冷轧辊坯中白点形成及预防的研究

研究了冷轧辊坯中白点的形成原因及预防措施,结果表明,锻后经过扩散去氢,氢含量为0.6×10-6左右的MC5钢锻坯再次加热锻造后仍然会产生白点,这种白点是高温塑性变形中产生的内部裂纹。氢含量5×10-6左右的MC5电渣钢锭锻成530 mm的辊坯,采用适当的锻造工艺可以有效地防止白点产生,锻后缓冷48 h即可保证不产生白点。锻造中存在着裂纹产生与愈合的过程。     

9Cr2Mo冷轧辊用钢的激光淬火试验

采用硬度测试、显微组织和断口分析,对经激光淬火处理后的9Cr2Mo冷轧辊用钢进行了研究.结果表明,与常规淬火相比,9Cr2Mo钢激光淬火后硬度明显提高,但激光淬火搭接区出现硬度值陡降,其原因为搭接区的马氏体组织回火分解;常规淬火处理后的9Cr2Mo钢内有条、块状碳化物,断口为脆性解理断裂特征;而激光淬火后,条块状碳化物溶解或部分溶解,未完全溶解的碳化物细化成球形颗粒,其断口为浅韧窝+脆性准解理的断裂特征.     

冷辊坯网状碳化物的控制

将Cr2、Cr3及Cr5冷轧辊坯的正火温度都定为920℃,但Cr5冷轧辊坯的始锻温度定为1120℃,第3火锻比达1.7以上,可以有效控制辊坯的网状碳化物,使辊坯质量符合要求。     

9Cr2Mo冷轧工作辊内部缺陷性质分析

<正> 一重一九八零年生产的炉号179356的9Cr2Mo冷轧工作辊,经锻造、粗加工、调质处理后,在工频淬火预热时辊身内部发生响声,但在轧辊表面未发现裂纹。超声波检查表明,轧辊内部出现裂纹。将该轧辊解剖取样,进行了硫印、低倍冷酸洗、断口、高倍金相、扫描电镜分析和化学成分分析等检验,以查明其缺陷性质及产生原因。     

17CrNiMo6渗碳齿轮的淬火开裂分析

对17CrNiMo6太阳轮渗碳淬火开裂试样进行断口形貌、金相组织、热处理工艺和锻造工艺等分析。结果表明,太阳轮在渗碳淬火后发生开裂的原因是热处理工艺不合理和齿轮锻坯形状不合理造成的,通过修改热处理工艺和选择合理的齿轮锻坯,可消除淬火开裂缺陷。     

9Cr2Mo锻钢冷轧工作辊断裂原因分析

通过金相和扫描电镜分析，并配合热处理试验，找出9Cr2Mo锻钢冷轧工作辊断裂失效原因。通过分析冷轧工作辊断裂的主要原因是轧辊热处理工艺不当。在淬火过程中形成了沿晶内裂纹，当轧辊工作受力时，裂纹沿晶界快速扩展，导致轧辊产生脆断。     

9Cr2Mo钢冷轧辊断裂分析

本文所介绍的9Cr2Mo钢冷轧辊断裂事故,起因于中心孔部位的分层断口缺陷和针孔。而分层断口的形成,则与钢中碳化物沿奥氏体晶界大量析出有关。     

冷轧辊淬裂分析及其改进措施

冷轧辊由于特殊的服役条件要求辊面有高的硬度和一定的硬化层深度，对选材、冶炼、锻造、热处理均有严格的要求。今年初我厂在冷轧支承辊最终淬火时出现严重的淬裂现象，我们针对此例淬裂事故进行调查研究，分析淬裂原因，提出改进措施，现叙述如下。1断口宏观形貌在5支淬裂的冷轧支承辊中，3支直径300mm，2支直径400mm。5支淬裂辊的辊身均出现多处横向裂纹，并在台阶截面变化处也出现淬裂如图1所示。其中一支除出现横向裂纹外，还出现纵向开裂，断口如图2所示。开裂断口无塑性变形，为脆性断口，在断口上裂纹源，放射区及剪切唇三区清晰，…     

冷轧辊钢锻后探伤缺陷的原因分析与优化

邢台钢铁有限责任公司利用具有保护气氛的抽锭式电渣炉生产Ф600 mm的9Cr3Mo冷轧辊钢锭，并锻造成Φ440 mm×1700 mm×4215 mm规格的辊坯，锻造后经超声波探伤发现辊径中心有连续缺陷，直径为Φ4～Φ5 mm,范围长度约为330 mm。采用化学成分分析、金相检验、断口宏观微观检测及酸洗检测等手段对该冷轧辊钢内部探伤缺陷情况进行了全面分析。结果表明，经酸洗后，9Cr3Mo冷轧辊钢心部存在密集的纵向微裂纹，似材料疏松缺陷。进一步检测发现，裂纹附近无脱碳层，周围组织为均匀的球化退火组织，夹杂物无明显异常，无化学成分偏析，排除了电渣锭组织疏松缺陷。而后，对缺陷的特点进行了分析，判定此缺陷为在锻造过程中因心部透烧不充分、材料塑性较低而导致的锻造形变时的拉伸裂纹。最后，通过优化锻造加热过程中每火次间的保温时间和增加操作机抱钳预热的措施，保证了冷轧辊钢心部的锻造温度，避免了此类锻辊的探伤缺陷情况。     

锻钢冷轧辊辊坯制造技术

阐述了锻钢冷轧辊的发展历程、锻钢冷轧辊对辊坯的技术要求和辊坯的制造技术及发展方向。通常,辊坯制造采用电渣重熔、高温扩散、锻造和锻后正火及球化退火和扩氢处理等。指出,采用微合金化技术提高使用寿命是冷轧辊的发展方向,开发电炉精炼钢冷轧辊是提高锻钢冷轧辊市场竞争力的有效途径。     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.     

Directional Growth of Tin Crystals Controlled by Combined Solute Concentration Gradient Field and Static Magnetic Field

A new method was introduced to achieve directional growth of Sn crystals. Microstructures in liquid(Pb)/liquid(Sn) diffusion couples were investigated under various static magnetic fields. Results show that the β-Sn crystals mainly reveal an irregular dendritic morphology without or with a relatively low static magnetic field(B0.3 T). When the magnetic field is increased to 0.5 T, the β-Sn dendrites close to the final stage of growth begin to show some directional character. With a further increase in the magnetic field to a higher level(0.8–5 T), the β-Sn dendrites have an enhanced directional growth character, but the dendrites show a certain deflection. As the magnetic field is increased to 12 T, the directional growth of the β-Sn dendrites in the center of the couple is severely destroyed. The mechanism of the directional growth of the β-Sn crystals and the deflection of the β-Sn crystals with the application of static magnetic field was tentatively discussed.     

电化学噪声数据处理方法概述

综述了常见的电化学噪声数据处理方法,介绍了直流趋势剔除、统计分析、快速傅立叶变换(FFT)法计算功率谱密度(PSD)以及小波变换处理电化学噪声信号的基本过程,并阐释了各种数学处理及所得参数的物理意义。