微层共挤出PP/EVOH共混物的阻隔性能

利用微层共挤出技术对聚丙烯(PP)/乙烯-乙烯醇共聚物(EVOH)共混物进行二次加工,制备出了气体阻隔性能显著提高的PP/EVOH共混复合材料。通过电子扫描显微镜、气体渗透实验研究了微层共挤出共混物的形态结构及其对共混物阻隔性能的影响。研究结果表明,微层共挤出技术能够有效调节EVOH分散相在PP基体中的形态结构,随着层数的增加,使其从零维球形变形为一维纤维状,进而演变成二维片状,这些形态导致128层微层共挤出共混物的气体阻隔性能较普通共混物提高了52倍。     

HDPE/sPS/SEBS共混物中增容剂的分布及对力学性能的影响

用2种组成相近而相对分子质量不同的苯乙烯-乙烯/丁烯-苯乙烯共聚物(SEBS)增容高密度聚乙烯/间规聚苯乙烯(m(HDPE)/m(sPS)=80/20)共混物。利用增容剂(SEBS)与共混物组分之间溶解性的差异,以四氢呋喃(THF)为溶剂选择刻蚀掉增容剂相,采用扫描电镜(SEM)观察了共混物的形态结构及增容剂在共混物中的分布情况;结合拉伸测试,阐明了增容剂的相对分子质量及其分布对HDPE/sPS共混物力学性能的影响。结果表明,较低相对分子质量的SEBS主要分布在两相界面,并能显著提高两相界面粘接性,进而能有效提高共混物的拉伸强度;而较高相对分子质量的SEBS更倾向以胶束形式分散在HDPE基相中,不能明显改善界面强度,但却有利于改善共混物的韧性。     

EVOH/纳米SiO_2复合材料的溶液共混制备及其性能

采用化学沉淀法制备了纳米Si O2,并用硅烷偶联剂KH550对其进行原位改性,以N,N-二甲基甲酰铵为溶剂,采用溶液共混法制备了EVOH/纳米Si O2复合材料,并吹塑成薄膜。对纳米Si O2和复合材料进行了表征。结果表明,化学沉淀法制备的纳米Si O2为球形,粒径约20nm,原位改性效果良好。溶液共混法制备EVOH/纳米Si O2复合材料,纳米Si O2在EVOH中的分散性较好,EVOH/纳米Si O2(5%(质量分数)Si O2,KH550改性)复合材料相较于纯EVOH,拉伸强度提高96.3%,透湿、透气系数分别下降35.9%、51.1%,透光率达到75.6%,雾度为12.74%。     

偶联改性纳米HAP/HDPE挤出复合生物材料的力学性能和微观结构

通过化学共沉淀-水热合成法制备纳米级羟基磷灰石(HAP),再用自制模具制备出偶联剂改性纳米HAP/高密度聚乙烯(HDPE)挤出复合材料.通过SEM观察以及力学性能测试,研究了偶联剂改性纳米HAP/HDPE复合材料的微观结构和力学性能.结果表明: 添加硅烷偶联剂后,HAP/HDPE复合材料的力学性能获得提高,偶联剂含量为2%(质量分数)时拉伸强度最高.而当HAP含量为20%(质量分数)时,复合材料的拉伸强度和抗弯强度最高.添加了偶联剂,HAP微粒表面与HDPE有较好的亲和性,断裂过程中应力诱发的塑性变形增加,裸露的HAP颗粒明显减少.通过口模挤出可以使得聚乙烯分子链在应力作用下伸直取向,大量平行于长轴且紧密排列的微纤维形成.     

HDPE/PET共混物的原位反应增容

采用"一步挤出法"制备了高密度聚乙烯/聚对苯二甲酸乙二(醇)酯(HDPE/PET)共混物。通过傅里叶变换红外光谱(FT-IR)分析证明了HDPE与甲基丙烯酸缩水甘油酯(GMA)的接枝共聚物HDPE-g-GMA的形成。通过力学性能测试、扫描电镜(SEM)观察、差示扫描量热(DSC)分析和维卡软化点测试评价了共混物的增容效果。结果表明,过氧化二异丙苯(DCP)含量对体系增容效果的影响要大于单体含量的影响;当DCP含量不超过0.25phr时,增容效果随其含量的增加而提高,但当DCP含量为0.30phr时增容效果有所下降。采用"一步挤出法"进行HDPE/PET共混物的原位反应增容是可行的。     

聚合物共混物增容技术及发展

不混溶共混物的增容是迄今为止将相容性较差的多相聚合物共混物转化为高性能合金的最通用和最有效的方法。本文主要简述了增容的概念和其必要性以及聚合物在通过共混改性时所采用的各种增容手段:添加嵌段和接枝共聚物;添加反应性聚合物;添加低分子量化合物;添加功能纳米粒子等,并综述了不同增容方法的发展现状及增容作用对共混物的相形貌和最终性能(力学性能、热性能、电学性能等)的影响,并最后提出纳米粒子增容将成为共混物增容领域的热门方法,这种方法不仅起能到增容作用,还可以增加机械强度并且有可能给共混物带来新的性能。     

