Rheological Properties of Certain Processed Rice Products

Two popular rice products, namely expanded rice and flaked rice, are prepared from parboiled rice. As about 90% dry weight of milled rice is starch, the behaviour of rice and its products reflects largely the behaviour of its starch. The above precooked rice products which undergo a high degree of thermal and/or mechanical treatment during processing have a high degree of gelatinization and display therefore properties like those of pregelatinized starch. Both expanded rice and flaked rice have high water binding capacity and cold-swelling properties. Under suitable moisture conditions they undergo retrogradation and show reduced hydration and viscosity. Normal steam-parboild rice shows much lower viscosity because of a comparatively low degree of starch gelatinization during processing and its subsequent retrogradation. Rheologically the cold slurry of these products indicates a thixotropic system demonstrating time dependent thinning. Further, a dependence on slurry concentration and degree of processing and a yield value behind a certain concentration were also apparent. The cold swelling properties of flaked rice and expanded rice show potential use of their flour as a possible subsitute for pregelatinized starch in food and other industries.     

黑糯米和血糯米淀粉结构及物化性质的对比分析

本研究从黑糯米、血糯米中提取淀粉,对其表观结构、球晶结构、支链链长、结晶结构、短程结构、黏度性质、糊化性质、老化性质进行对比分析。结果表明：两种淀粉颗粒形态类似,均具有双折射现象;黑糯米淀粉支链中A链、B2链所占比例较低,B1链、B3链所占比例较高;X衍射结果表明,两种淀粉均属于A型晶体,血糯米淀粉相对结晶度较高;红外结果表明,血糯米淀粉有序程度较高,无序程度较低;黏度结果表明,血糯米淀粉峰值黏度、崩解值较高,回升值、糊化温度较低;热力学结果表明,黑糯米淀粉起始温度、峰值温度、终止温度均较高,且更容易发生老化。两种淀粉在结构特性、物化性质方面存在差异,为指导糯米原材料的选用及其在食品工业中的合理开发利用和深加工提供理论依据。     

大米淀粉及其磷酸酯的理化性质研究

对大米淀粉进行酯化,通过改变温度得到不同取代度的大米淀粉磷酸酯,使用扫描电子显微镜、质构仪、快速黏度分析仪、流变仪对大米淀粉及其不同取代度的淀粉磷酸酯的理化性质进行了测定。结果显示:大米磷酸酯淀粉的硬度、回复性、胶性和咀嚼性要低于大米原淀粉,凝聚性和黏着性要高于原淀粉,取代度越大硬度、回复性、胶性和咀嚼性越小,凝聚性和黏着性越大;大米淀粉磷酸酯的开始糊化温度要小于大米原淀粉,峰值黏度、最低黏度、最终黏度、崩解值、消减值要小于大米原淀粉,取代度增大,开始糊化温度降低,峰值黏度、最低黏度、最终黏度、崩解值、消减值增大。大米淀粉经过磷酸酯变性后,黏度增加了,不易回生,稳定性加强了,凝沉性减弱了,且取代度越高,这些性质越明显;大米淀粉磷酸酯和大米淀粉属于剪切稀化流体,在相同剪切速率下,取代度越大的大米淀粉磷酸酯表观黏度越大。     

挤压米糠流变特性的试验研究

基于流变学原理。确定了挤压米糠的表观黏度模型，并对模型进行了线性回归建模，以便进行试验拟合。试验研究了挤压米糠的流变特性，结果表明米糠的表观黏度随剪切速率的增加而减小。呈现出假塑性流体的流动行为；米糠的表观黏度随温度的升高和原料水分的增加而减小。用计算机程序试验拟合了米糠黏度的方程。     

大米糊化特性指标的近红外光谱检测模型优化

粘度是大米重要的食味品质指标,但目前主要依赖于化学法测定,费用高昂,耗时费力。本文利用近红外光谱法结合化学计量学,以126份产自江苏省的粳米、糯米和籼米为建模样本,利用马氏距离剔除异常点之后,通过5种光谱预处理方法和最佳谱区范围的筛选,建立大米粘度指标的偏最小二乘模型。对于峰值粘度、热糊粘度和最终粘度的检测,采用一阶导数光谱预处理方法较好,模型rc均在0.9以上;回生值模型采用标准正态变化预处理,rc为0.897 5;对于衰减值和成糊温度模型采用Savitzky-Golay滤波平滑对光谱进行处理,rc分别为0.540 5和0.696 8。波长筛选后以验证集评估建模。结果表明,峰值粘度、热糊粘度、最终粘度、衰减值、回生值、成糊温度rp为0.812 5、0.812 1、0.864 0、0.504 3、0.874 4和0.667 0,构建了适于江苏省产大米粘度的无损检测模型,为大米加工品质的快速检测提供一定的理论支持。     

