煤与污泥的循环流化床富氧燃烧

结合污泥的特性与富氧燃烧技术的优点,在一个内径为100mm的循环流化床焚烧炉内进行煤与污泥的富氧燃烧试验.试验分析了不同煤泥质量比,在氧体积分数为21%～35%环境下的燃烧特性以及送风含氧量、床层温度对烟气成分的影响.结果表明:不同质量比的燃料在不同氧气氛围的燃烧特性不同;当给料量恒定时,随着送风含氧量的增大,总风量减少,炉膛的温度逐渐升高,烟气中SO2与NOx浓度都呈增大的趋势,这有利于SO2与NOx的脱除;NOx体积分数随床层温度的升高逐渐增加.     

循环流化床中糠醛渣与煤混燃特性的试验研究

在炉膛尺寸为150 mm×150 mm×2 500 mm的循环流化床燃烧试验台上进行糠醛渣与煤的混燃试验,研究其燃烧特性、尾部飞灰及烟气排放特性。研究表明:糠醛渣掺混质量比例为10%-50%的混合燃料在循环流化床中均可稳定燃烧;随着糠醛渣的掺混比例增加,炉膛上部温度升高,尾部飞灰含碳量下降,而颗粒排放浓度升高;随着流化风速增加,炉膛上部温度升高。密相区的温度升高,CO排放浓度下降,SO2、NOx排放浓度上升;糠醛渣的掺混比例增加,CO排放浓度上升,SO2、NOx排放浓度下降。     

旋流对同轴富氧扩散燃烧NOx排放的影响

对30%～40%的氧浓度下甲烷富氧空气同轴扩散燃烧的火焰形态、可见火焰高度、燃烧特性以及NOx排放进行了实验测量,研究了旋流数对NOx排放控制的影响.结果显示,随着旋流数的增加,火焰高度略有升高,火焰发光由白色逐渐变为橙黄色;最高火焰温度逐渐降低,温度分布也变得平坦;NOx排放指数随旋流数的增加而降低,氧浓度越高,其下降幅度越大.保持其他条件不变,增加氧化剂流速可以增强旋流对燃烧特性及NOx排放的影响.     

小型循环流化床富氧燃烧NOx的生成试验与模拟研究

在真实烟气再循环条件下进行循环流化床(CFB)富氧燃烧试验,发现在配气气氛下和真实烟气再循环条件下CFB中NOx的生成规律有很大差异.基于该试验结果,建立了一个富氧燃烧CFB炉内NOx的生成模型,在该模型中重点考察了床温和氧气浓度对NOx生成的影响.结果表明:在不同气氛下,NOx的生成量随温度和氧气浓度的升高均明显增加;在富氧气氛下,NOx的生成对温度的变化更加敏感,而且不同煤种和石灰石的加入均可能影响NOx的生成特性;该模型计算结果与试验结果较吻合.     

链条炉区段烟气再循环对锅炉运行及NOx排放特性影响的工业试验研究

针对一台采用尽早配风方式的29MW链条炉进行分区段烟气再循环对锅炉运行及NOx排放特性影响的工业试验。在挥发分析出及燃烧区段煤层下的一次风室混入再循环烟气将有效强化该区段煤层燃烧,降低该区段煤层以上燃烧空间的氧浓度,控制及消减挥发分N向NOx的转化,同时降低了穿过该区段煤层一次风的氧浓度,抑制焦炭N向NOx转化,NO消减效果最高达到25%。在焦炭燃烧区段煤层下的一次风室混入再循环烟气,能够降低穿过床层气流的氧浓度,抑制焦炭氮向NO的转化过程,该区段烟气再循环低氮效果有限,最大降幅9%。再循环烟气可以替代部分一次风,以维持足够的风室风压,进而降低穿过煤层气流的O2浓度,从而强化链条炉区段燃烧特性的低氮特征,实现链条炉的NOx减排。随着工业锅炉NOx排放指标的不断提高,烟气再循环作为一项有效的前置低氮环节,能有效降低整个低氮系统的投资,进而取得较好的经济性。     

发动机起动动态过程富氧燃烧排放及其失火特性研究

针对发动机选择性组分进气富氧燃烧,采取氧浓度21%～27%的富氧进气,研究点燃式发动机起动初始段瞬态过程燃烧与排放特性.试验表明:随着进气氧浓度的增加,CO、HC排放明显下降,NOx排放有所升高.在氧浓度23%～25%的低富氧程度时,对于CO、HC排放的影响相对显著,随着富氧程度的进一步增加,该影响作用明显减弱.尽管富氧起动带来一定程度的NOx排放增加,但是起动过程的NOx排放仍然处于较低水平.缸内燃烧探测可知,合适的富氧氛围有利于火焰传播和扩散,明显减少失火现象,失火率呈线性降低趋势,起动燃烧稳定性明显增强.     

