Fe-C-Mo合金中温转变后期的研究

本文研究了Fe-C-Mo合金在其动力学B_s点附近(海湾区)长时期等温转变过程形成的组织.发现合金在转变后期贝氏体铁素体片块长大的同时,以形成一种粒状形态的共析产物而完成其中温转变.透射电镜研究确定粒状共析组织中的碳化物是(FeMo)_3C,不同于片块贝氏体铁素体内的碳化物Mo_2C.     

利用APT研究铁素体时效钢中富Cu相和碳化物的偏析行为

铁素体时效钢样品经过880℃水淬、660℃调质处理,然后400℃时效4000 h后,利用三维原子探针层析技术(APT)研究了时效钢中晶界和基体中富Cu析出相和碳化物的偏析行为。结果表明:分析区域中Mn、Ni、Mo、C和Cu元素更容易在晶界处偏聚,形成富Cu团簇和碳化物,晶界处的纳米富Cu相为短棒状,其尺寸大小约为6 nm,团簇中的Cu原子含量为40at%。基体中的纳米团簇近似为球状,其尺寸和团簇中的Cu原子的数量密度都比晶界处小。在晶界处析出的富Cu团簇在碳化物之间,形成一种"夹层结构"。此外,富Cu团簇内部有Mn和Ni原子的偏聚,促进富Cu相的析出。     

Nb-V微合金钢中渗碳体周围元素分布的三维原子探针表征

将Nb-V微合金钢在1200℃同溶0.5 h后淬火,然后在450℃回火4 h,结合扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和透射电子显微镜(TEM),用三维原子探针(3DAP)研究渗碳体内部和渗碳体/基体界面处的元素分布和成分变化.结果显示,淬火样品中C原子由于自回火而出现轻微偏聚,其它合金原子V,Nb,Si,Mn,Mo和Al等分布均匀.450℃回火4 h样品中出现C原子偏聚区,在该区域内,Mn含量较高,Mo和V轻微偏聚,Si和Al很少,对应渗碳体析出,Si富集在渗碳体/基体界面处;另外,观察到C和V明显偏聚的单原子面,周围富集Si和Mn,对应合金碳化物析出初期形成的G.P.区,成分主要为V4C3.     

3D ATOM PROBE CHARACTERIZATION OF ALLOYING ELEMENTS PARTITIONING IN CEMENTITE OF A Nb-V MICROALLOYED STEEL

将Nb-V微合金钢在1200 ℃固溶0.5 h后淬火, 然后在450 ℃回火4 h, 结合扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和透射电子显微镜(TEM), 用三维原子探针(3DAP)研究渗碳体内部和渗碳体/基体界面处的元素分布和成分变化. 结果显示, 淬火样品中C原子由于自回火而出现轻微偏聚, 其它合金原子V,Nb, Si, Mn, Mo和Al等分布均匀. 450 ℃回火4 h样品中出现C原子偏聚区, 在该区域内, Mn含量较高, Mo和V轻微偏聚, Si和Al很少, 对应渗碳体析出, Si富集在渗碳体/基体界面处; 另外, 观察到C和V明显偏聚的单原子面, 周围富集Si和Mn, 对应合金碳化物析出初期形成的G.P.区, 成分主要为V4C3.     

钼对含铌低合金铸钢碳化物析出行为的影响

借助熔炼制备合金的方法以及OM、SEM、TEM、碳化物萃取及XRD研究了含铌低合金铸钢中Mo的添加对碳化物析出行为的影响。结果表明:随Mo含量增加,组织由多边形铁素体向针状铁素体转变,片状珠光体向粒状贝氏体转变;铁素体晶粒内弥散析出的颗粒状和随机分布的短杆状碳化物增加,纽扣锭试样的硬度、强度增加,塑性降低。碳化物萃取及XRD衍射分析发现,试样中碳化物质量分数随Mo含量增加而增加;在1#Ori试样中碳化物主要为Fe3C、(Fe,Mn)3C型合金渗碳体及弥散析出的Nb(C,N)颗粒;在2#Mo、3#Mo试样中有Mo2C、Nb(C,N)和Mo(C,N)型碳化物析出。     

