Peanut protein concentrate: Production and functional properties as affected by processing

Peanut protein concentrate (PPC) was isolated from fermented and unfermented defatted peanut flour by isoelectric precipitation and physical separation procedures. PPC was dried by spray or vacuum drying. PPC powders from each drying technique were evaluated for proximate composition and functional properties (protein solubility, water/oil binding capacity, emulsifying capacity, foaming capacity and viscosity) along with defatted peanut flour and soy protein isolate as references. PPC contained over 85% protein versus 50% protein in the defatted peanut flour used as raw material for PPC production. PPC had a solubility profile similar to that of peanut flour, with minimum solubility observed at pH 3.5–4.5 and maximum solubility at pH 10 and higher. Roasting of peanut reduced all functional properties of defatted peanut flour while fermentation had the reverse effect. The type of drying significantly affected the functional properties of PPC. Spray dried PPCs exhibited better functional properties, particularly emulsifying capacity and foaming capacity, than vacuum oven dried PPC. Spray dried PPCs also showed comparable oil binding and foaming capacity to commercially available soy protein isolate (SPC). At equivalent concentrations and room temperature, PPC suspension exhibited lower viscosity than soy protein isolate (SPI) suspensions. However, upon heating to 90 °C for 30 min, the viscosity of PPC suspension increased sharply. Results obtained from this study suggest that the PPC could be used in food formulations requiring high emulsifying capacity, but would not be suitable for applications requiring high water retention and foaming capacity. PPC could be a good source of protein fortification for a variety of food products for protein deficient consumers in developing countries as well as a functional ingredient for the peanut industry. The production of PPC could also add value to defatted peanut flour, a low value by-product of peanut oil production.     

减压等离子体处理对大豆分离蛋白功能性质的影响

运用减压等离子体处理大豆分离蛋白(soybean protein isolate,SPI),研究处理时间对SPI溶解性、乳化活性、触变性、热稳定性及表面粗糙度等功能性质的影响。结果表明:经100 W的减压等离子体处理150 s后,SPI的溶解度、乳化活性指数和吸水性均达到最大,分别为572.83μg/mL、0.584 m2/g和12.675 g/g,比对照分别增加约35%、15%和48%;吸油性随着处理时间的延长呈现先降低后上升的趋势,当处理时间为300 s时达到最大值2.071 mL/g,比对照增加了12%;流变学研究表明减压等离子体处理使SPI的黏度有所降低,但未影响其触变性及剪切变稀行为;差示扫描量热分析表明减压等离子体处理略微降低了SPI的热稳定性,扫描电子显微镜观察结果则表明减压等离子体处理增加了SPI颗粒的表面粗糙度。上述研究表明,减压等离子体处理可以改善SPI的溶解性、乳化性、吸水性、吸油性,因此在SPI的改性中具有潜在的应用价值。     

杏鲍菇分离蛋白和清蛋白的理化性质及功能分析

以杏鲍菇为原料,分别利用碱溶酸沉法提取杏鲍菇分离蛋白（Pleurotus eryngii protein isolate,PEPI）、Osborne法分离主要蛋白组分,并研究其理化性质和功能分析。结果表明,杏鲍菇的蛋白质量分数为17.57%（以干质量计）,以杏鲍菇清蛋白（Pleurotus eryngii albumin,PEA）为主,占总分离蛋白组分的81.12%。PEPI和PEA中均含18?种氨基酸,且必需氨基酸含量分别占总氨基酸含量的40.80%和40.51%。与PEPI相比,PEA的表面疏水性（265.25）显著高于PEPI（164.27）（P＜0.05）,而总巯基、二硫键含量较低,分别为61.53?μmol/g和10.39?μmol/g;热变性温度（100.98?℃）低于PEPI（108.27?℃）,且PEA持水性（1.64?mL/g）、持油性（5.59?mL/g）显著低于PEPI（3.58、8.36?mL/g）（P＜0.05）。PEPI和PEA的溶解性、起泡性、泡沫稳定性、乳化性及乳化稳定性随pH值的变化趋势均相似,在等电点时均为最低。傅里叶变换红外光谱显示PEPI和PEA的二级结构主要是β-折叠和β-转角,扫描电镜观察PEPI呈蜂巢结构。相比PEA,PEPI具有更好的理化性质和功能特性。     