富氧气氛下循环流化床煤燃烧试验研究

在O2／CO2气氛和O2／N2气氛下,对氧浓度为21％～35％的循环流化床进行了煤燃烧的试验研究,比较了不同气氛下的煤燃烧特性和炉内温度分布以及NOx、NO2的排放规律和脱硫效率．试验显示富氧气氛下煤能够稳定燃烧,循环回路通畅;给煤量一定,随着试验气氛中氧含量的增加,燃烧效率逐渐增高．O2／CO2气氛下的燃烧效率略低于相同氧含量的O2／N2气氛下的燃烧效率;随着试验气氛中氧含量的增加,NOx排放量增加,SO2排放量略有减小,石灰石脱硫效率略有提高．     

循环流化床锅炉低氮燃烧的CPFD数值模拟

针对某75 t/h循环流化床锅炉炉膛出口NOx排放超标问题进行分析探讨,以合理的低氮燃烧控制技术为主,辅以SNCR烟气脱硝技术,争取达到NO x超净排放要求。采用CPFD计算方法对循环流化床锅炉炉膛内的气固流动和燃烧特性进行数值模拟,运用低过量空气燃烧法和空气分级技术对锅炉进行低氮燃烧控制,研究一、二次风配比、二次风射流、过量空气系数、循环倍率和颗粒粒径等因素对炉内燃烧及NO x排放的影响。结果表明:通过低氮燃烧控制后,炉内速度场和温度场分布均匀,炉膛出口处烟气流速增加,炉膛平均烟温和出口氧浓度降低,还原性气体CO浓度和优化前基本相同,炉膛出口NOx浓度降低,减排效果显著,为以后的锅炉运行提供实际指导经验。     

基于燃烧控制和SNCR+烟气CFB的循环流化床锅炉超低排放示范

循环流化床工业锅炉也要具备超低排放的能力。除了深度挖掘循环流化床燃烧自身低污染排放潜力之外,还可以对烟气进一步控制处理。利用炉内低氮燃烧,配合低成本的选择性非催化还原(SNCR)控制NOx;利用炉内脱硫产生的CaO在烟气循环流化床吸收塔中吸收SO_2和其他污染物,有一定的优势,为此开展了工程示范。示范在燃用Ⅱ类烟煤的75 t/h蒸汽工业锅炉进行。运行表明,炉内不投石灰石时,即使不投SNCR,NOx能控制在50 mg/m3以内,此时烟气循环流化床吸收塔必须喷消石灰浆,吸收塔出口SO_2浓度有一定的波动。炉内投石灰石后,NOx排放因受其催化浓度迅速增加,此时需及时投入SNCR;烟道上增湿活化、控制烟气循环流化床吸收塔中的温度,能够稳定地将SO_2控制在35 mg/m3。可见,基于燃烧控制和SNCR+烟气CFB控制,循环流化床锅炉在高效运行的同时,烟气污染物能可靠地实现超低排放。     

循环流化床垃圾焚烧锅炉炉膛设计分析

炉膛是循环流化床垃圾焚烧炉的核心,分析了生活垃圾的燃烧特点,研究了焚烧生活垃圾的循环流化床锅炉的炉膛设计的传热理论.根据对典型城市的生活垃圾的取样分析,建议设计中生活垃圾的低位发热量按着5 400～6 200 kJ/kg考虑.为了保证污染物的生成较低,应保持合理的温度分布,循环流化床垃圾焚烧炉煤的掺烧量应随时调整.由于循环流化床燃烧特点,炉膛出口过剩空气系数可取1.2.燃烧生活垃圾的循环流化床锅炉炉内传热的辐射换热份额为60%左右,颗粒辐射的贡献远远大于三原子气体的贡献,因此,垃圾水分变化引起的烟气成分的变化对辐射换热的影响很小,但是对固体空间悬浮浓度的影响非常明显.     