Analysis of Genotypic Diversity in the Starch Physicochemical Properties of Nonwaxy Rice: Apparent Amylose Content,Pasting Viscosity and Gel Texture

A total of 499 non‐waxy rice lines including 172 landraces (the landrace set) and 327 cultivars and breeding lines (the breeding line set) were used to study the genetic diversity of starch physicochemical properties, and the differences between the landrace set and the breeding line set were compared. All the rice lines were planted in the same season and at the same location in Hainan province. Wide diversities of starch physicochemical properties were found, e.g. apparent amylose content ranged from 7.9% to 33% in normal rice and up to 39.8% in an amylose extender mutant; peak viscosity ranged from 90.1 to 305.4 RVU, hot paste viscosity from 77.5 to 248.1 RVU, and cold paste viscosity from 111.4 to 412.6 RVU; gel hardness ranged from 9.4 to 61.1 g. The breeding line set had a wider range of physicochemical properties than the landrace set with a rare exception in gel hardness. The mean values of nearly all the parameters showed significant differences between the two sets of rice except for the setback ratio. The adhesiveness and cohesiveness of landrace starches were significantly lower than those of the breeding lines whereas the other parameters of the landrace set were higher than those of the breeding line set. Analysis of correlation among these parameters indicated that most of the traits were significantly correlated. The wide range of physicochemical properties among non‐waxy rice lines allows breeders to obtain breeding lines with desirable grain quality and food processors to select unique rice materials for specialty food processing, in addition to the applications in other processing industries.     

TEXTURAL AND ELASTIC PROPERTIES OF IRISH POTATOES II.

Unprocessed steam-peeled potatoes exhibited lower apparent moduli of deformability and elasticity than unpeeled or abrasion-peeled potatoes. Both moduli decreased upon thermal processing and on storage of the processed product. The degree of elasticity and energy capacity decreased, while mechanical hysteresis increased, due to peeling prior to processing. The processed Sebago variety showed greater mechanical hysteresis than the Red LaSoda variety. The apparent elastic properties of processed potatoes exhibited varied trends due to the peeling method and storage as evidenced by the significant interaction of these two main variables. The results obtained suggest that apparent elastic moduli are not reliable indices of the degree of firmness of the peeled and processed Irish potatoes. Texture measurements on these potatoes should involve destructive forces and deformations to give true indications of differences in firmness.     

早籼稻的品质分析与其压榨型鲜湿米粉加工适应性

为确定压榨型鲜湿米粉用早籼稻的品质范围,保证米粉品质稳定性,本实验以我国早籼稻湖北省和江西省两个主产区生产的40 种早籼稻谷品种为原料,以压榨型鲜湿米粉为最终产品,采用描述性分析及相关性分析对早籼稻理化特性、糊化特性以及米粉的品质特性进行分析。结果表明：测定的15 项早籼稻品质指标中,大部分品质指标的变异系数大于10%,垩白度变异系数最高,达75.9%。相关性分析表明稻谷粒长、垩白粒率、峰值时间与米粉感官评分均呈显著相关性,直链淀粉质量分数、最低黏度、最终黏度、衰减值、回生值与米粉感官评分均呈极显著相关性;回生值与感官评分相关系数最大,达0.579;相对于理化指标,糊化特征参数能更客观反映出米粉的食用品质。基于因子分析法对早籼稻品质指标进行分析处理,结果表明总方差76.264%的贡献率来自前4 个公因子,其中2 个公因子得分与米粉感官评分呈显著相关性,相关系数分别为0.539、－0.332。以逐步回归分析法对这2 个公因子代表的指标进行分析,得出方程：Y米粉感官评分＝51.876＋0.494x直链淀粉质量分数＋0.008x回生值（R2＝0.423）,筛选出直链淀粉质量分数和回生值是影响米粉品质的敏感性指标;基于聚类分析得到适宜加工压榨型鲜湿米粉的早籼稻敏感品质指标阈值区间为直链淀粉质量分数22.24%～26.86%、回生值1 526.5～2 036.7 cP。     

