冻胶纺聚乙烯纤维结构与性能表征（一）

本文简介了力学性能测试、POM、SEM/TEM、DSC、WAXD、SAXS、FT-IR、Raman光谱法及 NMR等等研究方法 ,并把用这些实验方法对冻胶纺 UHMWPE纤维的结构与性能所进行的研究结果作一概述。早在开发聚丙烯纤维以前 ,工业生产就已开始采用熔融纺丝法制备聚乙烯纤维 ,并将此应用于绳索与包装材料工业。但此种纤维热变形大 ,易蠕变。因此 ,尽管我国聚乙烯原料丰富 ,熔融纺聚乙烯纤维并未进行推广。直到 2 0世纪 70年代 ,荷兰 DSM公司顾问 Penning、Smith等以粉末状超高分子量聚乙烯为原料 ,采用全新的冻胶纺丝——超拉伸技术 ,制得了…     

超高分子量聚乙烯纤维性能及生产现状

介绍超高分子量聚乙烯纤维的产品性能,并与芳纶、碳纤维进行性能对比。结合国内外研究现状,详细阐述超高分子量聚乙烯纤维的生产工艺,主要包括熔融纺丝、干法凝胶纺丝和湿法凝胶纺丝工艺。并分析国内外产能状况,包括荷兰帝斯曼、美国霍尼韦尔、日本东洋纺和国内部分公司,通过对比分析国内外企业特点,指出国内超高分子量聚乙烯纤维发展迅猛,但存在质量参差不齐、产能较低、应用开发水平低等问题,提出应加大工艺技术的开发与研究,并对市场前景进行展望。     

PE/PP共混物纤维X-射线衍射的研究

对聚丙烯和聚乙烯进行合金化处理后，做了大量的纺丝实验，得到了性能较好的纤维；利用X－射线衍射法研究了卷绕丝的结晶行为和晶型，并讨论了纺丝条件和色线粒对卷绕丝结构的影响。结果表明PE可以改变PP纤维的形态结构；熔融纺丝条件影响晶型的改变；有些色母粒对PP卷绕丝的形态结构有影响。     

光/生物双降解聚乙烯纤维的结构与性能

为制备具有光和生物双降解性及一定力学强度的纤维,通过熔融纺丝法纺制了光/生物双降解聚乙烯纤维。利用单纤维强力仪测定了纤维的力学性能,结果表明,光/生物双降解聚乙烯纤维断裂强度与常规聚乙烯纤维相近,具备一定的力学性能,可以作为通用纤维材料使用。通过实验室紫外老化降解和土埋生物降解实验,研究了纤维的光降解性和生物降解性,结果表明：随着紫外光照时间的延长,光/生物双降解纤维的降解率增大,明显高于低密度聚乙烯纤维;随生物降解时间的增加,纤维的降解率逐步增大,最大降解率为27.65%。     

氨纶熔融纺织生产工艺的探讨

氨纶是一种嵌段共聚物,其生产方法有干法、湿法、化学法和熔融法四种。氨纶熔融纺丝法是近年来新兴起的氨纶纺丝工艺。上世纪60年代中期日本日清纺公司首次推出熔纺纤维生产工艺,并以特有的优势应用于氨纶弹性纤维生产工艺中。目前熔融纺丝法工艺日趋成熟,预计将成为最具有前途的氨纶纺丝技术。氨纶熔融纺丝法就是无溶剂化进行弹性原材料的合成,并且其后续工艺为熔纺工艺。因此,氨纶熔融纺丝法的开发与研究具有很大的现实意义和应用价值。     

PA6/LDPE不定岛纤维PA6岛相分布的研究

不相容的高聚物尼龙6（PA6）与低密度聚乙烯（LDPE）复合熔融纺丝生产不定岛超纤纤维,运用分形方法来分析纤维截面的扫描电子显微镜（SEM）图片中分散相PA6截面的图形分布。纤维的岛相分布与纺丝温度相关性强,而与纺丝速度的相关性弱。分形维数是定量表征岛相分布均一性的有效方法,分形维数越高,分散相PA6超细纤维在LDPE中的分布越均匀,分形方法也是优化复合纺丝工艺的有效方法。     

熔融纺聚氨酯弹性纤维

阐述了氨纶生产技术的现状及发展趋势，指出熔融纺丝法是氨纶纺织的发展方向，重点对熔融纺丝氨纶生产技术进行了详细介绍和分析讨论，实验表明由辽宁省纺织研究院与沈阳化工研究院联合研制的氨纶切片可用于熔融纺丝；利用国产纺丝设备局部改造后即可生产；所生产的氨纶纤维的性能与国际同类技术所生产的纤维性能相近。     

