纺织品用驱蚊率的测试方法及其装置

阐述了防蚊与驱蚊的差别,介绍了几种常用的实验室驱蚊率测试装置,设计了一种新的适合纺织品用驱蚊率的测试装置,并介绍了测试方法。     

纺织品用驱蚊率的测试方法及其装置

阐述了防蚊与驱蚊的差别,介绍了几种常用的实验室驱蚊率测试装置,设计了一种新的适合纺织品用驱蚊率的测试装置,并介绍了测试方法。     

驱蚊剂合成工艺条件的探讨

香茅草(Cymbopogon witerianus),禾本科(Gramineae)香茅属,是一种热带多年生草本植物,分布在台湾、海南、广西、云南等地区,其水蒸气蒸馏产物为香茅油,香茅油主要成份是香茅醇和香茅醛,香茅醛具有驱避蚊子的作用.本实验目的是以香茅醛为原料合成驱蚊剂,探讨合成条件,并观察其驱蚊效果.     

驱蚊贴、驱蚊手环产品质量安全研究

参照相关标准方法对驱蚊贴、驱蚊手环中拟除虫菊酯类、避蚊胺、驱蚊酯、苯系溶剂、香茅醛、香叶醇、香叶醛进行检测。结果表明,检测的35批次样品中有13批次检出有害物质,其中7批次检出驱蚊酯,5批次检出甲苯,1批次检出甲苯和二甲苯,与产品宣称的天然、无毒、安全等信息不符。有关监管部门以及生产企业应重视这类产品的质量安全控制。     

驱蚊酯在个人护理化妆品中的药效探讨

目前在个人护理品和家居产品领域,驱蚊产品以实现驱蚊功效为主要卖点,很少考虑对皮肤的保护和护理。因此,在不影响蚊虫驱避效果的基础上考虑产品对皮肤的护理功效是一个重要的开发课题。研究通过选择和调整驱蚊产品的配方原料,从而使产品兼具良好的护肤作用和驱蚊效果,并对成品在中国南北方不同地区的驱蚊功效进行了全面的测试。     

1,8-Cineole (Eucalyptol), a mosquito feeding and ovipositional repellent from volatile oil ofHemizonia fitchii (Asteraceae)

The mosquito feeding and ovipositional repellency of the major monoterpenoid present in the volatile oil ofHemizonia fitchii (Asteraceae), i.e., 1,8-cineole, was investigated. Although 1,8-cineole did not exhibit any significant mosquito larvicidal activity, it was moderately effective as a feeding repellent and highly effective as an ovipositional repellent against adultAedes aegypti (yellow fever mosquito). The ovipositional repellency of 1,8-cineole, coupled with the presence of severalHemizonia chromenes previously shown to possess mosquito larvicidal activity, may therefore account in large part for the observed suppression of local mosquito populations which was associated withH. fitchii plants in northern California.Part III in the series Biologically Active Constituents of North American Plants. For Part II, see Klocke et al., 1986.     

聚对苯二甲酸丁二酯/聚丙烯皮芯复合驱蚊纤维

利用扫描电子显微镜观察聚对苯二甲酸丁二酯/聚丙烯皮芯复合驱蚊纤维的形态结构,并用单纤强力仪测试纤维的力学性能。研究发现:复合纤维表面平滑;当纤维中驱蚊剂质量分数低于6%时,纤维截面具有规整的同心圆结构,且皮芯结合紧密,纤维的断裂强度为2.5 cN/dtex,断裂伸长率为35%左右,力学性能良好;而当驱蚊剂质量分数高于8%后则出现皮芯分离现象,且此现象随着驱蚊剂含量的增高而愈发明显,力学性能随之下降。     

Biobased plastics with insect‐repellent functionality

Natural insecticides/repellents, such as pyrethrum (derived from chrysanthemum plants), and insect repellent N,N‐Diethyl‐meta‐toluamide (DEET) were added to poly(lactic acid) (PLA) fibers through extrusion and spray coating on the PLA fabrics. Contact irritancy assay (CIA) showed that DEET‐treated PLA fabrics caused the lowest relative escape response of mosquitoes with an escape frequency of 33.3% ± 3.3%, indicating that DEET was less effect compared with natural insecticides/repellents. This was followed by the extruded natural pyrethrum‐treated PLA fabric with an escape frequency of 80% ± 6.3%. Finally, the PLA fabrics spray‐coated with natural pyrethrum caused the highest escape frequency of 98.3% ± 1.7%. Thus, it was found that pyrethrum/PLA fabrics functioned as a mosquito repellent better than DEET/PLA fabrics. In addition, TGA and tensile testing results demonstrated that pyrethrum was sufficiently thermally stable to be extrusion compounded with PLA. GPC results showed that DEET promoted de‐polymerization of PLA when co‐extruded. The results demonstrated that pyrethrum can be a viable additive for PLA to produce fibers that function as mosquito repellent to produce temporary garments that are compostable. The potential use of the developed biobased fibers with natural insect repellents is for single use of personal protection equipment (PPE) garments. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 59:E460–E467, 2019. © 2019 Society of Plastics Engineers     

