挤压谷物原料成分与理化性质之间的相关性分析

采用双螺杆挤压机将9种谷物在同一条件下挤压膨化,研究比较了9种谷物原料挤压后的理化性质:糊化度、吸水指数、水溶性指数、膨胀度、硬度、脆性和保脆性,分析了谷物原料成分与挤压后产品的理化性质之间的相关关系,以及各理化性质之间的相关关系。     

挤压加工对谷物早餐粉膳食纤维成分和物理性质的影响

以粳米和赤小豆为原料,添加枣渣及红莲,用挤压法生产高膳食纤维谷物早餐粉,采用响应面分析法研究加工参数对挤压产品膳食纤维成分和物理性质的影响。结果发现,中等螺杆转速(100r/min)、中等末区温度(130~140℃)和低进料水分含量(20%),有利于产品中不溶性膳食纤维向可溶性膳食纤维转化;低进料水分含量和中等末区温度有利于膨化度的提高;升高温度有利于吸水性指数和水溶性指数的提高,提高螺杆转速会增加水溶性指数,降低吸水性指数。最适加工参数确定为:进料水分含量20%,末区温度130℃,螺杆转速100r/min,进料速率1.0r/s。     

挤压膨化对谷物营养成分的影响

采用挤压膨化技术处理大米、玉米、小麦、燕麦和荞麦,分析这些谷物在处理前后的淀粉、直链淀粉、粗蛋白质、粗脂肪、还原糖、膳食纤维和矿物元素等营养成分含量影响。结果显示,挤压膨化后大米、玉米、小麦、燕麦和荞麦的淀粉、粗蛋白质、粗脂肪和矿物元素含量降低(P0.05),还原糖含量显著增加(P0.05),直链淀粉和膳食纤维含量提高(P0.05)。     

膨化谷物粉在酸奶中的应用研究

目的：研究膨化谷物粉在酸奶工艺中的应用；方法：对工艺中影响膨化谷物粉在酸奶中应用的主要因素膨化粉的水溶性指数、吸水性指数、冲调性、糊化度进行探讨，并用正交试验确定了适合于酸奶工艺中膨化粉的最佳工艺参数和产品改良剂的配比；结果：挤压膨化谷物最佳工艺参数为：物料加水量3％、进料量50kg／h、螺杆转速800r／min、模头温度180℃：品质改良剂最佳配比为：大豆磷脂0．8％，单甘酯0．7％、蔗糖酯0．3％。     

玉米挤压工艺条件的优化及其理化特性的研究

以玉米籽粒为原料,以膨化度为指标,在单因素试验基础上,采用响应面分析法研究挤压工艺条件对玉米籽粒膨化特性的影响,并分析其主要理化特性.结果表明,回归方程能较好地预测玉米膨化度随挤压工艺参数变化的规律,玉米挤压膨化的最佳工艺条件为物料粒度60目,物料含水量24.5％,挤压温度164℃,转速400r/min,膨化度3.42％.玉米经挤压后还原糖、可溶性膳食纤维、吸水性指数、水溶性指数、糊化度分别提高361.54％、134.38％、80.20％、186.4％和794.12％,淀粉、不溶性膳食纤维分别降低26.03％和36.67％,蛋白质含量基本不变,玉米的理化特性得到有效改善.     

谷物组成对挤压膨化产品品质的影响

该实验以6种谷物(粳米、小麦、玉米、糯米、小米、燕麦)为原料,考察不同谷物原料组成成分与产品膨化特性之间的相关性。结果表明,挤压后谷物膨化制品的一些指标得到很大提高,如吸水性指数、水溶性指数;蛋白质含量及脂肪含量与膨胀度呈负相关,淀粉含量与膨胀度呈正相关,膨化制品中蛋白质及脂肪含量要控制在合理范围内;水溶性指数与蛋白质含量呈极显著正相关,与总淀粉含量呈极显著负相关;糊化度与总淀粉含量呈极显著正相关,与蛋白质、粗脂肪含量呈极显著负相关。粳米、小麦以及糯米的膨化特性要优于玉米、小米以及燕麦,其中糯米在膨胀度、体积密度、水溶性指数、糊化度、硬度以及脆度方面都表现较为优异,膨化性能最好。综上所述,6种谷物原料中,糯米、小麦和粳米的挤压特性较好,可作为挤压膨化的主要原料,玉米、小米以及燕麦可根据成本适量添加。     