绿色环保纤维——聚乳酸纤维

叙述了聚乳酸(PLA)及其纤维的发展史、国内外生产现状,介绍了聚乳酸(PLA)纤维的原料———PLA聚合物的制备技术:丙交酯开环聚合法、直接聚合法及共同聚合法;以及聚乳酸(PLA)纤维的纺丝生产技术:溶液纺丝法与熔融纺丝法。同时对聚乳酸(PLA)纤维的物理性能、可生物降解性、安全性、耐气候性及其主要用途进行了叙述。     

同轴静电纺丝制备聚丙烯腈多孔中空超细纤维

为制备较理想的多孔中空结构纤维,以聚丙烯腈/聚乙烯吡咯烷酮/N, N-二甲基甲酰胺溶液作为皮层纺丝液,先后以聚乙烯吡咯烷酮/N, N-二甲基甲酰胺溶液,聚氧化乙烯/ N, N-二甲基甲酰胺溶液和聚乙烯吡咯烷酮/乙醇溶液为芯层纺丝液,进行同轴纺丝制备复合纤维,然后分别在去离子水中经超声振荡析出水溶性高聚物,所得纤维由场发射扫描电镜（FESEM）进行表征。结果表明：以聚乙烯吡咯烷酮/ N, N-二甲基甲酰胺溶液为芯层纺丝液时,同轴纺丝并经过后处理得到的纤维孔和中空结构都比较少;而以聚氧化乙烯/ N, N-二甲基甲酰胺溶液为芯层纺丝液时只能得到具有致密的多孔结构纤维;只有以聚乙烯吡咯烷酮/乙醇溶液为芯层纺丝液时可以制备聚丙烯腈多孔中空超细纤维。     

变色纤维的开发和应用

概述了变色纤维的起源、概念与主要类别．分别阐述了变色纤维的溶液纺丝法、熔融纺纹法、后整理法以及接枝聚合法等变色生产技术．展望了变色纤维的广阔应用前景。     

Factorial optimisation of the effects of extrusion temperature profile and polymer grade on as-spun aliphatic–aromatic co-polyester fibres III: mechanical properties

The effect of extrusion temperature profile in the melt‐spinning process of as‐spun linear aliphatic–aromatic co‐polyester (AAC) fibres upon their mechanical properties and process productivity was modelled by using factorial experimental designs. After the viscoelastic and morphology characteristics of the polymer were considered using Differential Scanning Calorimetry and Melt Flow Index (MFI), the rheological data were used to determine the enhanced melt‐spinning temperature of the six heating zones in the process. Tensile strength, elongation at break, modulus and fibre productivity (g/min) of the melt‐spinning process have been quantitatively assessed as responses to polymer grades and extrusion zone temperature. The optimisation of mechanical properties and productivity helps in understanding and controlling the most desired properties in the produced fibre. It has been noted that the die head temperature (spinning temperature), the polymer grade and their interaction are the most significant factors affecting the mechanical properties. Analysis of the fibre productivity shows that the polymer grade and its interaction with the die head temperature is significant in terms of influencing the output of the melt‐spinning process, which could be related to the polymer molecular weight and polymer structure. There is an interaction between polymer grade and feeding zone temperature which is related to the material supply action in the feeding zone. The friction between the screw and the material is affected by heating action, which affects the moisture content and the molten material rheology. By adjusting the extrusion temperature profile and selecting the more applicable spin‐able polymer grade through a statistical forecasting model, the combination of the cost related to material grade and processing cost controls the fibre production cost. The fibre made of low MFI grade has better structure and mechanical properties than that made of the higher MFI grade, and the former will be preferred for future work. With previous work related to the effects of extrusion temperature profile on the fibre structure, the present paper will help in developing the production process of biodegradable linear AAC fibres.     

49—THE EFFECT OF THE RELATIVE BEHAVIOUR OF BLEND COMPONENTS IN DETERMINING THE STRUCTURE OF WOOL CARPET YARNS

An account is given of the use of a tracer-fibre technique to investigate the configuration, the mean radial position, and the contribution to hairiness of various typical blend components in purewool carpet yarns produced on three different spinning systems. Tracer fibres selected to represent the components of an ‘unimproved’ fleece were found to behave differently during spinning, both from each other, and from tracer fibres selected from ‘improved’ fleeces. The choice of spinning method (woollen, open-end, or semi-worsted) was found to have most effect on the arrangement of fibres near the surface of the yarns.     