植物精油防控蚊的研究进展

蚊虫遍布全球除南极洲外的陆地上,在许多不发达地区,蚊虫作为传播疟疾、登革热等疾病的中间媒介,危害着无数人的生命安全。目前化学农药是虫媒防治的主要手段,化学农药的大量使用使虫媒得到了有效控制。但与此同时,虫媒的抗药性不断增强,成为虫媒疾病控制的最大威胁。此外,化学合成类农药的毒性相对较大,特别是对孕妇和婴幼儿等特殊人群不够安全。在此背景下,天然植物精油用于蚊媒控制受到了越来越多的关注。目前,现有研究主要集中在植物精油对蚊虫幼虫的灭杀活性、对成蚊的驱避和灭杀活性、以及对现用农药的增效作用三方面。总结和综述了植物精油在防蚊控蚊方面的研究进展。     

Imparting insect repellency to nylon 6 fibers by means of a novel MCT reactive dye

Insect repellency of fiber is a property which makes the fiber to be of interest in the field of military and health. The insect‐repellent substrate could be prepared using either functional finishing or applying an insect‐repellent dye. In this article, insect‐repellent nylon 6 is obtained using a novel insect‐repellent reactive dye containing N,N‐diethyl‐m‐toluamide. To do this, N,N‐diethyl‐m‐toluamide (DEET) was first nitrated at the p‐position relative to amide functionality. The nitrated product was reduced in the presence of C₂H₅OH, SnCl₂, and HCl. The produced amine was then condensed with 2,4,6‐trichloro‐1,3,5‐triazine (cyanuric chloride) as a reactive group in below 5°C. The resultant adduct was finally reacted with an amino group present in 6‐amino‐1‐hydroxy naphthalene‐3‐sulfonic acid (J‐acid) to produce 7‐(4‐chloro‐6‐(4‐(diethylcarbamoyl)‐2‐methylphenylamino)‐1,3,5‐triazin‐2‐ylamino)‐4‐hydroxynaphthalene‐2‐sulfonic acid. To synthesis azo dye, sulfanilic acid was diazotized using HCl and NaNO₂ and then coupled to the above prepared component to produce insect‐repellent reactive dye. An analog dye was prepared via the same route without insect‐repellent group making stage. The chemical structures of the novel dyes were characterized using FTIR and ¹H‐NMR spectroscopy. The spectroscopic properties of the dyes were determined in terms of λ_max and ε_max in aqueous solution. The novel dyes were then reacted with nylon 6 and bonded to it covalently to provide permanent insect‐repellent substrate. The insect‐repellent efficacy of the reacted nylon 6 was studied using standard methods for Anophele mosquito repellent. The insect‐repellent dye reacted nylon 6 showed insect‐repellent activity. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012     

Synthesis,Bioassays and Field Evaluation of Hydroxycoumarins and their Alkyl Derivatives as Repellents or Kairomones for <Emphasis Type="Italic">Aedes albopictus</Emphasis> Skuse (Diptera: Culicidae)

In recent years, a significant increase in mosquito-borne diseases has been recorded worldwide. Faced with the limitations of existing methods for controlling the vector mosquito population, the development of attractants to bait traps and repellents to limit host-vector contacts could be promising and environmentally-friendly control strategies. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of hydroxycoumarins and their alkyls derivatives against Aedes albopictus, the main vector of several arboviruses. Synthesis, bioassays and field trials were carried out in Madagascar. The results showed that 3, 4 and 6-hydroxycoumarins are attractive to this mosquito, 4-hydroxycoumarin being the most effective both in the laboratory and under field conditions. In addition, a good synergistic effect was found with octenol to attract mosquitoes and especially Ae. albopictus in comparison to other mosquito species living in sympatry. On the contrary, the 4-s-butoxycoumarin and 4-s-pentoxycoumarin derivatives had a repellent effect with the former showing the most significant effect. Further optimization of the dose and structure of these products will be carried out in order to maximize their utility for the control of Ae. albopictus and other mosquitoes.     

