9%Cr钢表面激光熔覆制备低Cr合金改性层组织及Cr含量分析

目的通过对比分析1CrMo合金激光熔覆和埋弧堆焊层中Cr元素含量分布,研究激光熔覆替代堆焊技术用于9%Cr钢汽轮机转子轴颈表面改性的可行性。方法采用与1CrMo合金焊丝成分相同的合金粉末作为激光熔覆材料,利用半导体激光熔覆系统在9%Cr钢表面制备低Cr合金熔覆层。用直读光谱仪、金相显微镜、扫描电镜和显微硬度计等仪器,分析熔覆层中Cr含量分布、熔覆层组织结构和性能,并与堆焊层进行了对比。结果利用激光熔覆技术成功在9%Cr钢表面制备了不同厚度、无缺陷的1CrMo合金熔覆层,熔覆层组织主要由铁素体和颗粒状碳化物相构成。多层熔覆层硬度在220～250HV0.3之间,与基体硬度接近。激光熔覆可有效减少基体对熔覆层的稀释,熔覆层中Cr含量降低明显,在熔覆层约2 mm厚处的Cr含量已低于2%的工作面Cr含量要求,而堆焊需8 mm左右才能达到相同的降Cr效果,激光熔覆所需熔覆层数明显少于埋弧堆焊法的堆焊层数。结论与堆焊相比,激光熔覆用于9%Cr钢汽轮机转子轴颈表面改性需熔覆层数少,表面降Cr效率更高。     

不同激光功率对AZ31B镁合金表面Al-Cu合金熔覆层组织和性能的影响

采用激光熔覆技术在AZ31B镁合金表面制备Al-Cu合金涂层,研究不同激光功率条件下激光熔覆层成形、组织和性能的差异。结果表明,当激光功率为350 W时,熔覆层表面成形良好,与基体结合良好并无明显的裂纹缺陷。当激光功率过小时,熔覆表面出现金属小球,且熔覆层与基体结合处有明显的裂纹;当激光功率过高时,熔覆层表面会有弧坑裂纹。不同功率下得到的熔覆层对基体的硬度有明显提高,当功率为350 W时,熔覆层的平均显微硬度达到325 HV。     

激光重熔对材料表面激光熔覆层的影响

熔覆层中的裂纹是激光熔覆技术应用的主要障碍。为了提高熔覆层的性能,抑制裂纹扩展,采用CO2激光器在45钢表面激光熔覆了Ni25合金粉末,然后采用不同工艺参数对熔覆层进行激光重熔处理研究。实验结果表明,激光重熔能够减少熔覆层中的裂纹和气孔,使熔覆层表面变的平整,颗粒状组织消失。较慢的激光扫描速度更有利于降低熔覆层的残余应力,减少缺陷。激光重熔后材料表面的显微硬度有所降低。研究结果对激光熔覆技术的应用具有实用价值。     

镍基高温合金表面激光熔覆Inconel738合金层的开裂行为

针对镍基高温合金叶片强化与修复的需求,在高温合金K438基体上激光熔覆Inconel 738合金涂层。分析了基体组织及熔覆层中微观缺陷对熔覆层裂纹的影响。结果表明,激光熔覆时大多数裂纹是从基体一侧形成后深入到熔覆层中或产生于层与层之间的搭接区,裂纹沿晶界扩展。沿晶界分布的低熔点共晶物是主要的裂纹源。激光熔覆时,晶界处的γ/γ′低熔点共晶物熔化,形成晶界液膜,冷却时,在残余拉应力的作用下被拉开,形成裂纹,裂纹一旦形成就会沿晶界迅速扩展。     

镍基钎料对45#钢激光熔覆镍基WC合金熔覆层缺陷的影响

目的改善Ni60A+WC合金粉末激光熔覆中裂纹和气孔等缺陷性能。方法在Ni60A+WC合金粉末中添加膏状镍基钎料(BNi-1a)改善激光熔覆层的裂纹和气孔缺陷。使用Rofin FL020光纤激光器,在1 kW功率、扫描速度为4 mm/s、光斑直径约为2 mm的条件下,对经过烘干的预涂覆合金熔覆层进行激光加工处理。通过显微硬度测试评价熔覆层的硬度,通过扫描电子显微镜和X射线衍射仪对熔覆层形貌、相组织进行分析,并通过UMT和表面形貌仪对熔覆层的摩擦系数和耐磨性进行评估。结果在Ni60A+WC合金粉末中添加膏状镍基钎料(BNi-1a),优化了Cr和C合金相的组成,使熔覆层的裂纹和气孔等缺陷明显减低。添加膏状镍基钎料的熔覆层的摩擦系数约为0.45,熔覆层的摩擦系数大约降低了18%。同时熔覆层的耐磨性也有所提高,未添加膏状镍基钎料的熔覆层磨痕横截面积约为0.70×10~(-3) mm~2,而添加膏状镍基钎料的熔覆层横截面积约为0.50×10~(-3) mm。结论镍基钎料(BNi-1a)的加入可以有效减少熔覆层的裂纹和气孔等缺陷,同时提高熔覆层的耐磨性,但是使熔覆层的硬度有一定的降低。     