熔体微分离心纺丝技术

熔体离心纺丝技术具有纺丝效率高,制备纤维的取向度的优势,但目前仍处于发展初期,所制备纤维直径较粗,相关工艺和纤维细化方法研究较少。对此通过自主研制的熔体微分离心纺丝装置,选用流动性能较好的聚丙烯材料进行熔体离心纺丝研究,在不同条件下进行离心纺丝实验,并引入气流辅助纺丝,大大细化了纤维直径,成功制备了超细纤维;设计了正交实验以探究不同工艺参数对其成纤效果的影响权重,为熔体离心纺丝进一步发展提供一定理论和实验基础。     

含纳米粉体功能性纤维的制备方法

介绍了功能性化学纤维制备过程中常用的抗菌型、防紫外线型、远红外型和导电型纳米粉体。阐述了采用静电纺丝和熔体纺丝法制备含纳米粉体功能性纤维的方法及其研究现状。静电纺丝包括共混法与纳米粒子原位合成法,熔体纺丝包括共混纺丝法与高聚物原位聚合法。纳米颗粒在纤维中的尺寸与分散性是影响纤维可纺性及纤维性能的重要因素,采用原位合成的方法可有效阻止纳米颗粒在纤维中的团聚,并通过静电纺丝制得纳米颗粒尺寸稳定且分散均匀的功能性纳米纤维。     

加捻三角区形态与纺纱毛羽

探讨细纱前胶辊前冲量对加捻三角区纺纱毛羽的影响.通过计算细纱前区采用不同胶辊前冲量时,须条喂入角、胶辊前移角、罗拉包围弧等参数以及导纱钩不同位置时各参数变化情况,分析不同前胶辊前冲量对成纱条干和毛羽的影响,并通过实际纺纱对比试验进行验证.指出:控制加捻三角区应着力减小加捻三角区底边,适当控制三角区的高,尽量减小边纤维与中心纤维差异,且让微小三角区包围弧保持在罗拉表面,加强纤维控制.兼顾条干和毛羽水平,细纱前胶辊前冲量不宜过大,仍以2.5 mm为宜.     

Preparation and characterization of porous polyester fibres by salt leaching method

Porous polyester fibres with cotton-like dull characteristics were produced by salt leaching method. Polyester was synthesized in the presence of common salt. Fibres containing submicron size salt particles (0.5–1%) were prepared by melt spinning. The fibres were washed in hot water to remove the salt particles creating small craters of size 50–1000?nm. Partially oriented yarn (POY) and fully drawn yarn (FDY) were produced. POY samples were textured to produce polyester textured yarn containing salt particles. The influence of salt particles on polymer crystallization was investigated and found that the presence of salt significantly influences the rate of crystallization. The gloss values of porous FDYs were compared with standard semi-dull polyester yarns of same denier. The light scattering behaviour of the yarn has been enhanced due to porosity. This resulted in a fibre with better dullness characteristics. The light reflectance of porous yarn is lower in the 400–700?nm region compared to control FDY samples. The dyeability of the porous fibre was better than non-porous counterpart.     

889dtex超粗旦涤纶长丝的开发

利用熔体直接纺的工艺路线,成功研制了889 dtex/192 f涤纶超粗旦低弹丝。结果表明,选择较低的熔体输送温度、纺丝温度为284℃,冷却采用侧吹风冷却加弧形板的方式,集束点在1 500 mm处,上油选择适合纺制超粗旦丝的油嘴(京瓷等大油嘴)等工艺较适合加工该规格粗旦丝,产品质量稳定,后加工及织造效果好。     

低密度聚乙烯的毛细管流变性能

为研制低密度聚乙烯(LDPE)纤维,确定合理的纺丝工艺参数,利用毛细管流变仪研究LDPE材料的流变性能.研究结果表明:LDPE剪切黏度随剪切速率的增大而降低,随温度的升高而降低,非牛顿指数n小于1,随温度的升高而变大;当LDPE纺丝在加工温度为205℃时,非牛顿指数n为0.498,最接近牛顿流体.在150～250℃温度范围内,LDPE的黏流活化能在10 ～13 J/mol之间,且黏流活化能随剪切速率增加而降低,稠度系数K随温度升高而降低,属于假塑性流体,在纺丝过程中可以通过调节温度和剪切速率来改变LDPE熔体的可纺性.     

尼龙66废丝再纺工业用丝

研究尼龙66废丝再纺工业用丝的工艺技术,比较了几种废丝造粒的方法,对不同的切片进行了纺丝试验,经一系列工艺调整、设备改进,尼龙66废丝再纺工业用丝及织制工业用帆布获得成功。     

熔纺氨纶生产技术

综述了国内外熔纺氨纶及其热塑性聚氨酯切片的研究、生产及其发展的情况,分析了熔纺氨纶的优点和不足,并对熔纺氨纶开发研究及生产的发展趋势作了展望。