挤压膨化技术在谷物加工中的应用

挤压膨化技术是一种现代的食品加工技术,在谷物类食品加工中具有广泛的应用。挤压膨化生产的食品有效的改善了口感,其营养丰富、简单快捷、便于食用、种类繁多,易于被广大消费者接受。挤压膨化技术解决了全麦粉由于含有丰富的酶类和大量的脂肪而不易保存的问题;提升了玉米和糙米的食用品质;提高了苦荞的适口性和食用品质;改善了大麦产品硬而缺乏弹性的问题,使大麦饮品利用率提高,饮料的沉淀率降低,赋予其浓郁的麦香味;改变了燕麦中膳食纤维的含量同时提高氨基酸的利用率。我们还简单介绍了挤压膨化技术在谷物加工中的工艺参数,以期对挤压膨化技术在谷物加工中更好地应用提供帮助。     

早餐谷物研究进展Ⅲ.挤压过程中原料成分变化

该文详细论述早餐谷物原料中主要成分,如蛋白质、淀粉、脂类物质、膳食纤维及其它成分在挤压过程中所发生变化。     

蛹虫草复合谷物杂粮膨化产品的工艺优化及糊化特性

目的：采用双螺杆挤压工艺制备蛹虫草复合谷物杂粮膨化产品,并研究蛹虫草对谷物杂粮膨化产品淀粉糊化特性的影响。方法：以大米粉、糯米粉、薏米粉、红豆粉、黄豆粉、蛹虫草粉为原料,按照一定比例混合制成蛹虫草复合谷物杂粮粉进行挤压膨化实验,并在单因素试验的基础上,选择物料水分含量、螺杆转速、进料速率、挤压温度为影响因素,产品径向膨化率、糊化度、水分含量、吸水性和水溶性指数为指标,设计正交试验,用极差分析法优化出蛹虫草复合谷物杂粮膨化产品的最佳工艺,并利用快速黏度仪测定谷物杂粮膨化产品和蛹虫草复合谷物杂粮膨化产品的淀粉糊化特性。结果：蛹虫草复合谷物杂粮膨化产品的最优工艺参数为物料水分含量16%、螺杆转速180 r/min、机筒的5 段挤压温度80-90-120-140-165 ℃、进料速率15 r/min,此时蛹虫草复合谷物杂粮膨化产品的径向膨化率、糊化度、水分含量、水溶性和吸水性指数分别为3.015、84.32%、6.11%、29.65%、416.39%;与谷物杂粮膨化产品相比,蛹虫草复合谷物杂粮膨化产品峰值黏度、保持黏度、最终黏度、回生值显著下降。结论：蛹虫草复合谷物杂粮膨化产品挤压工艺可行,添加蛹虫草能够显著降低谷物杂粮膨化产品的糊化特征值,并抑制其淀粉分子的回生或重排。     

糖和油脂对双螺杆挤压谷物早餐挤压特性的影响

文章通过在挤压基料中加入不同种类、不同比例的糖和油脂制作挤压食品的实验,探索研究了早餐谷物食品配料对谷物挤压食品特性的影响,其目的是为早餐谷物食品的开发和配方设计提供理论依据,对挤压早餐谷物生产实践具有一定指导意义,对探索挤压机的挤压机理具有一定的理论意义。     

加酶挤压膨化对小米膳食纤维的影响

以小米为原材料,通过加酶挤压膨化的加工方式对小米粉进行熟化处理,对比研究小米生粉、加酶小米粉、挤压小米粉及加酶挤压粉的营养成分和冲调性的变化;采用酶解法提取膳食纤维,比较其性质及结构的变化。结果显示：小米粉在加工过程中,蛋白质含量无显著变化,WSI(水溶性指数)显著提高(P<0.05),结块率显著降低(P<0.05),WAI(吸水性指数)下降,极大改善了小米粉冲调性。提取小米膳食纤维后,持水、持油能力和溶解度均显著提高(P<0.05),扫描电镜结构疏松多孔,润湿性提高,胆固醇吸附能力、亚硝酸根离子吸附力显著增强,红外光谱相似,主要官能团没有改变,存在不同的吸收峰强度。     

Soybean Flour/Oil and Wheat Bran Effects on Characteristics of Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) Flour Extrudate

Adding soybean flour, soybean oil and wheat bran to cassava flour increased the percentage of crude protein/fat and crude fiber respectively in the blends. Crude protein or extrudate correlated negatively (P<0.01) with expansion, water solubility or total reducing sugars and positively (P<0.01) with bulk density, and water absorption. Crude fiber of extrudate correlated negatively (P<0.01) with expansion, bulk density and total reducing sugars. At 4% soybean oil addition, extrudate expansion and WSI were highest, while bulk density and WAI were lowest. Extrudates became more yellow in color on addition of soybean flour.     