Neuronal Responses of Antennal Olfactory Sensilla to Insect Chemical Repellents in the Yellow Fever Mosquito, <Emphasis Type="Italic">Aedes aegypti</Emphasis>

The yellow fever mosquito, Aedes aegypti, is a vector of many human diseases such as yellow fever, dengue fever, and Zika. As insecticide resistance has been widely reported, chemical repellents have been adopted as alternative options for mosquito and mosquito-borne disease control. This study characterized the responses of olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs) in different types of antennal olfactory sensilla in Ae. aegypti to 48 chemicals that exhibited repellent activity in various insect species. Both excitatory and inhibitory responses were observed from ORNs in response to these chemicals and differential tuning properties were also observed among ORNs. Remarkable excitatory responses were recorded from the ORNs in sensilla SST1, SST2, SBTI, SBTII, and LST2, while inhibitory activities were detected from a neuron in sensillum SST2 in response to several terpene/terpenoid compounds. Moreover, the temporal dynamics of neuronal responses were found to be compound-specific and concentration-dependent. Hierarchical cluster analysis and principal component analysis of the response to each compound across ORNs in seven types of olfactory sensilla in Ae. aegypti revealed that odor reception depended not only on chemical class but also specific chemical structure. Results of this study give new insights into the sensory physiology of Aedes mosquitoes to the chemical repellents and should contribute to the development of new repellent reagents for human protection.     

Polymeric Nanorepellent Systems Containing Geraniol and Icaridin Aimed at Repelling Aedes aegypti

Repellents are among the leading products used against diseases transmitted by the Aedes aegypti mosquito. However, their indiscriminate use or high concentrations can cause severe adverse reactions, particularly in children and pregnant women. To protect them, nanotechnology is a promising tool to encapsulate active compounds against degradation, increase their effectiveness, and decrease their toxicity, as it can promote the modified release of the active compound. This study aimed to develop polymeric nanocapsules containing the repellent actives geraniol and icaridin using low concentrations of the active component, with the objective of promoting effective activity and greater safety against adverse reactions. The nanocapsules were developed by the interfacial deposition method, and the physicochemical properties of the nanocapsules were evaluated using dynamic light scattering (DLS), nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA), zeta potential, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), atomic force microscopy (AFM), release kinetics assay, and mathematical modeling. Cell viability was assessed by the MTT assay and genotoxicity analysis using the comet assay. The developed nanocapsules containing geraniol and icaridin showed mean diameters of 260 nm and 314 nm, respectively, with a polydispersity index < 0.2. The nanocapsules showed encapsulation efficiency values of 73.7 ± 0.1% for icaridin and 98.7 ± 0.1% for geraniol. Morphological analysis showed spherical nanocapsules with low polydispersity. The kinetic parameters calculated using the Korsmeyer–Peppas model indicated an anomalous release profile. Cell viability and genotoxicity analyses showed that the nanocapsules did not alter cell viability or damage DNA. The results demonstrate a promising nanostructured system with good physicochemical characteristics and good stability, with repellent activity against Aedes aegypti.     

有机硅防水处理技术

概述了几种用于混凝土结构的有机硅防水剂如水性有机硅防水剂、溶剂型有机硅防水剂、有机改性有机硅防水剂等。介绍了有机硅防水剂的特点及防水处理方法。     

影响单组分聚氨酯防水涂料性能的因素

比较了单组分、双组分聚氨酯防水涂料的优缺点。分析了影响单组分聚氨酯防水涂料性能的因素。介绍了单组分聚氨酯防水涂料的施工工艺。     

The Effect of Aliphatic Carboxylic Acids on Olfaction-Based Host-Seeking of the Malaria Mosquito <Emphasis Type="Italic">Anopheles gambiae sensu stricto</Emphasis>

The role of aliphatic carboxylic acids in host-seeking response of the malaria mosquito Anopheles gambiae sensu stricto was examined both in a dual-choice olfactometer and with indoor traps. A basic attractive blend of ammonia + lactic acid served as internal standard odor. Single carboxylic acids were tested in a tripartite blend with ammonia + lactic acid. Four different airflow stream rates (0.5, 5, 50, and 100 ml/min) carrying the compounds were tested for their effect on trap entry response in the olfactometer. In the olfactometer, propanoic acid, butanoic acid, 3-methylbutanoic acid, pentanoic acid, heptanoic acid, octanoic acid, and tetradecanoic acid increased attraction relative to the basic blend. While several carboxylic acids were attractive only at one or two flow rates, tetradecanoic acid was attractive at all flow rates tested. Heptanoic acid was attractive at the lowest flow rate (0.5 ml/min), but repellent at 5 and 50 ml/min. Mixing the air stream laden with these 7 carboxylic acids together with the headspace of the basic blend increased attraction in two quantitative compositions. Subtraction of single acids from the most attractive blend revealed that 3-methylbutanoic acid had a negative effect on trap entry response. In the absence of tetradecanoic acid, the blend was repellent. In assays with MM-X traps, both a blend of 7 carboxylic acids + ammonia + lactic acid (all applied from low density polyethylene-sachets) and a simple blend of ammonia + lactic acid + tetradecanoic acid were attractive. The results show that carboxylic acids play an essential role in the host-seeking behavior of An. gambiae, and that the contribution to blend attractiveness depends on the specific compound studied.     