HIPS/HDPE共混物的动态黏弹行为与相形态

采用动态流变测试和扫描电子显微镜技术,考察高抗冲聚苯乙烯(HIPS)/高密度聚乙烯(HDPE)共混物的动态黏弹行为与相形态,对比1%(质量分数,下同)的纳米和微米CaCO_3对HIPS/HDPE(30/70)不相容共混物的增容效果。结果表明:当HDPE小于30%时,HIPS/HDPE共混物在低频区的复数黏度和储存模量均显示出明显的正偏差,而当HDPE大于30%时,则呈现负偏差;前者与HDPE和PB粒子间的相互作用相关,而后者归因于HDPE基体与PS分散相之间较弱的界面相互作用。当HIPS为基体时,HDPE分散相粒子呈现较宽的尺寸分布;而当HDPE为基体时,PS分散相呈现双模尺寸分布,对应于两种不同类型的PS分散相粒子的存在。1%的纳米CaCO_3对HIPS/HDPE(30/70)不相容共混体系起到了一定的增容效果,CaCO_3纳米粒子主要位于HIPS/HDPE相界面以及HDPE连续相内;而微米CaCO_3对该共混体系仅起到了增黏而非增容作用,CaCO_3微米粒子仅位于HDPE连续相内。     

HDPE/MPA共混物层状结构及阻隔性能研究

将少量对烃类溶剂具有高效阻作用的阻隔性树脂－改性尼龙与高密度聚乙烯共混,通过对共混工艺条件和分散相ＭＰＡ形态的控制,可获得具有高阻性能的ＨＤＰＥ／ＭＰＡ共混材料。     

尼龙6/MBS反应共混物的形态结构与性能

用双螺杆挤出机制备了(甲基丙烯酸甲酯/丁二烯/苯乙烯)共聚物(MBS树脂)与尼龙6(PA6)的共混物。使用扫描电镜(SEM)、熔体流动速率(MFR)和力学性能测试等分析方法,研究了马来酸酐(MAH)熔融接枝MBS(MBS-g-MAH)对PA6/MBS共混物的形态结构和力学性能等的影响。结果表明,MBS-g-MAH中的酸酐基团与PA6末端的氨基发生化学反应,原位形成的MBS-PA6共聚物,能有效地改善PA6与MBS的相容性,可以使MBS均匀地分散在PA6基体中,相区尺寸明显减小。PA6/MBS-g-MAH(70/30)体系冲击强度、拉伸强度、弯曲强度分别比PA6/MBS(70/30)提高了319%、54%、35%,从而得到综合性能优良的共混合金。     

Thermal and mechanical properties of HDPE/ionomer blends

The thermal behavior, tensile and tear strength of blends containing high density polyethylene (HDPE) and a sodium neutralized ethylene-methacrylic acid copolymer ionomer have been studied. It was found that each HDPE/ionomer blend had two well-separated melting peaks and two crystallization peaks, which indicates that the components of such a blend are immiscible with each other. The tensile behavior of the ionomer showed severe strainhardening just above the yield point, which leads to a lower elongation at break and a higher tensile strength than HDPE, possibly due to a network-like structure formation of ionic aggregates. The tensile properties of HDPE/ionomer blends were generally inferior to those of the pure components. Furthermore, the tensile properties exhibited severe negative deviation from linear additivity of properties, which is characteristic of incompatible blends. The negative deviation was also observed for tear strength of HDPE/ionomer blends. Observation of tear fracture surfaces of the blends showed fibrillar structure when ionomer content was relatively low. However, for the blends of higher ionomer composition much less fibrillation on the fracture surface was observed, which yields a higher value of tear energy. This is attributed to a network-like structure of the ionomer continuous phase of the blends.     

Effect of EVOH on the morphology,mechanical and barrier properties of PA6/POE-g-MAH/EVOH ternary blends

Polyamide 6 (PA6)/maleated poly(ethylene-1-octene) (POE-g-MAH) blends with various ethylene–vinyl alcohol (EVOH) concentrations were prepared via melt-blending. The morphology, mechanical and barrier properties of the blends were investigated in terms of scanning electron microscope (SEM), impact/tensile testing, dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) and oil absorption rate. The SEM images indicated that the compatibility between PA6 and POE-g-MAH was improved significantly after the incorporation of EVOH. The toughness of blends was correlated with the morphology of the POE-g-MAH and EVOH dispersion phase. It has also demonstrated that the incorporation of EVOH increased evidently the tensile strength, storage modulus and barrier properties, which were contributed to the strong interactions formed through the reaction among PA 6, POE-g-MAH and EVOH.     

