五轴联动加工中进给速度的控制算法

目的研究刀具进给速度平稳性对五轴联动加工中复杂自由曲面表面粗糙度、轮廓精度的影响。方法首先对五轴联动机床运动过程中的空间线性插补原理进行了分析,推导出插补周期内各轴的分解速度数学模型。根据数控系统中不同的速度指令方式以及刀具在空间的实际运动距离,分端铣和侧铣两种情况,分别建立了刀具空间运动的实际速度计算模型,然后根据机床各轴的最高速度及加速度约束条件,对各轴分速度、分加速度进行校核处理,最终求得刀具实际的合成速度。最后,基于后置处理技术,用开发的专用后置处理软件进行刀位源代码后置处理,采用某叶轮试件进行了验证,并对实验结果进行了分析。结果在复杂曲面加工中,稳定的表面进给速度会获得较高的表面质量及轮廓精度,曲面曲率变化越大,速度变化对加工质量的影响越大。在同等条件下切削,刀具采用恒表面速度与采用恒进给速度相比,获得的叶片进出汽边轮廓误差值由0.1 mm减小为0.04 mm。结论在五轴联动加工中,越稳定的表面进给速度,越能获得较高的表面质量和轮廓精度,对于曲率变化较大的复杂曲面,需要严格控制刀具的进给速度,尽量获得稳定的表面速度以减少过切值,从而提高零件表面质量。     

刀具摆角对复杂曲面轮廓精度的影响研究

目的通过优化五轴联动加工中刀具摆角参数,基于后置处理技术提高复杂零件表面加工的轮廓精度。方法针对回转轴非线性运动造成的刀具姿态误差过大会导致零件轮廓精度低,提出了一种摆角优化方法。首先,对回转轴线性插补产生的刀具姿态误差进行分析,控制回转角的摆动幅度大小和初始位置;其次,将线性插补后的刀轴矢量投射到理论上始末两点矢量构成的平面上获得新的插补矢量,通过线性插补刀轴矢量来优化刀具空间姿态;最后,以某叶轮试件通过仿真及实际加工实验进行了验证。结果通过摆角优化方法后,叶片轮廓与理论轮廓的轮廓误差由0.08 mm减小到0.04 mm,最大过切量也由0.03 mm减小到0.01 mm。刀具摆角优化后,能大大提高复杂曲面零件的轮廓精度。结论基于后置处理技术对五轴机床回转轴摆角进行优化,在通用算法基础上加载角度优化算法,开发专用的后置处理器处理G代码程序,是一种提高复杂曲面加工轮廓精度的可行措施。实验验证了该方法的有效性。     

空间曲面等残留量连续平滑加工路径规划方法

为了提高机床加工效率,减少切削过程中的机床震动和刀具的加减速运动,保证零件表面质量,提出了一种适用于空间复杂曲面的等残留量连续平滑加工路径规划方法。基于5轴加工技术和STL三维模型,对模型进行切分,计算路径点,生成螺旋线,并经过刀具补偿,形成连续平滑刀路。该规划方法可以在空间复杂曲面加工中实现刀路的平滑连接,有效地减少刀具的无效运动和机床震动,使刀具承受更加稳定的载荷,提高零件加工效率,并能获得较高的零件表面质量。     

UG固定轴曲面轮廓铣在三次B样条曲面加工中的应用

采用UG/CAM固定轴曲面轮廓铣作用于复杂轮廓表面时,刀具跟随轮廓表面形状实施切削,可以实现复杂轮廓的高精度加工.UG/CAM提供的加工仿真功能可以直观地仿真零件加工过程,检验加工路径、碰撞干涉以获得正确刀轨.其强大的后处理功能,可以结合实际的数控系统生成正确的NC加工程序.以具有双参数三次B样条曲面零件为例,提出UG/CAM固定轴曲面轮廓铣的CAM思路及方法.试验结果表明:采用UG/CAM固定轴轮廓铣可以在三轴数控机床完成复杂型面的半精加工和精加工,能有效地降低加工成本,具有很高的实际应用价值.     

UG二次开发在三阶切触加工刀位规划中的应用

非球头刀五轴数控加工可以通过调整刀具姿态,使得在刀触点处刀具包络曲面充分逼近理论设计曲面,从而显著提高给定精度下的切削带宽.研究了非球头刀宽行五轴加工自由曲面的三阶切触法,通过UG API几何造型的方法,精确计算切削带宽,并利用UG二次开发实现了平底刀加工自由曲面的刀位规划.算例结果表明该软件系统生成的刀具路径能显著提高加工效率.     