The effect of induced yellowing on the physicochemical properties of specialty rice

BACKGROUND: Postharvest yellowing (PHY) of rice kernels can be a major problem in the rice industry. This is especially true with high‐valued specialty rice, because profit loss will be greater. The objective of this work was to determine whether a significant change occurs in the physicochemical properties (apparent amylose and protein concentrations, viscosity profile and gelatinisation temperature) as a result of induced PHY. RESULTS: In this study, four specialty rices (Basmati, Jasmine, Arborio and Sushi) were yellowed using a laboratory method. PHY increased apparent amylose concentration. It also significantly increased onset and peak gelatinisation temperatures. However, peak, breakdown and setback Rapid ViscoAnalyzer viscosities were decreased by PHY. Trough viscosity for Basmati and Jasmine decreased, whereas it increased for Arborio. Moisture and protein concentrations were unchanged by the yellowing process. Attempts to rehydrate the kernels after induced PHY caused them to fracture, thus making them unsuitable for their intended purpose. CONCLUSION: This study indicates that rice that has been subjected to PHY shows a reduction not only in appearance but also in cooking and processing quality, decreasing its value. However, the changes differed for each rice type, with Jasmine being affected the least. Published 2012 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

焙炒糙米理化性质的研究

对焙炒前后糙米的糊化度、brabender黏度、颗粒表面结构等理化性质进行研究,采用气相色谱-质谱(GC-MS)联用技术对糙米焙炒前后的挥发性香味物质进行比较,得出糙米在焙炒前后的糊化性质有大的改变,糙米经焙炒后香味物质明显增加。     

The effect of high-pressure jet processing on cocoa stability in chocolate milk

Fat-free chocolate milk formulations containing skim milk, cocoa powder, and sugar were thermally treated and then processed using high-pressure jet (HPJ) technology from 125 to 500 MPa. The rheological properties and stability of HPJ-treated chocolate milks were compared with controls (no HPJ processing) prepared both with and without added κ-carrageenan. As expected, carrageenan-free chocolate milk exhibited immediate phase separation of the cocoa powder, whereas formulations containing κ-carrageenan were stable for 14 d. An increased stability was observed with increasing HPJ processing pressure, with a maximum observed when chocolate milk was processed at 500 MPa. The apparent viscosity at 50 s⁻¹ of HPJ-processed samples increased from ~3 mPa·s to ~9 mPa·s with increasing pressure, and shear-thinning behavior (n < 0.9) was observed for samples processed at HPJ pressures ≥250 MPa. We suggest that HPJ-induced structural changes in casein micelles and new casein-cocoa interactions increased cocoa stability in the chocolate milk. Because casein seemed to be the major component enhancing cocoa stability in HPJ-treated samples, a second study was conducted to determine the effect of additional micellar casein (1, 2, or 4%) and HPJ processing (0–500 MPa) on the stability of fat-free chocolate milk. Formulations with 4% micellar casein processed at 375 and 500 MPa showed no phase separation over a 14-d storage period at 4°C. The addition of micellar casein together with HPJ processing at 500 MPa resulted in a higher apparent viscosity (~17 mPa·s at 50s⁻¹) and more pronounced shear-thinning behavior (n ≤ 0.81) compared with that without added micellar casein. The use of HPJ technology to improve the dispersion stability of cocoa provides the industry with a processing alternative to produce clean-label, yet stable, chocolate milk.     

不同加工方式对米糠粉食品配料理化特性的影响

为了改善米糠的理化特性,开发新型米糠食品配料,本文研究了挤压膨化、微波蒸煮和高温焙炒三种整体加工方式对脱脂米糠理化特性的影响。结果表明,脱脂米糠经过三种整体加工方式处理后,理化特性均得到改善,其中挤压膨化米糠具有最高的水溶性指数、吸水性指数、糊化度及分散稳定性。与未处理组相比,挤压膨化米糠水溶性指数、吸水性指数和糊化度分别提高了4.82%、18.92%和96.04%。同时,三种整体加工方式显著减少了米糠中还原糖和植酸的含量,而分析米糠的酚类物质和抗氧化活性时,发现高温焙炒显著增加了脱脂米糠中总酚含量及抗氧化能力,但挤压膨化降低了脱脂米糠中总酚含量和抗氧化能力。本研究可以为脱脂米糠作为糊粉类营养代餐食品配料的加工提供指导。     

