements. The relationship between the errors in the derived phase aberration profile and the errors in the measured relative time-shift between common midpoint signals is derived. A method for treating the situation of different transmission and reception phase-aberration profiles is also proposed. This algorithm works for general target distributions, iteration is not required, and it can be used in other near-field, pulse-echo, imaging systems.     

Shear induced phase coarsening in Polystyrene/Styrene-ethylene-butylene-styrene blends

The phase behavior of polymer blends under the effect of shear has been a subject of considerable interest from the viewpoint of both theoretical research and industrial application, because the shear stress is unavoidable during processing. In this work, we reported the change of phase behavior and mechanical properties of Polystyrene (PS)/Styrene-ethylene-butylene-styrene (SEBS) blends achieved via a shear-assistant injection molding, which was called dynamic packing injection molding (DPIM). The size of dispersed SEBS particles in PS matrix was found to be increased for the samples obtained by dynamic packing injection molding (DPIM), compared with those obtained by conventional molding, indicating a shear induced phase coarsening. The shear induced phase coarsening can be further demonstrated by the decrease of impact strength of dynamic packing injection molded samples. However, the shear-induced phase coarsening will be eliminated after annealing the samples at high temperature for certain time. The particle size, which related to the capability to deform under the effect of shear, was found to play an important role to determine the phase morphology. Our result suggested that shear stress induced phase coarsening was a process of not only molecular configuration change but also deformation change under shear.     

基于相位法的色标传感器动态响应特性测试与分析

目的 研究色标传感器的动态响应特性。方法 采用相位法测试色标传感器的动态响应特性;以嵌入式工业触摸屏为控制核心, 与色标传感器、 富士伺服电机、 伺服驱动器和编码器组成测试装置, 间接测试动态响应时间; 用MATLAB软件处理实验数据, 分析其动态特性。结果 在动态响应时间内, 根据基于触摸屏的相位法, 测得动态响应时间为2 ms, 其系统为一阶系统。结论 该测试方法简单可靠, 可以测出各种传感器的动态响应时间, 并可以判断其系统特性。     

考虑齿距累积误差的人字齿轮系统动态特性分析

基于Timoshenko梁理论和有限单元法,引入时变啮合刚度和综合啮合误差,建立了人字齿轮系统动力学模型,研究了齿距累积误差对人字齿轮系统动态特性的影响。研究表明:齿距累积误差使动态传递误差出现显著的轴频成分和调制边频带。当负载扭矩较小时,边频成分大于啮合频率及其倍频成分,随着负载扭矩的增加,啮合频率及其倍频成分逐渐增强。当齿距累积误差相位不同时,人字齿轮系统将出现明显的轴向窜动现象。同时,齿距累积误差相位差对系统振动影响显著,通过调整相位差可以显著降低系统振动。研究结果可为人字齿轮系统低噪声设计加工与装配提供理论依据。     

Regularized phase tracker with isophase scanning strategy for analysis of dynamic interferograms of nonwetting droplets under excitation

The surface of a nonwetting droplet is separated from a solid surface by a continuous supply of a lubricating gas film within the apparent contact region. Under certain conditions, e.g., application of an external excitation force, the gas film thickness can decrease to a level where intermolecular forces cause the droplet to wet the surface. The thickness of the lubricating film can be measured by interferometry. Externally imposed oscillations change the shape of the film, leading to dynamic interference fringes that are recorded with a high-speed CCD camera. We propose a spatiotemporal analysis of the interference patterns based on the regularized phase-tracker method. This well-known method minimizes a cost function to estimate the absolute phase of a single element in the interferogram. A proper scanning method along all elements of the interferogram is necessary to avoid phase estimation errors that will propagate throughout the entire continuous phase image of interest. The scanning method we propose traces along contours of constant phase in the interferogram and does not require segmentation of the interferogram in dark and bright fringes. Results in the form of dynamic height profiles of droplets under excitation obtained by this method are presented.     

Reduced model of discrete‐time dynamic image segmentation system and its bifurcation analysis

We have developed a discrete‐time dynamic image segmentation system consisting of chaotic neurons and a global inhibitor. Our system receives an image with isolated regions and can output segmented images in time series based on oscillatory responses of chaotic neurons. In this article, we derive a reduced model to find intrinsic properties of the system of dynamic image segmentation. Using numerical method for analyzing dynamical systems, we investigated bifurcation phenomena of a fixed point observed in the reduced model. As the results, in a model of two coupled chaotic neurons, we found that a set of Neimark‐Sacker bifurcations causes the generation of an in‐phase oscillatory response, which is unsuitable for the purpose of dynamic image segmentation. The bifurcation analysis gives appropriate parameter values to exclude the generation of in‐phase oscillatory responses, i.e., our dynamic image segmentation system can work well. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Imaging Syst Technol, 19, 283–289, 2009     

