直流磁控溅射法在PET基板上制备AZO薄膜

室温下用直流磁控溅射法在PET塑料基板上制备氧化锌薄膜及掺铝氧化锌AZO(ZnO∶Al)薄膜.通过X射线衍射仪(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)、四点探针仪、霍尔效应仪及光谱仪等装置,考察了氧分率、溅射功率及铝掺杂量等工艺参数对薄膜微观结构和光电性能的影响.结果表明:AZO薄膜晶体结构为纯ZnO的六角纤锌矿结构.随着Al掺杂量增多,AZO薄膜导电性增加,透光率下降.在氧分率为8.2％,ZnO(40 nm)/Al(6 nm)三层膜条件下,得到电阻率为5.66×10-2Ω·cm,可见光范围内透光率约为80％的AZO薄膜.     

射频反应磁控溅射法制备ZnO:Al透明导电薄膜的光电性能

室温下采用射频(RF)反应磁控溅射技术在玻璃衬底上沉积具有(002)择优取向的透明导电Al掺杂ZnO(AZO)薄膜。XRD结果表明,制备的AZO薄膜为多晶,具有c轴择优取向。退火处理能提高其结晶度。在Al靶射频功率为40W,ZnO靶射频功率为250W,氩气流量为15mL/min的条件下,获得200nm厚的薄膜电阻率约3.8×10-3?·cm,在可见光范围内有很好的光透过率。     

Zn靶与掺铝ZnO靶共溅射制备ZnO:Al薄膜及其性能

采用Zn靶和ZnO(掺2%Al2O3(质量分数))陶瓷靶在玻璃衬底上共溅射沉积Al掺杂ZnO薄膜,即ZnO:Al透明导电薄膜,研究Zn靶溅射功率(0～90 W)和衬底温度(室温、100℃和200℃)对薄膜结构、形貌、光学和电学性能的影响。结果表明:按双靶共溅射工艺制备的ZnO:Al薄膜的晶体结构均为六角纤锌矿结构,且随着Zn靶溅射功率的增加,薄膜的结晶质量呈现出先改善后变差的规律,薄膜中的载流子浓度逐渐升高,电阻率逐渐降低,而薄膜的光学性能受其影响不大;随着衬底温度的升高,薄膜的结晶性能得到改善,薄膜的可见光透过率增强,电阻率降低。     

溅射条件对ZnO:Al薄膜生长和性能的影响（英文）

采用中频磁控溅射法在玻璃基体上制备Al掺杂ZnO薄膜(AZO),分别利用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、原子力显微镜(AFM)、X射线衍射仪(XRD)、分光光度计及霍尔测试系统研究不同沉积条件如样品台转速和靶-基距离对薄膜光学、电学、微观形貌及晶体结构的影响。XRD结果表明,所有AZO薄膜都呈c轴择优取向,薄膜的结晶度随着样品台转速的增大而降低,且晶粒呈非平衡状态生长。而在不同的靶-基距离时,薄膜具有相似的微观结构和表面形貌。当样品台转速为0、靶-基距离为7 cm时,AZO薄膜的光电性能最好,载流子浓度和霍尔迁移率分别为5.9×1020 cm-3和13.1 cm2/(V·s)。研究结果表明,样品台转速是影响AZO膜的结构和性能的主要因素。     

室温条件下射频磁控溅射法制备AZO薄膜的结构与光电性能（英文）

采用高致密度靶材在室温条件下玻璃衬底上RF磁控溅射制备铝掺杂氧化锌(AZO)薄膜。用X射线衍射仪、冷场发射扫描电子显微镜、紫外可见光分光光度计、四探针测试仪和霍尔测试仪分析表征薄膜的显微组织、表面形貌和光电学性能。结果表明,所制备的薄膜均为多晶六方纤锌矿结构,溅射功率对AZO薄膜的光电学性能,尤其是电学性能有重要影响。不同溅射功率下薄膜可见光平均透过率均大于85%,当溅射功率为200 W时,获得最小电阻率4.5×10~(-4)?·cm和87.1%的透过率。AZO薄膜禁带宽度随溅射功率不同在3.48~3.68 e V范围内变化。     

溅射功率对射频磁控溅射Al掺杂ZnO（ZAO）薄膜性能的影响

用射频磁控溅射技术,在纯氩气氛中不同溅射功率（120 W~210 W）下于玻璃衬底上制备了Al掺杂ZnO（ZAO）薄膜。利用X射线衍射仪（XRD）、扫描电子显微镜（SEM）、光谱仪和四探针测试仪等对所制备的薄膜进行了晶体结构、光学和电学性能分析。结果表明,纯氩气氛中不同溅射功率下玻璃衬底上原位沉积的ZAO薄膜具有明显的c轴择优取向性,它没有改变ZnO的六角纤锌矿结构;ZAO薄膜的可见光区平均透光率不强烈依赖于溅射功率,为75%左右;原位沉积ZAO薄膜的电阻率达到102Ω.cm数量级范围,随溅射功率由120 W增大到210 W时,薄膜电阻率从132.67Ω.cm降低到21.08Ω.cm。     

