The Chardonnay wine olfactory concept revisited: A stable core of volatile compounds, and fuzzy boundaries

An earlier study by the same team showed that Chardonnay wines have common olfactory properties by which wine experts can recognize them. The specific Chardonnay olfactory space was also tentatively linked to the relative concentrations of 29 volatile compounds, regarded as possible aroma-impact compounds. The question now is whether or not those initial results hold independently of the sample under consideration, that is, whether these sensory and chemical spaces are vintage-specific. A series of investigations was conducted on a new set of 46 wines (23 Chardonnay wines and 23 non Chardonnay wines) using the same sensory (wine typicality level) and physico-chemical (Gas Chromatography-mass spectrometry-selected ion monitoring: GC-MS-SIM) approaches as in the earlier study. The sensory space of Chardonnay wines has been identified again in this new study. Compared with white wines of other grape varieties, Chardonnay wines do have distinctive and recognizable olfactory characteristics. LSD tests carried out on the chemical data and a PLS analysis predicting wine typicality level from the chemical data showed that the relative concentrations of 35 volatile compounds affected the wines' typicality scores. Of the 35 compounds, 18 were already among the 29 possible aroma-impact compounds identified by the earlier study. These 18 common volatile compounds seem to be vintage-independent and as such might represent the core of the Chardonnay wine olfactory space. The others seem to be specific to the new wines tested and may contribute to the fuzziness of the boundaries of the Chardonnay wine olfactory space. These results emphasize the complexity of the odor quality of Chardonnay wines, with some volatile compounds remaining stable across vintages, while others are specific to enological practices and to vintages.     

不同风格霞多丽葡萄酒酿造工艺的探索

谈到决定葡萄酒质量好坏的因素,业内人士经常提到的就是郭其昌老先生“先天在于原料,后天在于工艺”的说法。葡萄原料的好坏固然重要,然而后天的酿造工艺对于葡萄酒的质量也有很大的影响,而且同一个葡萄品种采用不同的酿造方法最终会形成不同风格的酒。在酿造葡萄酒的时候,作为酿酒师必须有一个清醒的头脑,那就是:我们究竟要酿造什么风格的葡萄酒?“风格”一词本身是个中性词汇,并没有好坏的含义,但作为一个有特色的企业,应该有属于自己公司葡萄酒产品的独特风格。这种风格是酿酒师在实际生产过程中必须牢记的,它对我们随后将要采取的一系列…     

中国霞多丽、赤霞珠葡萄酒感官特征描述词分析

葡萄酒是人和自然相结合的产物,不同的品种、不同的产区其感官质量有很大的差异,即使同一品种在不同的生态区,其感官质量和风格也不相同。过去由于我们没有进行葡萄酒感官特征词汇的统计分析,对于产地葡萄酒、品种葡萄酒的认识很模糊,无法区分同一品种在不同的生态区的典型特征,也无法说明某一品种葡萄酒在特定的生态区的典型特征,和国外相比有很大的差距。由于霞多丽和赤霞珠是目前世界上干白、干红葡萄酒中最具有代表性的品种之一,而且在中国也有大面积的种植,很多产区都有这两个品种,而且在中国还没有进行这方面的研究,因此我们对霞多丽…     

不同酵母酿造霞多丽干白葡萄酒的发酵性能研究

选用5种商品酵母酿造霞多丽干白葡萄酒,对5种酵母的发酵性能进行比较,测定样品的理化指标和香气物质。结果表明,5种酵母酿造霞多丽干白葡萄酒的理化指标均符合国标,在发酵期的密度变化趋势基本一致,但发酵周期不同;结合固相微萃取和气质联用（GC-MS）检测技术,5种发酵的酒样中分别检出的香气物质33种、31种、36种、34种、29种,主要香气组分没有大的差别,只是在微量香气物质上有所区别。酵母CEC01对葡萄糖的利用率最高,其酿造霞多丽干白葡萄酒酒精度为12.9%vol,残糖含量为1.5 g/L,发酵周期短;检出的香气物质最多（36种）,并且酯类含量最高,占其香气物质总量的35.66%。     