激光搭接再重叠扫描熔覆镍基纳米WC/Co层的显微组织

采用CO2激光在45钢表面制备镍基纳米WC/Co熔覆层.使用搭接再重叠扫描工艺,突破了单道激光熔覆处理区域较窄的局限性以及搭接熔覆层中的碳化物形态多样性和分布不均匀性较大的缺陷.搭接再重叠扫描层硬度不下降且不出现新的裂纹和孔洞,这使大面积激光熔覆的实际应用成为可能.研究结果表明,搭接再重叠扫描的熔覆层中仍然存在相当数量的粒度≤100 nm的碳化物颗粒,其纳米效应对该熔覆层的抗裂止裂起了重要作用.     

钢基表面单道激光熔覆Fe3Al金属间化合物的研究

以纯Fe3Al粉末为原料,采用同步送粉式激光熔覆工艺在低碳钢基体表面合成Fe3Al金属间化合物.利用金相显微镜、扫描电镜与X衍射实验方法对熔覆合金层、合金层与钢基体的结合界面等进行了显微组织与相结构的分析.结果表明,激光熔覆功率对合金层品质有较大影响,本实验在2 kW激光熔覆功率条件下获得了致密、无肉眼可见气孔、夹杂、裂纹等缺陷的熔覆层,熔覆表面有一定起伏的合金层,合金层与基体间完全冶金结合;熔覆合金层主要由单相Fe3Al构成,熔覆层组织为细小等轴状晶粒,等轴晶内部由大量更为细小的条状Fe3Al晶粒构成.     

低碳钢表面激光熔覆层与热喷涂层组织与性能对比

利用CO2激光器在Q235低碳钢表面激光熔覆了Ni25合金涂层。用扫描电镜、显微硬度计对熔覆层的微观组织、显微硬度进行了测定与分析。结果表明：激光熔覆层质量良好,基本无裂纹、气孔等缺陷,覆层中存在着大量的树枝晶,与基体之间为冶金结合,结合强度高;而热喷涂层质量不好,存在明显的孔洞和间隙,与基体之间为机械结合,结合力微弱;经过激光重熔之后覆层的硬度明显高于喷涂层的硬度,且2种覆层的硬度均比基体的硬度要高。     

FeCrNiMo激光熔覆层组织与摩擦磨损行为

为满足马氏体不锈钢熔覆层的高效制备需求,在合金成分优化基础上,采用激光熔覆技术制备了单层厚度超过2 mm的FeCrNiMo合金熔覆层,并对其微观组织结构与摩擦磨损行为进行了研究.结果表明,熔覆层厚度均匀,无明显裂纹等缺陷,组织从表面沿厚度方向依次为等轴晶、树枝晶、胞状晶,枝晶内为马氏体,晶间为富Cr、Mo元素的铁素体....     

45钢表面Ni60-WC高频感应熔覆层及其二次强化的研究

采用高频感应熔覆技术在45钢表面制备Ni60-35WC强化层;并对感应熔覆层进行电接触二次强化。对制备的感应熔覆层、电接触二次强化层进行组织分析和性能测试。结果表明:熔覆层组织较为致密,但存在孔洞、夹生缺陷;电接触二次强化后组织更加致密,孔洞减少,夹生层重新焊合,热影响区减小;XRD显示,熔覆层与电接触强化层的相结构相同,由WC、W2C、Cr23C6、Cr7C3、Fe Ni和Ni3Fe等相组成;电接触强化层的显微硬度和耐磨性较高频感应熔覆层有较大的提高。     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Growth Kinetics of Single Inclusion Particle in Molten Melts

On the basis of the single-particle framework, a new theory on inclusion growth in metallurgical melts is developed to study the kinetics of inclusion growth on account of reaction and collision. The studies show that the early growth of inclusion depends on reaction growth and Brawnian motion collision, and where the former is decisive, the late growth depends on turbulence collision and Stokes＇ collision, and where the former is dominant; collision growth is very quick during the smelting process, lessened in the refining process, but nearly negligible in the continuous casting process.     

Theoretical Analysis for the Motion and Temperature of Melt Droplets in Spray Degassing Process

The motion of melt droplets in spray degassing process was analyzed theoretically. The height of the treatment tank in spray degassing process could be determined by the results of theoretical calculation of motion of melt droplets. To know whether the melt droplets would solidify during spraying process, the balance temperature of melt droplets was also theoretically analyzed. Then proof experiments for theoretical results about temperature of melt droplets were carried. In comparison, the experimental results were nearly similar to the calculation results.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.