Functional Characteristics of Protein Flaxseed Concentrate Obtained Applying a Response Surface Methodology

ABSTRACT:  Food preferences by human beings are based on sensory attributes such as texture, flavor, color, and appearance that depend mainly on the interactions between minor and major components of the food. Some functional properties depend directly on the proteins, such as oil and water absorptions, foam and emulsion activities, and viscosity. The objective of this work was to obtain and evaluate the functional properties of flaxseed protein concentrate. Flaxseed was ground, defatted, and sieved to eliminate hull fiber. Surface response methodology with 5 central points and 4 axial points was used to determine how to obtain the highest protein concentrate. The independent variables used were solubilization pH (which varied from 9 to 11) and precipitation pH (which varied from 4.2 to 4.8). Treatment with a solubilization pH of 11 and a pH extraction of 4.8 gave 66.03% protein content. The flaxseed protein concentrate contained 2.56% fat, 6.62% ash, 2.44% insoluble fiber, 15.79% soluble fiber, and 6.59% sugars. The product had oil and water absorption capacities of 150.25% and 253.5%, respectively. Better foam stability (83.33%), emulsifying capacity (84.76 mL/g), and emulsifying activity (88.37%) of the flaxseed protein concentrate were observed at a pH 6. In light of its functional properties as indicated by this study, flaxseed protein concentrate may be recommended for use as an ingredient in products such as meat batters, hamburgers, and ice cream.     

Comparative studies on the functional properties of various protein concentrate preparations of peanut protein

The effect of different preparations on the functional properties of peanut protein concentrates was studied. Peanut protein concentrates were isolated from defatted peanut flour by isoelectric precipitation, alcohol precipitation, isoelectric precipitation combined with alcohol precipitation, alkali solution with isoelectric precipitation and their functional properties (protein solubility, water holding/oil binding capacity, emulsifying capacity and stability, foaming capacity and rheology) were evaluated. The results showed that the protein solubility, foaming capacity and stability of protein prepared by alkali solution with isoelectric precipitation were the best of all the peanut protein products. But the protein prepared by alcohol precipitation had better water holding/oil binding capacity, which was significantly different from other protein products. The emulsifying stability of protein concentrate prepared by different methods was significantly lower than that of defatted protein flour. The protein prepared by isoelectric precipitation and isoelectric precipitation combined with alcohol precipitation had better gel properties which indicated that they were a potential food ingredient.     

胃蛋白酶水解大米蛋白的研究

采用胃蛋白酶对大米蛋白进行水解以改善其功能性质。结果表明,酶添加量7U/g(以蛋白质干基计)、pH1.5、时间5h、温度30℃时,胃蛋白酶对大米蛋白溶解性有较好的改善作用。水解后大米蛋白的乳化稳定性与乳化性分别为33.28min、0.456,高于大豆蛋白和鸡蛋清蛋白;起泡性和起泡稳定性比未经过任何处理的大米蛋白分别提高了25.0%、82.4%;持水性和持油性为2.80、3.30g/g,是未经处理的大米蛋白的2.09、2.92 倍。     

Functional Properties of Protein Isolate from Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp.)

ABSTRACT: Functional properties of protein isolates prepared from 3 cowpea varieties and 2 soybean varieties in each of 2 y were determined. Both cowpea protein isolate (CPI) and soy protein isolate (SPI) showed a u-shaped curve for solubility with the minimum solubility occurring at pH 4.5. The CPI had lower emulsifying activity than SPI but was similar in stability. Foaming capacity and foaming stability ranged from 58.6 to 60.2 mL and 63.7 to 64.4 min for CPI and from 31.9 to 33.0 mL and 43.4 to 45.0 min for SPI, respectively. Gels were formed at 70 °C for 40 min and 30 min for CPI (12%) and SPI (10%), respectively. The CPI needs modification to enhance functional properties for potential application in food products.     