五坐标加工步长计算

五坐标曲面加工的理论刀具轨迹是由刀具与零件曲面的啮合关系所确定的非线性连续曲线，由此而得的机床各运动轴的理想联动规律是复杂的非线性关系，但由于目前的CNC在多轴联动控制时，一般只具有线性插补功能，理论的非线性连续曲线只能以一系列小线性段进行离散逼近后，再由CNC机床控制各运动轴作五维线性插补来实现被加工曲面的近似包络成型，由此而导致原理性的加工误差，在数控加工中，刀具在机床坐标系下的运动根据与被加工曲面的相对关系有二个方向，一是走刀轨 迹的方向，称为走刀方向，其在此方向上在一个插补周期内所移动的距离称为走刀步长。另一个是在走刀轨迹增量的方向，称为切削带步长，下面讨论这两个方向刀具的所能够移动的距离与误差的关系和进行计算。     

零件型面对数控铣刀切削寿命的影响研究

以研究单一角度曲面零件和单一R弧面零件铣削加工为切入点,阐述刀具切削寿命的相关知识,分析了φ10R5球头铣刀铣削零件各表面时的状态,由此得出参与切削的最大切削刃与球刀圆心形成的夹角,计算得出实际参与切削的刀长度,并得到切削寿命与型面关系的倍数n,获得不同铣刀切削多角度斜面、R弧面时的切削寿命。通过理论分析、样件零件寿命测试、现场生产零件实际加工数据验证,最终得出φ10R5球头铣刀寿命和理论计算数据基本相符的结论。     

叶片五轴加工中非线性误差控制的研究

叶片属于特型零件,型面精度要求极高,因此,在加工过程中要严格控制其误差。分析了非线性误差产生的原因及有效估算方法,结合线性插补原理,建立了非线性运动误差估计模型以及误差补偿模型。通过Java语言,依据VMC850F机床进行运动求解,开发了针对叶片五轴加工具有非线性误差补偿功能的专用后置处理器;并通过某叶轮的切削加工实验验证了该后置处理器的正确性和实用性。     

慢刀伺服车削刀具补偿算法优化

目的 优化刀具补偿算法,从而提高复杂曲面慢刀伺服车削加工的表面质量。方法 针对法向补偿算法容易导致X轴动态性能降低以及Z向补偿算法存在较大插值误差等问题,提出了一种基于坐标变换的几何补偿算法。通过坐标变换提高求解精度并简化算法,利用几何变换关系将X轴的补偿分量集中于Z轴,保证X轴的动态性能,并降低插值误差。以环曲面为例,对刀具补偿算法进行仿真分析和试验验证。结果 仿真结果显示,在法向补偿算法下X轴速度波动较大,而在本文提出的算法下X轴可以保持匀速运动;在刀具补偿环节,与本文提出的算法相比,Z向补偿算法产生的插值误差较大,最大插值误差达到了0.015mm以上。试验结果显示,在法向补偿算法下环曲面的表面粗糙度值最大（Ra=0.112μm）,且远大于Z向补偿算法和本文提出的算法;而在Z向补偿算法和本文提出的算法下,环曲面的表面粗糙度值相差不大（分别是Ra=0.066μm和Ra=0.062μm）。在法向补偿算法、Z向补偿算法和本文提出的算法下得到的PV值分别为16.9、13.8、8.8μm。结论 在保证X轴动态性能的前提下,刀具补偿算法对表面粗糙度影响不大。与法向补偿算法和Z向补偿算法相比,本...     

基于多体系统运动学的龙门铣床加工精度预测模型

五轴联动数控加工运动复杂,影响零件加工精度的误差因素很多,综合考虑多种误差因素,分析了各级工艺链系统的综合误差,提出了基于多体系统运动学理论建立工艺系统综合误差模型;在零件加工之前对零件的加工精度进行预测;通过切削试加工验证模型的可靠性。切削试加工实验证实了基于多体系统运动学的数学模型对零件加工精度预测的准确性和有效性,为今后进一步的研究及误差补偿提供了依据。     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.     

Directional Growth of Tin Crystals Controlled by Combined Solute Concentration Gradient Field and Static Magnetic Field

A new method was introduced to achieve directional growth of Sn crystals. Microstructures in liquid(Pb)/liquid(Sn) diffusion couples were investigated under various static magnetic fields. Results show that the β-Sn crystals mainly reveal an irregular dendritic morphology without or with a relatively low static magnetic field(B0.3 T). When the magnetic field is increased to 0.5 T, the β-Sn dendrites close to the final stage of growth begin to show some directional character. With a further increase in the magnetic field to a higher level(0.8–5 T), the β-Sn dendrites have an enhanced directional growth character, but the dendrites show a certain deflection. As the magnetic field is increased to 12 T, the directional growth of the β-Sn dendrites in the center of the couple is severely destroyed. The mechanism of the directional growth of the β-Sn crystals and the deflection of the β-Sn crystals with the application of static magnetic field was tentatively discussed.     

Growth Kinetics of Single Inclusion Particle in Molten Melts

On the basis of the single-particle framework, a new theory on inclusion growth in metallurgical melts is developed to study the kinetics of inclusion growth on account of reaction and collision. The studies show that the early growth of inclusion depends on reaction growth and Brawnian motion collision, and where the former is decisive, the late growth depends on turbulence collision and Stokes＇ collision, and where the former is dominant; collision growth is very quick during the smelting process, lessened in the refining process, but nearly negligible in the continuous casting process.