铌钒氮微合金钢中碳氮化合物研究

将铌钒氮微合金钢进行热轧和空冷处理，透射电镜发现铁素体中弥散着细小的球形析出相，三维原子探针分析显示这些析出相为Nb、V、Mo碳氮化物，进一步研究表明V、Nb、Mo原子主要依次位于碳氮化物的中心、次中心层和外层，Mn原子在基体与碳氮化物界面处偏聚。从碳氮化物的中心到外层依次主要为V的碳化物、Nb的碳氮化物、Mo的碳化物。     

铌钒氮微合金钢中碳氮化合物研究

将铌钒氮微合金钢进行热轧和空冷处理,透射电镜发现铁素体中弥散着细小的球形析出相,三维原子探针分析显示这些析出相为Nb、V、Mdo碳氮化物,进一步研究表明V、Nb、Mo原子主要依次位于碳氮化物的中心、次中心层和外层,Mn原子在基体与碳氮化物界面处偏聚.从碳氮化物的中心到外层依次主要为V的碳化物、Nb的碳氮化物、Mo的碳化物.     

贝氏体转变过程的阶段性及类调幅分解

含有阻碍碳化物析出的合金元素的钢，贝氏体转变过程可以分为二个阶段：准贝氏体阶段和典型贝氏体阶段，准贝氏体阶段组织为贝氏体铁素体和残余奥氏体，典型贝氏体阶段组织为贝氏体铁素体和碳化物。用透射电子显微镜分析表明间隙型65Si2MnMo合金及置换型Ni28Mn合金贝氏体转变过程存在间隙原子(C)和置换原子(Ni)的类调幅分解现象。典型贝氏体转变过程中碳化物的析出源来自过饱和的贝氏体铁素体及残余奥氏体。     

多元低合金耐磨铸钢热处理过程中碳化物析出行为的研究

借助OM、SEM、TEM、EDS和JMatPro模拟软件研究和分析了正火及正火后回火低合金铸钢试样中碳化物的析出及碳化物析出对试样组织和性能的影响。结果表明,Mo、Nb等合金元素的加入使珠光体转变C曲线右移,正火后试样由铸态粗大的铁素体和珠光体转变为铁素体和贝氏体铁素体组织,晶内有少量含Nb碳化物析出。试样890 ℃正火后500~650 ℃内回火,回火后试样组织转变为粒状珠光体和铁素体,560~590 ℃回火试样具有较优的综合力学性能;回火后试样的晶界处有少量合金碳化物析出,晶内有大量细小弥散的含Nb碳化物析出。     

多元低合金耐磨铸钢热处理过程中的碳化物析出行为

借助OM、SEM、TEM、EDS和JMat Pro模拟软件研究和分析了正火及正火后回火低合金铸钢试样中碳化物的析出行为及碳化物析出对试样组织和性能的影响。结果表明,Mo、Nb等合金元素的加入使珠光体转变C曲线右移,正火后试样由铸态粗大的铁素体和珠光体转变为铁素体和贝氏体铁素体组织,晶内有少量含Nb碳化物析出。试样890℃正火后500~650℃内回火,回火后试样组织转变为粒状珠光体和铁素体,560~590℃回火试样具有较优的综合力学性能;回火后试样的晶界处有少量合金碳化物析出,晶内有大量细小弥散的含Nb碳化物析出。     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Growth Kinetics of Single Inclusion Particle in Molten Melts

On the basis of the single-particle framework, a new theory on inclusion growth in metallurgical melts is developed to study the kinetics of inclusion growth on account of reaction and collision. The studies show that the early growth of inclusion depends on reaction growth and Brawnian motion collision, and where the former is decisive, the late growth depends on turbulence collision and Stokes＇ collision, and where the former is dominant; collision growth is very quick during the smelting process, lessened in the refining process, but nearly negligible in the continuous casting process.     

Theoretical Analysis for the Motion and Temperature of Melt Droplets in Spray Degassing Process

The motion of melt droplets in spray degassing process was analyzed theoretically. The height of the treatment tank in spray degassing process could be determined by the results of theoretical calculation of motion of melt droplets. To know whether the melt droplets would solidify during spraying process, the balance temperature of melt droplets was also theoretically analyzed. Then proof experiments for theoretical results about temperature of melt droplets were carried. In comparison, the experimental results were nearly similar to the calculation results.     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.