Characterization of Soy Protein Concentrate Produced by Membrane Ultrafiltration

The functionality of membrane processed soy concentrate was very similar to soy flour in terms of solubility and water hydration capacity. The high emulsifying activity index of soy flour is believed to be reflective of its higher solubility, while surface hydrophobicity is believed to be responsible for an equally high emulsifying activity index in acid precipitated soy isolate. The proteins of soy flour and membrane soy concentrate seem to have most of their hydrophobic residues buried in the interior, while they are exposed in acid precipitated soy isolate. Heating resulted in a decrease in solubility but improved the hydration capacity and emulsifying activity of both soy flour and membrane soy concentrate. The essential amino acid profile of concentrate was comparable to current commercial isolates manufactured by acid precipitation. The majority of the polypeptides present in soy flour were observed to be present in the concentrate. The membrane soy concentrate was determined to have the least soybean aroma when compared to both soy flour and acid precipitated soy isolate.     

碱性蛋白酶限制性酶解对蓝圆鲹分离蛋白功能特性的影响

以蓝圆鲹(Decapterus maruadsi)分离蛋白为原料,采用碱性蛋白酶对其进行限制性酶解,研究水解度(degree of hydrolysis,DH)对分离蛋白酶解产物溶解性、持油力、乳化性与起泡性等功能特性的影响.结果表明,碱性蛋白酶酶解产物的相对分子质量显著下降.酶解可有效提高分离蛋白的溶解性,其溶解度随...     

Isolation and characterization of protein isolated from defatted cashew nut shell: Influence of pH and NaCl on solubility and functional properties

This work reports the isolation of protein from defatted cashew nut shell (CNS), with the crude protein product containing 91.07% protein. Under its natural conditions, the solubility of this protein isolate is comparable (74.02%) to that of mustard green meal protein. The solubility of the protein isolate decreases with decreasing pH, with the minimum solubility observed at its isoelectric point (pH 3). The water holding capacity, oil holding capacity, foaming capacity, foam stability, emulsifying capacity and emulsion stability were found to be 2.56 cm³ H₂O/g protein, 4.28 cm³ oil/g protein, 76.88%, 70.98%, 62.0% and 79.0%, respectively. The profiles of these functional properties were determined with varying pH values and NaCl concentrations, and improved properties were observed in the alkaline pH range and in the presence of NaCl. Electrophoretic analysis showed that the high molecular weight protein globulin was the major protein in the protein isolate.     

限制性酶解结合大孔树脂吸附对葵花籽蛋白色泽及功能特性的影响

以低温脱脂葵花籽粕为原料提取葵花籽蛋白,对其分别进行大孔树脂吸附脱色和限制性酶解结合大孔树脂吸附脱色处理,对比不同处理的葵花籽蛋白白度值、绿原酸含量及功能特性(溶解性、乳化性、乳化稳定性、起泡性、泡沫稳定性、持油性、持水性和凝胶性)的差异。结果表明:限制性酶解10 min结合大孔树脂吸附脱色的葵花籽蛋白白度值(L^*)为86.3,绿原酸含量为0.16 mg/g,溶解性为77.60%,起泡性为20.87%,乳化性为3.44 m²/g,乳化稳定性为118.51 min,均显著优于葵花籽蛋白和大孔树脂吸附脱色葵花籽蛋白(P <0.05),持水性为1.94 mL/g,显著优于葵花籽蛋白,但与大孔树脂吸附脱色葵花籽蛋白相当,持油性和泡沫稳定性分别为4.40 mL/g和69.62%,显著低于葵花籽蛋白和大孔树脂吸附脱色葵花籽蛋白,限制性酶解10 min结合大孔树脂吸附脱色葵花籽蛋白展现出较好的凝胶性。研究表明,经限制性酶解结合大孔树脂吸附脱色后,葵花籽蛋白色泽显著改善,其溶解性、乳化性、起泡性、持水性和凝胶性均显著提高。     