Development of extruded snacks using taro (Colocasia esculenta) and nixtamalized maize (Zea mays) flour blends

Extruded snacks were prepared from flour blends made with taro and nixtamalized (TF-NMF) or non-nixtamalized maize (TF-MF) using a single-screw extruder. A central composite design was used to investigate the effects of taro flour proportion in formulations (0-100 g/100 g) and extrusion temperatures (140-180 °C) on the following indices: expansion (EI), water solubility (WSI), water absorption (WAI) and fat absorption (FAI). Moreover, selected TF-NMF and TF-MF extruded products were partially characterized through proximate chemical analysis, resistant starch, color, pH, water activity, apparent density, hardness, and sensory analysis. Results indicated that EI and WSI of both TF-MF and TF-NMF extrudates were significantly increased by the use of higher proportions of taro flour, while the opposite behavior was observed for the FAI (p < 0.05). Taro flour at higher proportions in both extrudates did not produce a significant change of WAI, while the use of higher extrusion temperatures only caused a significant increase of FAI in TF-MF extrudates (p < 0.05). This study showed that flour mixtures made from taro and nixtamalized maize flour produced puffed extruded snacks with good consumer acceptance.     

Properties of extruded whole grain cereals and pseudocereals flours

Common cereals such as wheat are widely used worldwide in extruded products. Nevertheless, other locally available grains would be beneficial for local consumers regarding taste preference, nutritional needs and sustainability. Locally available cereals, that is millet, teff, sorghum and pseudocereals, that is quinoa and amaranth flours were extruded at the same processing conditions, and the resulting properties were compared to those of extruded refined wheat flour. Amaranth flour contained the highest protein content (16%). Sorghum was the highest in calories because of its high lipid content (10%). The extrusion process greatly increased a water solubility index (WSI) of amaranth from 11% to 61%, while the WSI level of quinoa was almost not affected (WSI of 4%). The expansion properties varied differently among grain types. These grains had a sectional expansion index (SEI) ranging between 11 and 13, which could not achieve the performance of the refined wheat (SEI of 22). The lowest expansion was observed for amaranth flour which contained the lowest starch content. Sorghum extrudates, interestingly, provided comparable stress at rupture value to that of wheat. For the mechanical properties, none of these local grains could fully replace refined wheat at the employed extrusion conditions.     

挤压加工中调味料的添加对谷物早餐质构的影响

本文研究了挤压加工中糖含量、盐含量和蜂蜜含量对谷物早餐质构的影响。选取脆性、保脆性、WAI、WSI、体积密度、固体密度和膨化度为主要指标进行研究。得出结论:随着糖含量的增加,WAI下降,保脆性、WSI和膨化度升高,淀粉颗粒可以保持其原有的晶型结构;随着盐含量的增加,保脆性和膨化度降低,WSI上升,淀粉颗粒可以保持其原有的晶型结构;随着蜂蜜含量的升高,脆性和WAI降低,保脆性和WSI增高,淀粉颗粒可以保持其原有的晶型结构。     

人参山药挤压膨化工艺优化及其理化性质研究

采用双螺杆挤压膨化工艺制备人参、山药膨化制品,并研究其最佳工艺条件及其膨化前后理化性质的变化。以生晒参、山药饮片为实验材料,将生晒参粉与山药饮片粉按1:1比例混合,在单因素的基础上,以膨化制品的径向膨化率为考察指标,根据L₉(34)正交表进行正交试验,确定人参、山药复合粉挤压膨化的最佳工艺参数,并对膨化前后的营养品质、物理化特性、有效成分进行比较分析。结果显示:人参、山药复合挤压膨化的最佳工艺参数为:螺杆转速为250 r/min,Ⅲ区温度160 ℃,物料水分含量24%,在此条件下得到疏松多孔的膨化制品,产品径向膨化率达到最大值为2.43。人参、山药复合粉挤膨化后与膨化前营养化学成分相比,粗灰分含量差异不大(P>0.05),粗脂肪、TDF、IDF、粗蛋白质、可溶性蛋白质、总淀粉、支链淀粉含量均降低(P<0.05);可溶性膳食纤维、直链淀粉均有提高(P<0.05),分别提高了12.96%、18.03%。膨化后与膨化前物理特性比较,糊化度、WSI、WAI均有提高;人参、山药复合粉基本营养化学成分与物理特性相关性分析表明,膨化前后的糊化度变化率与淀粉含量变化率、支链淀粉含量变化率呈显著负相关(P<0.05),WAI值的变化率与IDF呈极显著正相关(P<0.01),WSI值与支链淀粉、脂肪、TDF、IDF含量变化率呈显著负相关(P<0.05)。膨化前后人参总皂苷由5.50%下降到5.15%,差异显著(P<0.05)。结论:通过挤压膨化技术的应用,使人参、山药复合粉的理化性质得到了改善,为进一步研究奠定理论基础。     