预酶解-挤压膨化对全谷物糙米粉品质特性的影响

以3 种糙米（普通糙米、红色糙米、黑色糙米）为原料,预酶解-挤压膨化制备实验组糙米粉,未经预酶解处理直接挤压膨化制备对照组糙米粉,分别测定其水溶性指数、吸水性指数、结块率、分散时间、米糊黏度、色度、糊化度、感官评分以及淀粉、还原糖、蛋白质含量等指标,并对淀粉和蛋白质进行体外模拟消化,比较并分析预酶解-挤压膨化对糙米粉品质特性的影响。结果表明：与直接挤压膨化相比,预酶解-挤压膨化处理使普通糙米、红色糙米、黑色糙米3 种糙米粉的水溶性指数分别提高了2.04、1.35 倍和1.71 倍;吸水性指数分别降低了67.87%、60.96%和62.17%;结块率分别提高了5.44、6.27 倍和3.07 倍;分散时间分别缩短了66.61%、61.79%和64.30%;米糊黏度降低,黏度曲线趋于平直,剪切稀释效应减弱;淀粉含量分别降低了29.22%、28.71%和26.70%,糊化度分别降低了19.53%、8.94%和13.13%;可溶性蛋白含量分别提高了1.50、2.87 倍和2.27 倍;差异均达显著水平（P＜0.05）。同时,亮度值略有升高,色差值分别为3.01、4.66、3.28;快消化淀粉比例降低,慢消化淀粉和抗性淀粉比例升高;蛋白质体外消化速率加快,消化率升高;综合感官评分显著升高（P＜0.05）。实验结果表明预酶解-挤压膨化处理提高了糙米粉的冲调分散性、降低了米糊黏度,提高了感官评分和蛋白质体外消化性能,对糙米粉品质具有提升作用。为拓宽糙米的加工利用途径、促进预酶解-挤压膨化技术在谷物加工领域中的应用提供了理论指导。     

Synthesis and Characterization of Hypochlorite Oxidized Starches

Egyptian rice and maize starches were treated with sodium hypochlorite at different concentrations. The oxidized starches so obtained were monitored for carboxyl content and rheological properties. In addition, the extent and rate of the oxidation reaction was assessed by investigating the chlorine consumption. Results indicated that the extent and rate of oxidation of rice starch, expressed as chlorine consumption, are much higher than those of maize starch. The opposite holds true for the carboxyl content. Pastes of rice and maize starches before and after oxidation exhibit non-Newtonian thixotropic behaviour but their apparent viscosity decreases by increasing the hypochlorite concentration. At any event, however, the apparent viscosity of rice starch is substantially higher than that of maize starch. Storing the pastes for 24 h adversely affect the apparent viscosity particularly with oxidized starches prepared using higher hypochlorite concentrations.     

羟丙基糯米淀粉的制备及其性质的研究

以糯米淀粉为原料制备羟丙基淀粉,考察了环氧丙烷用量、反应时间、反应温度、淀粉乳浓度、氢氧化钠、硫酸钠对淀粉取代度和反应效率的影响,并对不同取代度的羟丙基淀粉的性质进行了研究。实验结果表明,以上各因素对羟丙基淀粉的取代度都有明显的影响,而且不同取代度的羟丙基淀粉的透明度和冻融稳定性及表观黏度比原淀粉都有提高,但白度变化不明显。     

不同糊化度籼米淀粉的结构及理化性质研究

本研究制备出糊化度分别为58%、80%、100%的籼米淀粉,探讨了糊化程度不同对籼米淀粉微观形貌、结晶特性、短程有序结构、层状结构及其热特性、黏度性质的影响。结构特性表明,随着糊化度的增加,籼米淀粉颗粒结构破坏程度加剧,双螺旋结构和分子有序排列被逐渐破坏,半结晶结构逐渐消失。热特性结果进一步证实,淀粉微晶结构随糊化度增加被破坏的程度加大,且不稳定的微晶优先被熔化使得剩余微晶的均匀性和稳定性有所提高。黏度性质表明,完全糊化籼米淀粉能在较低温度下吸水溶胀形成高黏度的溶液,但热糊稳定性差。尚余微晶结构的淀粉随糊化度的增加表现出更高的峰值黏度和更弱的热糊稳定性。     