正应力支配下混合顺序对PA6/HDPE/CNTs体系结构及性能的影响EI北大核心CSCD

利用自行研制的叶片式混炼装置,实现了正应力支配下聚合物复合体系的熔融共混。实验研究了混合顺序以及混合时间对高密度聚乙烯(HDPE)/尼龙6(PA6)/碳纳米管(CNTs)共混物的微观结构、流变特性、热性能及宏观力学性能的影响。结果表明:正应力支配作用能在短混合时间内实现PA6粒子和CNTs的均匀分散,分散效率高;相比于将HDPE,PA6,CNTs三者同时共混或者是先将PA6与CNTs混炼制成母料,再与HDPE共混这两种混合顺序,先将HDPE与CNTs混炼制成母料,再与PA6共混制得的共混物中分散相PA6粒径最小,分散更均匀,共混物的热性能以及力学性能更好。     

Structure and tensile properties of polypropylene/carbon nanotubes composites prepared by melt extrusion

Polypropylene/carbon nanotubes (PP/CNTs) nancomposites were prepared with a single screw extruder by adding maleic anhydride-grafted poplypropylene (PP-g-MAH) as compatibilizer to polypropylene (PP) with different amounts of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) in the range of 0.1–0.7 wt.%. Structure and morphology of the prepared samples were examined by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), polarizing light microscopy (PLM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The results showed that PP spherulites decreased in size when CNTs were introduced into the polymer. Mechanical properties of the samples were also studied. Tensile tests showed that with increasing amount of CNTs the strain at break decreased whereas the Young’s modulus was improved of 16.41 % to 36.05 % and tensile strength of 36.67 % to 64.70 % compared to pristine PP. The SEM microphotographs showed that majority of the CNTs were dispersed individually and oriented along the shear flow direction.     

Sugarcane bagasse cellulose/HDPE composites obtained by extrusion

Natural fibers used in this study were both pre-treated and modified residues from sugarcane bagasse. Polymer of high density polyethylene (HDPE) was employed as matrix in to composites, which were produced by mixing high density polyethylene with cellulose (10%) and Cell/ZrO₂·nH₂O (10%), using an extruder and hydraulic press. Tensile tests showed that the Cell/ZrO₂·nH₂O (10%)/HDPE composites present better tensile strength than cellulose (10%)/HDPE composites. Cellulose agglomerations were responsible for poor adhesion between fiber and matrix in cellulose (10%)/HDPE composites. HDPE/natural fibers composites showed also lower tensile strength in comparison to the polymer. The increase in Young’s modulus is associated to fibers reinforcement. SEM analysis showed that the cellulose fibers insertion in the matrix caused an increase of defects, which were reduced when modified cellulose fibers were used.     

Vibrational spectroscopic and ultrasound analysis for in-process characterization of high-density polyethylene/polypropylene blends during melt extrusion

Spectroscopic techniques such as Raman, mid-infrared (MIR), and near-infrared (NIR) have become indispensable analytical tools for rapid chemical quality control and process monitoring. This paper presents the application of in-line Fourier transform near-infrared (FT-NIR) spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and ultrasound transit time measurements for in-line monitoring of the composition of a series of high-density polyethylene (HDPE)/polypropylene (PP) blends during single-screw extrusion. Melt composition was determined by employing univariate analysis of the ultrasound transit time data and partial least squares (PLS) multivariate analysis of the data from both spectroscopic techniques. Each analytical technique was determined to be highly sensitive to changes in melt composition, allowing accurate prediction of blend content to within +/- 1% w/w (1sigma) during monitoring under fixed extrusion conditions. FT-NIR was determined to be the most sensitive of the three techniques to changes in melt composition. A four-factor PLS model of the NIR blend spectra allowed determination of melt content with a standard prediction error of +/- 0.30% w/w (1sigma). However, the NIR transmission probes employed for analysis were invasive into the melt stream, whereas the single probes adopted for Raman and ultrasound analysis were noninvasive, making these two techniques more versatile. All three measurement techniques were robust to the high temperatures and pressures experienced during melt extrusion, demonstrating each system's suitability for process monitoring and control.     

Structure and properties of EVOH/organoclay nanocomposites

The nanocomposites of poly(ethylene-co-vinyl alcohol) (EVOH) with organoclay were prepared by a solution-precipitation method. The structures of nanocomposites were examined by X-ray diffraction. The exfoliation of organoclay was more evident in the nanocomposites of the EVOH containing 18 mol% vinyl alcohol (EVOH18), compared to the EVOH containing 5 mol% vinyl alcohol (EVOH5). Some of the bilayer alkylammonium structures at the clay gallery changed to monolayer structures in the nanocomposites. The thermal properties measured by differential scanning calorimetry showed the organoclay enhanced the crystallization of EVOH, however, it retarded crystallization when there was too much. The modulus of EVOH18 showed about a 2-fold increase of pristine polymer when using 7% of reinforcing organoclay.