Development of a Protein-rich Composite Sorghum-Cowpea Instant Porridge by Extrusion Cooking Process

To develop an instant high protein porridge, various ratios of sorghum and cowpeas were extruded at 130 and 165 °C and a water content of 200 g/kg using a twin-screw extruder. An increased proportion of cowpeas resulted in an increase in protein content, nitrogen solubility index (NSI), yellow colour, water absorption (WAI) and solubility (WSI) indexes and in a decrease in total starch (TS), enzyme-susceptible starch (ESS), expansion ratio (ER), and porridge firmness. The higher extrusion temperature gave lower NSI, TS and WAI. ESS, ER and WSI increased with severity of heat treatment. The composite of 50% sorghum and 50% cowpeas extruded at 130 °C was the most similar to a commercial instant maize-soya composite porridge in terms of composition and functional properties. A serving of 100 g would contribute 28% of the recommended dietary allowance (RDA) for protein. This represents a 110% increase in the protein RDA compared to sorghum only.     

Study on the relationship between the degradation degrees of glutinous rice starch extruded with different α-amylases and the qualities of Chinese rice wine

In view that enzymatic extrusion can change the degradation degree of raw materials, this paper studied the regulation rules of four indexes of degradation degree of enzymatically extruded glutinous rice flour and the correlation between these indexes and the quality indexes of brewed Chinese rice wine. The results showed that at appropriate water content, dextrose equivalent (DE) and water solubility index (WSI) were linearly related to the enzyme content in extrusion with thermostable α-amylase (TS-αA) and mesophilic α-amylase (MS-αA), respectively. But water absorption index (WAI) was not significantly affected by enzyme content. The percentages of each degree of polymerisation (DP) (1–7) and that of the sum of the rest DPs called other DP were the fundamental reasons for different DE values, WSI, WAI and quality indexes of Chinese rice wine. DP1 was significantly positively correlated with alcohol degree, and negatively correlated with total acid. DP2–DP7 (except DP4) was significantly positively correlated with amino acid nitrogen. Besides, other DP was significantly positively correlated with total sugar and total acid. The percentages of DP1, DP2–DP7 and other DP could be respectively adjusted by changing enzyme content in extrusion with MS-αA, MS-αA/TS-αA and TS-αA to control the related quality indexes of Chinese rice wine.     

Effect of processing conditions on some functional characteristics of extrusion‐cooked cassava starch/wheat gluten blends

Extrusion‐cooked blends of cassava starch (CS) and wheat gluten (WG) were studied. The data were analysed using response surface methodology. The results showed the formation of new structures characterised by lower radial expansion (RE) and specific volume (SV) when gluten was added to CS. WG content was the most important variable affecting RE, water absorption index (WAI), water solubility index (WSI), SV and difference in colour (ΔE) of the extruded products, but feed moisture content and barrel temperature also influenced RE. WAI was affected by a significant interaction between WG content and barrel temperature. The extruded products had lower WAI values and higher WSI values than WG‐free products. Heat, high shear rate and high pressure during extrusion cooking caused mechanical destruction or denaturation of the WG and gelatinisation and dextrinisation of the starch components. The extruded blends could have diverse applications. © 2002 Society of Chemical Industry     

Effects of temperature and protein content on physical properties of pasta made from rice enriched with soybean by extrusion cooking. Part I. Effect on water absorption and solubility employing response surface analysis

Rice flour was mixed with various amounts of defatted soybean flour in order to obtain a mixture with protein levels of 15, 20 and 25%. These mixtures were processed in a one-screw Brabender 20 DN extruder at temperatures of 80, 100 and 120 °C. Below 20% of protein concentration, the water absorption index (WAI) increased, with increasing extrusion temperature, and below 90 °C the WAI increased with increasing protein concentration. The water solubility index (WSI) notibly increased with increases in both temperature and protein concentration.