响应面优化转谷氨酰胺酶改性花生分离蛋白工艺的研究

为了改善花生分离蛋白的凝胶特性,研究了利用转谷氨酰胺酶交联改性花生分离蛋白的工艺。在进行了酶添加量、花生分离蛋白浓度和酶作用时间单因素试验基础上,利用响应面试验设计优化了酶交联改性的最佳条件。并分别测定了酶改性前后花生分离蛋白的功能性,包括:溶解性、吸油性、持水性、乳化性和乳化稳定性、起泡性和起泡稳定性。通过响应面分析得到酶改性的最佳条件:酶添加量、花生分离蛋白质量浓度和酶作用时间分别为17.75 U/g、29.60 g/mL和376 min,在此条件下,凝胶的硬度可达到333.49 g。经转谷氨酰胺酶改性后,花生分离蛋白的吸油性和持水性均有不同程度的提高,分别提高了27.41%和61.24%。     

Preparation and Functional Properties of Linseed Protein Products Containing Differing Levels of Mucilage

The functionality of two high-mucilage protein concentrates (HMPC) prepared from linseed and linseed expeller cake by extracting and coprecipitating the mucilage with protein was compared with those of a low-mucilage flour (LMF), a protein concentrate (LMPC), and a protein isolate (LMPI) in simple systems. The HMPC samples had better water absorption and emulsifying properties, higher foaming capacity, but lower nitrogen solubility, oil absorption, and foam stability than LMF and LMPC. They also registered higher values of viscosity and emulsification characteristics than LMPI.     

Physicochemical and functional properties of a protein isolate produced from safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) meal by ultrafiltration

BACKGROUND: The protein isolate obtained from safflower meal by aqueous extraction and ultrafiltration was evaluated for its physicochemical and functional properties. RESULTS: Protein, ash and moisture contents of the safflower protein isolate were 901, 51 and 45 g kg^?1 respectively. Its water and oil absorption capacities were 2.22 mL H₂O g^?1 protein and 2.77 mL oil g^?1 protein respectively. Least gelation concentration was 20 g kg^?1 at pH 2, 6, 8 and 10 but 100 g kg^?1 at pH 4. Emulsifying properties were also affected by the pH: emulsifying activity and emulsion stability at pH 6 were 82.5 and 100% respectively. The highest foaming capacity (126%) occurred at pH 2; however, it increased by 104% with the addition of 0.25 g glucose g^?1 protein to the foam system. CONCLUSION: In the light of its functional properties found in this study, safflower protein isolate produced by ultrafiltration is recommended for use as an ingredient in food products such as salad dressing, meat products, mayonnaise, cakes, ice cream and desserts. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry     

苦杏仁蛋白的功能特性

采用稀盐溶液浸提及等电点盐析相结合的方法提取制备苦杏仁蛋白,研究pH值、NaCl浓度、蛋白质量浓度和温度等因素对苦杏仁蛋白功能特性(溶解性、持水性、吸油性、乳化性及乳化稳定性、起泡性及起泡稳定性)的影响。结果表明：在等电点pI附近时,苦杏仁蛋白的溶解性、持水性、乳化性及乳化稳定性、起泡性最差;在较低NaCl浓度范围内(0～0.8mol/L)提高NaCl浓度可促进蛋白溶解性、乳化性及乳化稳定性、起泡性及起泡稳定性的提高,而较高的NaCl浓度对蛋白功能特性提高具有抑制作用;当蛋白质量浓度达到一定水平时(3～4g/100mL),蛋白功能特性(乳化性及乳化稳定性、起泡性及起泡稳定性)提高趋于平缓;在适宜的温度范围内,提高温度可有效提高苦杏仁蛋白各项功能特性,但当温度继续上升,各项功能特性持续降低。     