氩气流量对掺铝氧化锌薄膜光电性能的影响

采用双靶射频磁控溅射沉积掺铝氧化锌(AZO)薄膜作为铜锌锡硫(CZTS)太阳能电池的低阻窗口层。研究了在溅射功率60 W、溅射时间30 min的工艺条件下,氩气(Ar)流量对AZO薄膜的结晶性、表面形貌、光透过率、电阻率、载流子浓度等光电性能的影响。结果表明,最优Ar气流量为22 cm~3/min,该流量下AZO晶粒大,结晶性能好,AZO薄膜的载流子浓度高,电阻率小,薄膜在400~1100 nm波长下的光透过率为87.2%。     

溶胶-凝胶法制备的ZnO:Al薄膜的微观结构及光学、电学性能

采用溶胶-凝胶法制备了ZnO:Al(AZO)透明导电薄膜．通过X射线衍射(XRD)、紫外-可见分光光度计 (UV-Vis)、扫描电镜(SEM)和电阻测量装置,考察了Al掺杂量、退火温度及镀膜层数等工艺参数对薄膜的微观结构和光电性能的影响．结果表明,退火温度越高,多晶AZO薄膜的(001)晶面择优取向生长的趋势越强,并且随退火温度升高,薄膜的晶粒尺寸增大,透光率增加．薄膜晶体结构为纯ZnO的六角纤锌矿结构．在掺杂浓度1％(摩尔分数)、退火温度500℃及镀膜层数10的条件下,得到了电阻率为3．2×10-3Ω·cm、可见光区的平均透射率超过90％的AZO薄膜．     

溅射功率对不锈钢衬底ZnO∶Al薄膜性能的影响

采用直流磁控溅射技术,以掺Al为2%的Zn O陶瓷靶为靶材,通用的304不锈钢为衬底,制备了一系列Zn O∶Al薄膜,研究了溅射功率对样品薄膜结构和表面形貌、光学特性的影响。结果表明:制备的薄膜都为六方纤锌矿结构,并有高度的c轴择优取向;溅射功率对薄膜的性能有显著的影响,即随着溅射功率的增大,从35 W到80 W,晶粒尺寸先增大后减小,薄膜表面陷光结构先变好后变坏,最优值出现在溅射功率为65 W时,此时薄膜对波长小于360 nm的光吸收率约为91%。     

低温磁控溅射制备AZO薄膜及绒面研究

采用直流射频耦合磁控溅射技术,以氧化锌掺铝(AZO,2%Al_2O_3,质量分数)陶瓷靶为靶材,在玻璃基片上低温沉积AZO薄膜,并采用质量分数为0.5%的HCl溶液刻蚀制备绒面AZO薄膜,通过XRD、SEM、分光光度计、霍尔效应测试系统、光电雾度仪等设备重点研究工作压强对直流射频耦合磁控溅射制备AZO薄膜的晶相结构、表面形貌、光电性能以及后期制绒的影响。研究表明,直流射频耦合磁控溅射可以在低温下制备性能优异的AZO薄膜,且随着工作压强的减小,致密性增强,光电性能改善,后期刻蚀得到具有良好陷光作用的绒面结构。在工作压强0.5 Pa下,低温制备的AZO薄膜电阻率达到3.55×10~(-4)Ω·cm,薄膜可见光透过达到88.36%,刻蚀后电阻率为4.19×10~(-4)Ω·cm,可见光透过率89.59%,雾度达24.7%。     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.     

Directional Growth of Tin Crystals Controlled by Combined Solute Concentration Gradient Field and Static Magnetic Field

A new method was introduced to achieve directional growth of Sn crystals. Microstructures in liquid(Pb)/liquid(Sn) diffusion couples were investigated under various static magnetic fields. Results show that the β-Sn crystals mainly reveal an irregular dendritic morphology without or with a relatively low static magnetic field(B0.3 T). When the magnetic field is increased to 0.5 T, the β-Sn dendrites close to the final stage of growth begin to show some directional character. With a further increase in the magnetic field to a higher level(0.8–5 T), the β-Sn dendrites have an enhanced directional growth character, but the dendrites show a certain deflection. As the magnetic field is increased to 12 T, the directional growth of the β-Sn dendrites in the center of the couple is severely destroyed. The mechanism of the directional growth of the β-Sn crystals and the deflection of the β-Sn crystals with the application of static magnetic field was tentatively discussed.     

电化学噪声数据处理方法概述

综述了常见的电化学噪声数据处理方法,介绍了直流趋势剔除、统计分析、快速傅立叶变换(FFT)法计算功率谱密度(PSD)以及小波变换处理电化学噪声信号的基本过程,并阐释了各种数学处理及所得参数的物理意义。