A phase field model of dynamic fracture: Robust field updates for the analysis of complex crack patterns

The numerical modeling of dynamic failure mechanisms in solids due to fracture based on sharp crack discontinuities suffers in situations with complex crack topologies and demands the formulation of additional branching criteria. This drawback can be overcome by a diffusive crack modeling, which is based on the introduction of a crack phase field. Following our recent works on quasi‐static modeling of phase‐field‐type brittle fracture, we propose in this paper a computational framework for diffusive fracture for dynamic problems that allows the simulation of complex evolving crack topologies. It is based on the introduction of a local history field that contains a maximum reference energy obtained in the deformation history, which may be considered as a measure of the maximum tensile strain in the history. This local variable drives the evolution of the crack phase field. Its introduction provides a very transparent representation of the balance equation that governs the diffusive crack topology. In particular, it allows for the construction of a very robust algorithmic treatment for elastodynamic problems of diffusive fracture. Here, we extend the recently proposed operator split scheme from quasi‐static to dynamic problems. In a typical time step, it successively updates the history field, the crack phase field, and finally the displacement field. We demonstrate the performance of the phase field formulation of fracture by means of representative numerical examples, which show the evolution of complex crack patterns under dynamic loading. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Reconfigurable optical interconnects by a combined computer-generated hologram and spatial light modulator method

A new method for implementing electrically addressed dynamic optical interconnects is presented. In this approach a phase spatial light modulator (SLM) is combined with a computer-generated hologram (CGH). The phase SLM is used to change the phase of the wave front that illuminates the CGH. Binary orthogonal phase codes are used to address the SLM. The CGH is designed with iterative discrete on-axis encoding so that different wave fronts direct light to different locations. High efficiency can be achieved because of the large number and the small dimensions of pixels in the CGH. The dynamic aspects result from the use of an SLM that may have a relatively small number of relatively large pixels. In this manner a high-efficiency programmable interconnect system with fast reconfiguration time based on current technology devices may be implemented. The CGH-SLM method yields connection efficiencies significantly higher than previous methods that are based on the use of thin optical elements. Simulation results indicate that for switch sizes in the range from 1 × 2 to 1 × 8, connection efficiencies of higher than 1/ √N (where N is the number of possible destinations) are feasible.     

一种基于滑窗TLS-ESPRIT算法的超谐波动态分析方法

提出一种基于滑窗TLS-ESPRIT算法的超谐波动态分析方法。首先,对一定长度的超谐波电压、电流信号施加矩形窗函数,将其截取为等间隔连续的小数据块,对每个小数据块构建空间矩阵并估计超谐波个数;然后,利用TLS-ESPRIT算法估计每个小数据块所含超谐波的频率和衰减因子,再采用最小二乘法估计超谐波的幅值和相位;最后,以三维形式展示超谐波频谱,实现对超谐波的动态分析。数值仿真分析以及2种非线性负荷实测数据验证结果表明:该方法不仅能准确估计出超谐波的个数、频率、衰减因子、幅值和相位等信息,并具有较高的频率分辨率,还能从三维展示中观测到超谐波的时变特性,为深入研究超谐波提供了一种更精确的测量方法。     

A new phase retrieval algorithm with pure generalized three-step phase-shifting under matrix norm processing

Phase-shifting interferometry (PSI) is one of the most effective techniques in imaging a phase specimen, in which the phase retrieval is a basic and significant process. A new phase retrieval method based on the matrix norm algorithm in PSI is proposed in this paper. In this algorithm, the value of phase shift can be determined by three different matrix norms of the intensity difference between two phase-shifted interferograms, and then the phase can be retrieved. Neither the iterative calculation nor the extra measurements of other parameters are necessary on account of this algorithm which only requires three phase-shifted interferograms. The feasibility and accuracy of this algorithm are demonstrated by the simulated results. Experimentally, the generalized phase shift can be realized by a simple device which adjusting the angle of glass accurately. It is found that this algorithm has a good application prospect in the field of dynamic imaging.     

动态波前相位的高分辨率测量

动态波前相位信息测量是大气光学，气动光学和激光技术等领域的重要实验手段。提出了一种具有高的时间和空间分辨率以及长的测量持续时间的动态波前相位测量方法。应用Ｈａｒｔｍａｎｎ－Ｓｈａｃｋ波前传感器获得高空间分辨率的相位信息，采用高帧频ＣＣＤ摄象机获得高时间分辨率图象数据。