碱性蛋白酶限制性水解对高温菜籽粕蛋白功能性质的影响

为改善高温菜籽粕蛋白质的功能性质,用碱性蛋白酶对其进行限制性水解,并研究不同水解度(DH)高温菜籽粕蛋白功能性质及相对分子质量分布。结果表明：碱性蛋白酶限制性水解高温菜籽粕蛋白的溶解度、乳化性和吸油性均有所改善,其中溶解度随水解度增加而增加,pH7.0 时DH为10% 的高温菜籽粕蛋白的溶解度达63.82%,是原蛋白溶解度的2.1 倍;DH 为2.0% 的水解蛋白乳化性最好,pH6.0 和pH8.0 时乳化指数分别为0.43 和0.49,比原蛋白乳化指数分别高0.13 和0.11;DH 为8% 的水解蛋白吸油性最好,为4.39g/g。水解后高温菜籽粕蛋白的某些功能性质与其相对分子质量分布有一定的关系,需控制高温菜籽粕蛋白水解度以获得某种良好的功能性质。     

Solubility and functional properties of sesame seed proteins as influenced by pH and/or salt concentration

The protein content, solubility and functional properties of a total protein isolate prepared from sesame seeds (Kenana 1 cultivar) as a function of pH and/or NaCl concentration were investigated. The protein content of the seed was found to be 47.70%. The minimum protein solubility was at pH 5 and the maximum was at pH 3. The emulsifying capacity, activity and emulsion stability as well as foaming capacity and foam stability were greatly affected by pH levels and salt concentrations. Lower values were observed at acidic pH and high salt concentration. The protein isolate was highly viscous and dispersable at pH 9 with water holding capacity of 2.10 ml H₂O/g protein, oil holding capacity of 1.50 ml oil/g protein and bulk density of 0.71 gm/ml.     

Functional properties of protein isolate obtained from physic nut (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Jatropha curcas</Emphasis> L.) seed cake

Physic nut (Jatropha curcas L.) protein isolate was successfully achieved from physic nut seed cake by an alkaline extraction and followed by an isoelectric precipitation. The protein isolate had small amounts of phorbol esters, phytic acid, and saponin without any lectin. Its minimum and maximum solubility were at pH 4.0 and 12.0, respectively. Its water and oil binding capacities were 3.22 g water/g protein and 1.86mL oil/g protein, respectively. Its foaming capacity and emulsion activity showed high values in a range of basic pHs. Its foaming and emulsion stability values decreased with increasing time and exhibited high levels under basic pH conditions. Physic nut protein isolate had unique functional properties in water binding capacity, emulsion activity, and emulsion stability indicating an important role in food systems. It may be applied to salad dressing, mayonnaise, sausage, and meat products. Therefore, physic nut seed cake has a potential to be exploited as a novel source of functional protein for food or feed applications.     

A comparison of the buttermilk solids functional properties to nonfat dried milk,soy protein isolate,dried egg white,and egg yolk powders

Physicochemical (i.e., sulfhydryl group, protein, and total solubility) as well as functional properties (i.e., water-holding and fat-absorption capacity, foaming and emulsification capacity, and stability) of commercial buttermilk solids (BMS) were compared to nonfat dried milk, soy protein isolate, and dried egg yolk and egg white powders on an equivalent protein basis. BMS showed limited functional properties in water-holding capacity (0.75 g water/g protein) and fat-absorption capacity (1.2 g of oil/g of protein), and foaming capacity (0.5 ml of foam/ml of solution) and stability. However, emulsifying capacity and stability of BMS was not significantly different from other dried protein powders. Results indicated that 0.9 g of protein (approximately 0.45%, wt/vol, concentration) from BMS was needed to emulsify a maximum oil concentration of 50% in water at temperatures up to 50 degrees C. Denaturation of protein, quantified by free sulfhydryl groups, was a critical factor affecting the functionality of BMS and all other protein powders tested. The milk fat globule membrane present in BMS did not enhance either emulsifying capacity or stability.     

热水蒸煮大豆蛋白产品的功能性研究

研究了热水蒸煮时间对脱脂大豆粉、醇洗大豆浓缩蛋白、大豆分离蛋白的影响。热水蒸煮提高了浓缩蛋白和分离蛋白的起泡性和乳化性，对脱脂大豆粉的乳化性有所提高，但不能提高其起泡性。破坏胰岛素抑制剂和微生物的热水蒸煮对蛋白质的加工具有重要的意义。