Ash-forming elements in four Scandinavian wood species. Part 1: Summer harvest

Woody biomass in Finland and Sweden comprises mainly four wood species: spruce, pine, birch and aspen. To study the ash, which may cause problems for the combustion device, one tree of each species were cut down and prepared for comparisons with fuel samples. Well-defined samples of wood, bark and foliage were analyzed on 11 ash-forming elements: Si, Al, Fe, Ca, Mg, Mn, Na, K, P, S and Cl. The ash content in the wood tissues (0.2–0.7%) was low compared to the ash content in the bark tissues (1.9–6.4%) and the foliage (2.4–7.7%). The woods’ content of ash-forming elements was consequently low; the highest contents were of Ca (410–1340 ppm) and K (200–1310), followed by Mg (70–290), Mn (15–240) and P (0–350). Present in the wood was also Si (50–190), S (50–200) and Cl (30–110). The bark tissues showed much higher element contents; Ca (4800–19,100 ppm) and K (1600–6400) were the dominating elements, followed by Mg (210–2400), P (210–1200), Mn (110–1100) and S (310–750), but the Cl contents (40–330) were only moderately higher in the bark than in the wood. The young foliage (shoots and deciduous leaves) had the highest K (7100–25,000 ppm), P (1600–5300) and S (1100–2600) contents of all tissues, while the shoots of spruce had the highest Cl contents (820–1360) and its needles the highest Si content (5000–11,300). This paper presented a new approach in fuel characterization: the method excludes the presence of impurities, and focus on different categories of plant tissues. This made it possible to discuss the contents of ash element in a wide spectrum of fuel-types, which are of large importance for the energy production in Finland and Sweden.     

NEXT GENERATION ENGINEERED MATERIALS FOR ULTRA SUPERCRITICAL STEAM TURBINES

正1 ABSTRACT To reduce the effect of global warming on our climate,the levels of CO2emissions should be reduced.One way to do this is to increase the efficiency of electricity production from fossil fuels.This will in turn reduce the amount of CO2emissions for a given power output.Using US practice for efficiency calculations,then a move from a typical US plant running at 37%efficiency to a 760℃/38.5 MPa(1 400/5 580 psi)plant running at 48%efficiency would reduce CO2emissions by 170kg/MW.hr or 25%.     

Aerodynamic performance effects of leading-edge geometry in gas-turbine blades

The purpose of this paper is to illustrate the advantages of the direct surface-curvature distribution blade-design method, originally proposed by Korakianitis, for the leading-edge design of turbine blades, and by extension for other types of airfoil shapes. The leading edge shape is critical in the blade design process, and it is quite difficult to completely control with inverse, semi-inverse or other direct-design methods. The blade-design method is briefly reviewed, and then the effort is concentrated on smoothly blending the leading edge shape (circle or ellipse, etc.) with the main part of the blade surface, in a manner that avoids leading-edge flow-disturbance and flow-separation regions. Specifically in the leading edge region we return to the second-order (parabolic) construction line coupled with a revised smoothing equation between the leading-edge shape and the main part of the blade. The Hodson–Dominy blade has been used as an example to show the ability of this blade-design method to remove leading-edge separation bubbles in gas turbine blades and other airfoil shapes that have very sharp changes in curvature near the leading edge. An additional gas turbine blade example has been used to illustrate the ability of this method to design leading edge shapes that avoid leading-edge separation bubbles at off-design conditions. This gas turbine blade example has inlet flow angle 0°, outlet flow angle −64.3°, and tangential lift coefficient 1.045, in a region of parameters where the leading edge shape is critical for the overall blade performance. Computed results at incidences of −10°,   −5°,   +5°,   +10° are used to illustrate the complete removal of leading edge flow-disturbance regions, thus minimizing the possibility of leading-edge separation bubbles, while concurrently minimizing the stagnation pressure drop from inlet to outlet. These results using two difficult example cases of leading edge geometries illustrate the superiority and utility of this blade-design method when compared with other direct or inverse blade-design methods.     

Hydrogen production by steam-gasification of carbonaceous materials using concentrated solar energy – V. Reactor modeling,optimization, and scale-up

A chemical reactor for the steam-gasification of carbonaceous particles (e.g. coal, coke) is considered for using concentrated solar radiation as the energy source of high-temperature process heat. A two-phase reactor model that couples radiative, convective, and conductive heat transfer to the chemical kinetics is applied to optimize the reactor geometrical configuration and operational parameters (feedstock's initial particle size, feeding rates, and solar power input) for maximum reaction extent and solar-to-chemical energy conversion efficiency of a 5 kW prototype reactor and its scale-up to 300 kW. For the 300 kW reactor, complete reaction extent is predicted for an initial feedstock particle size up to 35 μm at residence times of less than 10 s and peak temperatures of 1818 K, yielding high-quality syngas with a calorific content that has been solar-upgraded by 19% over that of the petcoke gasified.     