Insect repellent activity of fatty acid derivative

Summary (1) The repellent activity of a number of fatty acid derivatives for flies has been studied. It was found that certain higher alcohols: decyl, undecyl, undecenyl, and dodecyl alcohols are highly repellent and that aliphatic nitriles containing from ten to fourteen carbon atoms possess high repellent activity for the insects tested. (2) Undecylonitrile, lauronitrile, tridecylonitrile and dodecyl alcohol are more repellent for flies than oil of citronella under the test conditions. (3) Lauronitrile is non-toxic both when applied externally or administered orally.     

坡柳皂苷对马铃薯块茎蛾产卵选择性的影响研究

为探明坡柳皂苷对马铃薯块茎蛾产卵行为的影响,以开发生物农药,在室内采用选择性产卵实验方法分别测定了5种不同质量浓度的坡柳皂苷对马铃薯块茎蛾产卵选择性的影响.结果表明：从产卵量来看,各处理组与对照之间差异极显著,其中10.000 g·L-1处理组与对照的落卵量差别较大、卡方位达到131.120,0.080 g·L-1处理组次之、卡方值为92.395,2.000 g·L-1处理组与对照的落卵量差别较小、卡方位仅为24.599;从驱避效果来看,当坡柳皂苷浓度为10.000 g·L-1、0.080 g·L-1时驱避效果较好,驱避引诱指教分别为0.1891、0.1881,但是当坡柳皂苷浓度为0.400 g·L-1时,无驱避效果,驱避引诱指数为-0.1056,其它处理组驱避效果较弱;从整体上来看,坡柳皂苷对马铃薯块茎蛾产卵有驱避作用;坡柳皂苷对马铃薯块茎蛾的交配影响较小,0.016 g·L-1、0.080 g·L-1、0.400 g·L-1、2.000g·L-1、10.000 g·L-1处理组的交配率分别为60.00％、67.50％、67.50％％、67.50％、72.50％.表明,坡柳皂苷对马铃薯块茎蛾具有一定的产卵驱避作用,有望成为一种绿色环保的马铃薯块茎蛾产卵驱避剂.     

Identity and Function of Scent Marks Deposited by Foraging Bumblebees

Foraging bumblebees can detect scents left on flowers by previous bumblebee visitors and hence avoid flowers that have been depleted of nectar. Tarsal secretions are probably responsible for this repellent effect. The chemical components of the tarsal glands were analyzed by combined gas chromatography–mass spectrometry for three species of bumblebee, Bombus terrestris, B. lapidarius, and B. pascuorum. The hydrocarbons identified were similar for each species, although there were interspecific differences in the relative amounts of each compound present. The tarsal extracts of all three species comprised complex mixtures of long-chain alkanes and alkenes with between 21 and 29 carbon atoms. When B. terrestris tarsal extracts were applied to flowers and offered to foraging bumblebees of the three species, each exhibited a similar response; concentrated solutions produced a repellent effect, which decreased as the concentration declined. We bioassayed synthetic tricosane (one of the compounds found in the tarsal extracts) at a range of doses to determine whether it gave a similar response. Doses 10^–12 ng/flower resulted in rejection by foraging B. lapidarius. Only when 10^–14 ng was applied did the repellent effect fade. We bioassayed four other synthetic compounds found in tarsal extracts and a mixture of all five compounds to determine which were important in inducing a repellent effect in B. lapidarius workers. All induced repellency but the strength of the response varied; heneicosane was most repellent while tricosene was least repellent. These findings are discussed in relation to previous studies that found that tarsal scent marks were attractive rather than repellent.     

Identification of ant repellent allomone produced by social waspPolistes fuscatus (Hymenoptera: Vespidae)

Two active components were isolated from the ant repellent secretion produced by glandular cells on the sixth (terminal) gastral sternite ofPolistes fuscatus (F.) females. One of the components was identified as methyl palmitate. Field bioassays with synthetic methyl palmitate showed it had repellent activity againstSolenopsis geminata (F.)Forelius pruinosus (Roger), andPheidole sp. The effectiveness of the repellent was greater againstF. pruinosus andPheidole sp. than againstS. geminata. Four methyl ester homologs of methyl palmitate also were field tested for repellent activity: methyl myristate had repellent activity against all three ant species, whereas methyl stearate, methyl linoleate, and methyl linolenate exhibited no repellency.