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Laurent Georges Matthias Haase Aoife Houlihan Wiberg Torhildur Kristjansdottir Birgit Risholt 《Building Research & Information》2015,43(1):82-93
The net-zero emissions building (nZEB) performance is investigated for building operation (EO) and embodied emissions in materials (EE) for Norway's cold climate. nZEB concepts for new residential and office buildings are conceived in order to understand the balance and implications between operational and embodied emissions over the building's life. The main drivers for the CO2 equivalent (CO2e) emissions are revealed for both building concepts through a detailed emissions calculation. The influence of the CO2e factor for electricity is emphasized and it is shown to have significant impact on the temporal evolution of the overall CO2e emissions balance. The results show that the criterion for zero emissions in operation is easily reached for both nZEB concepts (independent of the CO2e factor considered). Embodied emissions are significant compared to operational emissions. It was found that an overall emissions balance including both operational and embodied energy is difficult to reach and would be unobtainable in a scenario of low carbon electricity from the grid. In this particular scenario, the net balance of emissions alone is nonetheless not a sufficient performance indicator for nZEB. 相似文献
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Zero energy balance (ZEB) is an essential and paramount topic in building design. The paper addresses this important research area with special regard to the Mediterranean climate.To deal with ZEB in architecture, a final design proposal for a new housing development in the peri-urban context of Tricase - a town located in the south of Italy - is presented and used for energy investigation. With reference to this pilot case study, the paper highlights that high performing and zero energy balance buildings cannot be reached by technology alone, but by the search for an integrated design combining passive tools (high thermal mass brick wall structures - as an evolution of the traditional stone construction of the region, high reflective materials, solar shading devices, ventilation strategies, etc.) with solar and wind energy micro-generation.Results show that zero energy balance and zero local CO2 emission houses in the Mediterranean climate present high levels of feasibility, which can be simply achieved by energy-efficient solutions using local materials and traditional construction processes, thus resulting into high quality performing buildings within recognisable urban environments. 相似文献
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Most studies on the environmental performance of buildings focus on energy demand and associated greenhouse gas emissions. They often neglect to consider the range of other resource demands and environmental impacts associated with buildings, including water. Studies that assess water use in buildings typically consider only operational water, which excludes the embodied water in building materials or the water associated with the mobility of building occupants. A new framework is presented that quantifies water requirements at the building scale (i.e. the embodied and operational water of the building as well as its maintenance and refurbishment) and at the city scale (i.e. the embodied water of nearby infrastructures such as roads, gas distribution and others) and the transport-related indirect water use of building occupants. A case study house located in Melbourne, Australia, is analysed using the new framework. The results show that each of the embodied, operational and transport requirements is nearly equally important. By integrating these three water requirements, the developed framework provides architects, building designers, planners and decision-makers with a powerful means to understand and effectively reduce the overall water use and associated environmental impacts of residential buildings. 相似文献
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Thomas Lützkendorf Greg Foliente Maria Balouktsi Aoife Houlihan Wiberg 《Building Research & Information》2015,43(1):62-81
The design and assessment of net-zero buildings commonly focus exclusively on the operational phase, ignoring the embodied environmental impacts over the building life cycle. An analysis is presented on the consequences of integrating embodied impacts into the assessment of the environmental advantageousness of net-zero concepts. Fundamental issues needing consideration in the design process – based on the evaluation of primary energy use and related greenhouse gas emissions – are examined by comparing three net-zero building design and assessment cases: (1) no embodied impacts included, net balance limited to the operation stage only; (2) embodied impacts included but evaluated separately from the operation stage; and (3) embodied impacts included with the operation stage in a life cycle approach. A review of recent developments in research, standardization activities and design practice and the presentation of a case study of a residential building in Norway highlight the critical importance of performance indicator definitions and system boundaries. A practical checklist is presented to guide the process of incorporating embodied impacts across the building life cycle phases in net-zero design. Its implications are considered on overall environmental impact assessment of buildings. Research and development challenges, as well as recommendations for designers and other stakeholders, are identified. 相似文献