Contents in Volume 23,2014

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汽轮机数字电液调节系统挂闸异常的技术完善

分析了200MW汽轮机数字电液调节系统在运行中存在的挂闸异常问题,采取了相应的技术处理措施,且运行实践效果良好。     

新型高压共轨ECU升压模块的数字化开发与优化

为了提高喷油器电磁阀的响应速率,提出了一种基于CPLD(复杂可编程逻辑器件)应用于高压共轨ECU的数字升压模块。鉴于该升压电路结构参数多,其升压电压的恢复响应要求高等特征,基于Pspice建立了升压电路的仿真模型,研究了不同电路参数下升压模块的输出特性,全面优化了该升压模块的性能。结果显示,该升压模块的最大转换效率可以达90%以上。在柴油发动机上对ECU的试验表明,升压电压最大波动不超过10%,其恢复时间仅为1.3ms,功率管最大温升仅为41℃,满足整机运行范围内ECU的需求。     

Trace metal chemistry and silicification of microorganisms in geothermal sinter, Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand

As part of a pilot study investigating the role of microorganisms in the immobilisation of As, Sb, B, Tl and Hg, the inorganic geochemistry of seven different active sinter deposits and their contact fluids were characterised. A comprehensive series of sequential extractions for a suite of trace elements was carried out on siliceous sinter and a mixed silica-carbonate sinter. The extractions showed whether metals were loosely exchangeable or bound to carbonate, oxide, organic or crystalline fractions. Hyperthermophilic microbial communities associated with sinters deposited from high temperature (92–94°C) fluids at a variety of geothermal sources were investigated using SEM. The rapidity and style of silicification of the hyperthermophiles can be correlated with the dissolved silica content of the fluid. Although high concentrations of Hg and Tl were found associated with the organic fraction of the sinters, there was no evidence to suggest that any of the heavy metals were associated preferentially with the hyperthermophiles at the high temperature (92–94°C) ends of the terrestrial thermal spring ecosystems studied.     

Assessment methods of material ageing using Sdobyrev''s creep rupture model

The physical aspects of the activation energy, in higher and high temperatures, of the metal creep process were examined. The research results of creep-rupture in a uniaxial stress state and the criterion of creep-rupture in biaxial stress states, at two temperatures, are then presented. For these studies creep-rupture, taking case iron as an example the energy and pseudoenergy activation was determined. For complex stress states the criterion of creep-rupture was taken to be Sdobyrev's, i.e. σ_red = σ₁ β + (1 − β)σ_i, where: σ₁-maximal principal stress, σ_i-stress intensity, β-material constant (at variable temperature β = β(T)). The methods of assessment of the material ageing grade are given in percentages of ageing of new material in the following mechanical properties: 1) creep strength in uniaxial stress state, 2) activation energy in uniaxial stress state, 3) criterion creep strength in complex stress states, 4) activation pseudoenergy in complex stress states. The methods 1) and 3) are the relatively simplest because they result from experimental investigations only at nominal temperature of the structure work, however, for methods 2) and 4) it is necessary to perform the experimental investigations at least at two temperatures.     

Production of hydrogen from sewage biosolids in a continuously fed bioreactor: Effect of hydraulic retention time and sparging

Hydrogen was produced from primary sewage biosolids via mesophilic anaerobic fermentation in a continuously fed bioreactor. Prior to fermentation the sewage biosolids were heated to 70 °C for 1 h to inactivate methanogens and during fermentation a cellulose degrading enzyme was added to improve substrate availability. Hydraulic retention times (HRT) of 18, 24, 36 and 48 h were evaluated for the duration of hydrogen production. Without sparging a hydraulic retention time of 24 h resulted in the longest period of hydrogen production (3 days), during which a hydrogen yield of 21.9 L H₂ kg⁻¹ VS added to the bioreactor was achieved. Methods of preventing the decline of hydrogen production during continuous fermentation were evaluated. Of the techniques evaluated using nitrogen gas to sparge the bioreactor contents proved to be more effective than flushing just the headspace of the bioreactor. Sparging at 0.06 L L min⁻¹ successfully prevented a decline in hydrogen production and resulted in a yield of 27.0  L H₂ kg⁻¹ VS added, over a period of greater than 12 days or 12 HRT. The use of sparging also delayed the build up of acetic acid in the bioreactor, suggesting that it serves to inhibit homoacetogenesis and thus maintain hydrogen production.