RHEOLOGY OF RICE-FLOUR PASTES: EFFECT OF VARIETY, CONCENTRATION, AND TEMPERATURE AND TIME OF COOKING

Cooked pastes of rice flour showed time-dependent shear thinning (thixotropy). Yield stresses were observed at high concentrations and high pasting temperatures. The Herschel-Bulkley power law equation could be used with certain limitations to characterize the flow behaviour of the pastes. At low pasting temperatures (60°, 75°C), apparent viscosity increased with increasing concentration and time of cooking, and was higher for low-amylose than for high-amylose rice. But when cooked at 95°C, two distinct patterns were seen. At low concentrations, apparent viscosity again increased with increasing time of cooking and was higher for low-amylose than for high-amylose rice. But at concentrations above 7%, the pattern was totally reversed, viz., viscosity decreased with time of cooking and was higher for high-amylose rice.     

Pasting Properties of Non‐waxy Rice Starch‐Hydrocolloid Mixtures

The swelling and pasting properties of non‐waxy rice starch‐hydrocolloid mixtures were investigated using commercial and laboratory‐generated hydrocolloids. The swelling power of the rice starch‐hydrocolloid mixtures was generally depressed at low concentration of hydrocolloids (0–0.05%), but increased directly with increasing hydrocolloid concentrations (0.05–0.1%). In gellan gum dispersion, the swelling power at 100°C was higher than that of control. The rice starch‐hydrocolloids mixtures showed shear‐thinning flow behavior (n = 0.26–0.49). Hydrocolloids except the exopolysaccharide from S. chungbukensis (EPS‐CB) increased apparent viscosity and consistency index (K) of rice starch dispersions, but decreased the n value. Hydrocolloids enhanced the trough and final viscosity of rice starch dispersions but EPS‐CB reduced the viscosity of rice starch pastes. Hydrocolloids lowered peak viscosity but addition of guar gum resulted in high peak viscosity, apparent viscosity, and consistency index of rice starch dispersions. Total setback viscosity appeared to be not affected by hydrocolloids at low concentration (0.05%). The hot and cold paste of the starch‐gellan gum mixture exhibited the highest viscosity values in the Brookfield viscometer.     

RICE PUFFING IN RELATION to ITS VARIETAL CHARACTERISTICS and PROCESSING CONDITIONS

The effect of rice varietal characteristics, namely, length (L): breadth (B), ratio, amylose and protein contents and processing conditions namely, extent/degree of hydrothermal treatment, degree of milling and percentage of salt addition to rice, on puffing quality were studied in detail. the L:B ratio of varieties tested showed a positive correlation (r = 0.69) with expansion ratio (ER) of puffed rice produced. Total amylose and hot water insoluble amylose contents revealed a definite pattern of relationship, with ER showing predicted peaks at 28.5% total amylose (db) and 13.5% insoluble amylose (db) for highest ER. Protein content showed a negative relationship (r =^?0.79) with ER. A new method for determining extent/degree of starch gelatinization, based on Brabender hot paste peak viscosity value (viscosity of 15% slurry retained at 95°C for 20 min.) was used in this study. Normal parboiled and pressure parboiled rice having 425 BU and 240 BU peak viscosities produced highest ER of 7.5 and 9.7% respectively. A 6% milling (minimum) and a 2% salt (NaCl/CaCl₂) addition during preconditioning of rice resulted in maximum ER.     

以短生育期籼稻为原料的鲜湿米粉食用品质与消化特性研究

以早、晚季种植的短生育期籼米品种(CPPC16、CPPC18、CPPC38、CPPC52)为对象,对大米淀粉物化特性进行比较;并对8种短生育期大米加工的鲜湿米粉的食用品质和消化特性进行探究。结果表明：早季稻与晚季稻相比较,早季稻的直链淀粉含量、回生值与糊化温度高于同品种的晚季稻。大米淀粉特性与鲜湿米粉质构特性相关性分析中,直链淀粉含量、回生值与最终黏度、水溶性与质构指标呈显著(P<0.05)或极显著正相关(P<0.01),膨胀力与质构指标呈显著负相关(P<0.05)。对比两种鲜湿米粉加工专用米种,短生育期品种中以早季18号的综合评分最高(0.93),略低于桂朝米的1.07,高于阳春米的0.87。