Optimization of a cake formulation with functional characteristics using resistant starch, Sphagnum magellanicum moss and deffated hazel nut flour (Gevuina avellana, Mol)

Resistant starch (RS) Hi Maize 260, Sphagnum magellanicum Moss (SM) both natural resources rich in total dietary fiber, and defatted hazel nut flour (DHN) as protein resource were used in the development of a pastry product (queque) with functional characteristics. Taguchi methodology was utilized in the optimization process using the orthogonal array L934 with four control factors: RS, SM. DHN and Master Gluten 4000 (MG), 3 factor levels and 9 experimental trials. The best result of Sensory Quality (SQ) and signal to noise ratio (S/N) was obtained combining the minor levels of the independent variables. Main effect (average effects of factor) analysis and anova analysis showed that SM and DHN were the control factors with a significant influence (p<0.05) on the CS with a relative contribution of 83%. It is important to emphasize the total dietary fiber (8.7%) and protein (7.2%) values, the formers due to the presence of RS and SM. Shelf life study showed that the sensory characteristics flavour, appearance and texture were not affected when samples were stored at refrigerated temperatures but not at 20 degrees C, specifically flavour always kept a good preference during the whole period of time. Samples of optimized cakes showed very good results when they were submitted to hedonic test with 100% of favorable consumer's opinions.     

Chemical-nutritional physiological evaluation of a few products manufactured with the use of soy protein

A number of Hungarian foods containing soy products is described. Institute studies on new protein sources also are discussed.     

Functional properties of Sphagnum magellanicum fiber and its direct use in formulation of bakery products

Characterization of functional properties of Sphagnum magellanicum fiber were investigated. Water absortion (WAC) and water retention (WRC) capacities, swelling capacity (SC); organic molecule absortion capacity (OMAC) and cationic interchange capacity (CIC) were evaluated, as well as its incorporation as fiber source to bakery produts. Diferent particles sizes were selected to evaluate their effects on the functional properties of moss fiber: T1(1.4 mm);T2(1.0 mm); T3(0.42 mm); T4(0.18 mm). Best results of CAA, CRA; SC and OMRC were obtained with T3, whereas best values of CIC were attained with T1. An optimized formulation of fiber enriched bread was developed analizing simultaneously the effect of four independent variables (yeast, moss fiber, fluffy agent and shortening) on the sensory quality of products. Shelf life studies were carried out by storing samples of fiber enriched breads at 20 degrees C and 6 degrees C. At the end of the study, refrigerated samples showed better sensory quality stability.     

Formation of carbon nanofibers on the basis of sphagnum moss

The production of carbon nanofibers by the pyrolysis of sphagnum moss as a result of mechanochemical activation in a planetary mill is considered. The nanofibers are used to create a composite system consisting of carbon and tungsten nanoparticles, which may provide the basis for anodes in secondary power sources and may also be used in the mechanochemical synthesis and microalloying of refractory compounds.     

Kinetics of formation of multiwall nanotubes from moss

The technological aspects of the formation of nanofibrous carbon (multiwall nanotubes from 10 to 70 nm in diameter) in the process of the mechanical activation of amorphous carbon (1–27 h), which was obtained by the pyrolysis of sphagnum moss at a temperature of 950°C are considered. The sequence of the formation of a nanofiber structure and the change in the physicochemical characteristics of the formed nanotubes are presented. It is shown that the formation of nanotubes occurs in the bulk of carbon particles.     

藓类提取物对白菜软腐病菌的抑菌活性

以欧文氏菌（Erwinia carotovora）为供试菌,对24种藓类乙醇提取物进行抑菌活性筛选。结果表明,有15种藓类提取物对欧文氏菌表现出不同程度抑菌作用,并将有较强抑菌作用的提取物对欧文氏菌进行了最低抑菌浓度MIC测定。     

Processing of sphagnum moss to produce carbon nanotubes

Attention focuses on the processing of sphagnum moss and the sequence by which multiwalled carbon nanotubes are formed in the mechanical activation of amorphous carbon. Nanotube formation occurs within a mass of carbon particles.     

High-energy treatment of sphagnum moss to produce carbon sorbents

The porous structure of amorphous carbon produced from sphagnum moss after chemical activation is considered. The ability of the amorphous carbon to adsorb metal ions is investigated. The results suggest that such carbon may serve as an effective sorbent.     

Antioxidants in the water-soluble carbohydrate fractions of the moss Sphagnum fuscum and sphagnum peat

The effect of various mechanical treatment conditions on changes in the composition and antioxidant activity of the polysaccharide fractions of the moss Sphagnum fuscum and sphagnum moss peat was studied. It was found that mechanochemical treatment changed the composition of polysaccharide moss and peat fractions, and the antioxidant activity of polysaccharides depended on the hydroxyarene aglycon content of polysaccharides.     