橡木片对霞多丽葡萄酒发酵的影响

该文研究在发酵过程中添加法国中度烘烤橡木制品对霞多丽干白葡萄酒的影响,增加霞多丽干白葡萄酒酿造工艺的选择性.接种酵母菌进行酒精发酵的同时在葡萄汁中添加法国中度烘烤橡木制品,未添加橡木制品发酵的样品为对照样,分别在发酵降糖50％和酒精发酵结束时测定理化指标、有机酸与挥发性化合物的含量.结果表明:添加橡木制品发酵对霞多丽葡萄酒化学物质有一定影响,其总高级醇、总橡木挥发性化合物含量较高.而对照样的葡萄酒中总酸和总酯含量较高,总高级醇含量是添加橡木制品发酵的葡萄酒中总高级醇含量的70％～85％,而酸类物质含量是添加橡木制品发酵葡萄酒的2倍.     

不同负载量对霞多丽葡萄生长发育及酿酒品质的影响

为探索不同负载量对葡萄及葡萄酒品质的影响,对8年生霞多丽进行了不同负载量试验。结果表明,合理降低负载量能提高葡萄品质,增加果实含糖量,葡萄酒感官品质也显著改善;以留穗数为10穗/株(产量700.3kg/667m2)和15穗/株(产量1028.9kg/667m2)处理较优,负载量过大表现较差。综合分析,霞多丽葡萄的适宜负载量为700～1000kg/667m2。     

霞多丽不同成熟度干白葡萄酒质量的研究

针对新疆酿酒葡萄完全成熟后果实品质存在的问题,2008年对新疆玛纳斯的霞多丽(Chardonnay)分3个时期(CH-1:2008-09-02;CH-2:2008-09-08;CH-3:2008-09-14)进行采收,研究干白葡萄酒的质量。结果表明:(1)异戊醇、2-苯乙醇、2-甲基丙醇、乙酸乙酯是霞多丽葡萄酒的主导香气成分。成熟度不同,葡萄酒中含量在前10位的挥发性物质排序略有差异。CH-1干白葡萄酒位于前10位的香气物质依次为2-甲基丙醇、异戊醇、乙酸乙酯、2-苯乙醇、1-丙醇、1-丁醇、乙酸异戊酯、1-己醇、己酸乙酯和苯甲醇,占香气物质总量的99.64%;CH-2为异戊醇、2-甲基丙醇、乙酸乙酯、2-苯乙醇、1-丙醇、1-己醇、1-丁醇、乙酸异戊酯、苯甲醇和己酸乙酯,占香气物质总量的98.77%;CH-3为异戊醇、2-苯乙醇、2-甲基丙醇、乙酸乙酯、1-丁醇、癸酸乙酯、辛酸乙酯、1-壬醇、琥珀酸二乙酯和己酸乙酯,占香气物质总量的97.28%。(2)感官品尝分析认为,外观、香气、口感、平衡总分由高到低依次为CH-3、CH-2、CH-1。(3)2008年新疆玛纳斯霞多丽的最佳采收成熟度指标为:含糖量234.4 g/L,含酸量6.62 g/L,糖酸比35.41,总酚0.157 mg/g,单宁0.388 mg/g。     

酵母种类及营养剂用量对霞多丽葡萄酒中氨基甲酸乙酯产量的影响

为研究发酵过程中酵母种类和不同酵母营养剂用量对霞多丽葡萄酒中氨基甲酸乙酯（EC）含量的影响,选择了3种酵母（X5、X16、RMS2）和3个不同质量浓度梯度酵母营养剂（THIAZOTE）（0、0.3 g/L、0.6 g/L）进行发酵试验。研究表明,土壤和葡萄汁中的氮含量与葡萄酒中的EC含量密切相关;不同酵母酿造的霞多丽葡萄酒中EC产量不同,在发酵末期阶段,与酵母X16、RMS2相比,酵母X5酿造的葡萄酒中EC产量分别增长了53.8%和17.6%;葡萄酒中的EC产量随着酵母营养剂的用量的增加而升高,在发酵末期阶段,与不加酵母营养剂的对照组相比,酵母营养剂添加量为0.3 g/L和0.6 g/L酿造的葡萄酒中EC产量分别增长了12.8%和69.2%。不同发酵处理霞多丽葡萄酒EC产量范围在2.1～3.8 μg/L,均未超过美国或者欧盟规定的EC限量标准。     

Protein stabilisation of Chardonnay wine using trisacryl and bentonite: a comparative study