Arachidonic and eicosapentaenoic acids in developing gametophores and sporophytes of the moss,Mnium cuspidatum

The fatty acid composition of different parts of the moss,Mnium cuspidatum, which contains up to 35% arachidonic acid in its lipids, was studied through the annual cycle and especially during the period of rapid development of the reproductive parts. The content of 20∶4ω6 was highest in summer and lowest in winter; but for 20∶5ω3, the reverse was found. Levels of the acids, 20∶5ω3, 18∶3ω3 and 16∶3ω3 showed parallel fluctuations through the seasons of the year, and functionally they may substitute for each other. In contrast, 20∶5ω6 is at a high level when 18∶2ω6 is low. The latter acid accumulates in storage or dormant tissue and may be a reserve to form arachidonic acid for specific requirements in cell membranes when rapid growth resumes.     

The kinetics of sorption of basic dyes from aqueous solution by sphagnum moss peat

The kinetics of sorption of three basic dyes, namely, Chrysoidine (BO2), Astrazon Blue (BB3) and Astrazone Blue (BB69) onto sphagnum moss peat have been investigated. The study focuses on the application of three sorption kinetic models for predicting the uptake of basic dyes. The sorption behaviour is found to be second order, based on the assumption of a pseudo-second order mechanism. The rate constant of sorption, the equilibrium capacity and initial sorption rate with the effect of various peat doses and initial dye concentrations have also been predicted.     

Hydrodynamic characteristics of a trickling bed of peat moss used for biofiltration of wastewater

The retention time distribution of liquid in a trickling bed of peat moss was studied. Two different flow regimes have been detected. This is due to the fractal-like structure of peat moss. At low velocities, the liquid flows through the aggregates of peat moss particles. In this case, the tracer is distributed evenly in all the volume of the liquid because of the small characteristic time of diffusion. When the superficial liquid velocity is high, the liquid mainly flows between the solid aggregates and only a small amount of tracer penetrates the liquid inside and between the particles forming the aggregates. The results obtained are important for modelling the process of biofiltration with peat moss, a new system for environmental protection.     

On the characterization of microporous adsorbents

Two exponential adsorption isotherms are discussed with regard to adsorption on microporous adsorbents at low and moderate surface coverages. One of them may be treated as a certain generalization of Dubinin isotherm. However, the other equation discussed is the exponential virial isotherm. Both isotherms may be used for characterization of the adsorbents showing a very differentiated microporous structure, because they predict universal expressions for the distribution function of adsorption potential. Adsorption data of hydrocarbons on molecular sieving carbon measured at different temperatures are interpreted in terms of the theory presented. Special cases of the exponential virial isotherm are discussed in detail.     

Hydrodynamics characterization of the Maxblend impeller

The hydrodynamic characteristics of the Maxblend^TM impeller have been investigated in the case of viscous Newtonian fluids. Both laboratory experiments and 3D finite element based computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations have been carried out. The power consumption, the mixing evolution yielding the mixing time, and the effect of baffles in the laminar and transition flow regimes have been determined. It was found that the limit Reynolds number between the laminar and transition regimes is approximately 25 and 38 for the unbaffled and baffled configurations, respectively. Based on the range of Reynolds numbers studied in this work, the best window performance of the Maxblend^TM mixer where fast and homogenous mixing is achieved is the end of the laminar regime and the early transition regime with baffles.     

Fundamentals of the textural characterization of catalysts

Fundamental principles involved in the characterization of porous networks are presented through the development of three essential steps: (i) proposition of a convenient model of the porous network, (ii) recognition of the mechanisms governing the processes related to the experiments of textural determination, and (iii) interpretation of the experimental data, taking into account the two preceding steps.     

Particle characterization using the photoscan

A unique image analysis system for particle characterization is in use at the Du Pont Engineering Test Center. It consists of an Optronics scanning microdensitometer and a Du Pont computer program. It performs quantitative measurements of particle size, shape, and edge texture from photographs. This paper describes the hardware, software, and operation of the system and typical applications related to bulk density, agglomeration and filtration.     

On the characterization of nonlinear viscoelastic materials

Starting with specific constitutive equations, methods of evaluating material properties from experimental data are outlined and then illustrated for some polymeric materials; these equations have been derived from thermodynamic principles, and are very similar to the Boltzmann superposition integral form of linear theory. The experimental basis for two equations under uniaxial loading and the influence of environmental factors on the properties are first examined. It is then shown that creep and recovery data can be conveiently used to evaluate properties in one equation, while two-step relaxation data serve the same purpose for the second equation. Methods of reducing data to accomplish this characterization and to determine the accuracy of the theory are illustrated using existing data on nitrocellulose film, fiber-reinforced phenolic resin, and polyisobutylene. Finally, a set of three-dimensional constitutive equations is proposed which is consistent with nonlinear behavior of some metals and plastics, and which enables all properties to be evaluated from uniaxial creep and recovery data.