The stabilisation of a Chilean Chardonnay wine by SP-Trisacryl-M and bentonite was investigated, evaluating protein, polyphenol and polysaccharide adsorption, turbidity and wine quality. The wine could be stabilised by adding at least 0.3 kg m⁻³ of bentonite or 12 kg m⁻³ of trisacryl, removing 95% and 76% of the wine proteins, respectively. The protein adsorption data for bentonite and trisacryl were fitted using the Freundlich isotherm. The wine protein adsorption isotherm on trisacryl was unfavourable. Protein removal from Chardonnay by trisacryl in a packed column at continuous operation was about 50% during the first 70 bed volumes (BV) of treated wine and decreased progressively until the end of the treatment (100 BV). The adsorbents showed a higher selectivity for proteins than for polyphenols and polysaccharides. A sensorial panel could not detect statistically significant differences between the bentonite and trisacryl treatments of wine at P  ≤ 0.05.     

不同酵母菌株对霞多丽冰葡萄酒香气成分的影响

通过从霞多丽葡萄渣中分离筛选出5株不同的酵母菌株,1号菌、12号菌、X7号菌、V10号菌和15号菌,分别进行冰葡萄酒发酵实验,并采用固相微萃取结合气质色谱的方法对葡萄酒中的香气成分进行检测。结果表明,采用计算机谱图库检索定性的方法共检测出40种化合物,主要为酯类、醇类、醛类;5种酵母发酵的霞多丽冰葡萄酒样中分别检测到20种、21种、19种、23种、20种香气成分,其种类和含量均具有明显差异,说明这些菌株具有不同的发酵功能。     

Concentration of volatile compounds in Chardonnay wine fermented in stainless steel tanks and oak barrels

The influence of the type of container used in alcoholic fermentation on the formation of volatile compounds in wine from Chardonnay variety was studied. To do so, must from Chardonnay variety was fermented in both stainless steel tanks and in new Nevers oak barrels. The results obtained showed that wine fermented in barrels had a greater concentration of higher alcohols and esters than wine fermented in tanks. Concentration of isoamyl acetate, ethyl hexanoate, ethyl octanoate and ethyl decanoate was four times higher in wine fermented in oak barrels than in wine fermented in stainless steel tanks. With regard to the concentration of acids, a greater concentration of medium-chain fatty acids (C6:0–C10:0) was noticeable in wine fermented in oak barrels. Given that these acids are toxic for the yeasts, they may be responsible for the slower fermentation rate of wine fermented in oak barrels.     

三种酵母酿造霞多丽干白葡萄酒的效果研究

采用三种商品酵母AWRIR2、CY3079和EC1118进行霞多丽干白葡萄酒的发酵试验.结果表明:3种酵母发酵期的温度及比重变化一致,产酒精率相同,但AWRIR2酵母较其他两种酵母产生的挥发酸和残糖略高.采用GC/MS技术分别鉴定出3种酵母发酵的酒体中存在49、48和49种香气物质,其主要香气组分无差异,只在某些微量香气物质上有所区别.醇类、酸类、酯类及其他香气物质在3种酵母发酵的干白葡萄酒中的含量各有差异.     

不同容器发酵昌黎地区霞多丽干白葡萄酒的香气研究

不同的工艺发酵环境及发酵容器都会对葡萄酒的香气产生影响,该实验旨在研究不同发酵容器对昌黎地区霞多丽葡萄酒香气的影响.研究采用相同的酿酒葡萄原料分别经过橡木桶发酵罐和不锈钢发酵罐进行发酵,采用相同的发酵工艺和发酵条件,对发酵后的原酒进行香气测定,分析不同发酵容器发酵出的原酒在香气上的区别.     

沙城产区赤霞珠、霞多丽葡萄发酵过程中主要有机酸的变化

葡萄酒中有机酸的组成及含量的平衡对酒的质量有重要的影响。沙城产区怀涿盆地作为国家葡萄酒原产地域，是我国最理想的葡萄原料基地之一，而该产区的赤霞珠、霞多丽葡萄种植面积相对较大，表现性状较佳，因此，通过对沙城产区赤霞珠、霞多丽葡萄发酵过程中的主要有机酸变化分析，找寻其变化规律和量变的幅度，