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太阳能技术的引入在建筑使用阶段达到了低碳减排的目的,然而\"低碳\"不能依靠末端减排。作为一项系统工程,真正实现低碳建筑要靠系统减排。该文以\"零能耗太阳能住宅产品\"为例,通过核算建筑全生命周期(主要是建材开采、生产阶段和建筑使用阶段)的碳排放,客观、真实地反映太阳能光伏技术的应用对建筑全生命周期碳排放的影响。结论:由于使用太阳能系统,使用阶段的碳排放量降低了90%,然而太阳能系统在建材生产阶段的碳排放量也是不容忽视的,太阳能光电板生产的碳排放占总建材碳排放量的41%,必须纳入到建筑碳排放的全生命周期中去考虑。 相似文献
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Anne Sigrid Nordby 《Building Research & Information》2013,41(6):553-565
What are the limitations of regulatory measures to decrease environmental impacts of buildings? The case of Norway's wood-fired mountain cabins is used to explore whether strict energy-efficiency requirements in building regulations are appropriate and effective. A self-service (holiday) cabin is analysed in three different scenarios. The carbon emissions from the extra material required to meet the new regulations are calculated and compared with the emissions saved by the expected decrease in operational energy demand over a 50-year life cycle. The results show that in all three scenarios the carbon emissions from the extra material use and their transport outweighs the savings from reduced heating. As expected, the frequency of use (occupancy rate) is shown to be an important variable to determine the usefulness of technical upgrading. Alternative measures for decreased environmental impacts are considered. Suggested solutions for long-term reductions in carbon emissions for wood-fired mountain cabins are area efficiency (reduced floor area), low-carbon materials and the reuse of components instead of improved U-values. Regulatory measures that create universal standards for all buildings fail to account for particular circumstances and create revenge effects. Increased flexibility in regulatory mechanisms could reduce these problems. Quelles sont les limites des mesures réglementaires visant à réduire les incidences environnementales des bâtiments? Le cas des chalets de montagne de Norvège à chauffage au bois est utilisé pour examiner si des obligations strictes d'efficacité énergétique dans la réglementation de la construction sont adaptées et efficaces. Un chalet (de vacances) en libre service est analysé selon trois scénarios différents. Les émissions de carbone provenant des matériaux supplémentaires nécessaires pour satisfaire à la nouvelle réglementation sont calculées et comparées aux émissions économisées par la réduction prévue de la demande d'énergie opérationnelle sur un cycle de vie de 50 ans. Les résultats montrent que dans chacun des trois scénarios les émissions de carbone provenant de l'utilisation de matériaux supplémentaires et de leur transport l'emportent sur les économies provenant des réductions de chauffage. Il est montré que, comme prévu, la fréquence d'utilisation (le taux d'occupation) est une variable importante pour déterminer la mise à niveau technique. Des mesures alternatives propres à réduire les incidences environnementales sont envisagées. Les solutions permettant de réduire sur le long terme les émissions de carbone des chalets de montagne à chauffage au bois sont le rendement de surface (surface au sol réduite), les matériaux bas carbone et la réutilisation des composants plutôt qu'une amélioration du coefficient K. Les mesures réglementaires qui établissent des normes universelles pour tous les bâtiments sont incapables de rendre compte de circonstances particulières et créent des effets pervers. Une plus grande souplesse des mécanismes réglementaires pourrait réduire ces problèmes. Mots clés: réglementation de la construction?énergie intrinsèque?énergie, incidences environnementales?émissions de gaz à effet de serre?analyse du cycle de vie (ACV)?bâtiments bas carbone 相似文献
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温室气体排放引起的全球变暖已成为国际社会关注的焦点问题,而建筑在其建造活动和相关材料生产过程产生大量的温室气体。为了采取正确的措施减少建筑碳排放,准确量化建筑的碳排放尤为重要。本文对已有的建筑生命周期物化碳的相关研究进行梳理,分析了目前常用的3种建筑生命周期物化碳计算方法(基于过程法、投入产出法和混合法),并从系统边界、数据特点和计算的准确性3个方面对这3种方法进行比较。研究结果表明,基于过程法操作性较好、应用最广泛,但准确性低;投入产出法应用比较少,其结果过于粗略;混合法计算准确性较高,但因操作较复杂,应用也比较少。 相似文献
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Reduced water consumption is one of the objectives of many towns and cities as part of the trend towards more sustainable settlements. Information on comprehensive water usage is required for formulating conservation and management strategies. Whilst buildings are directly responsible for only 12% of global water consumption, they can indirectly account for a much more significant proportion of total water demand due to the production of construction materials as well as the goods and services purchased by their occupants. This paper analyses both direct and indirect water consumption of a conventional Australian residential building and its occupants over a 50-year period. Input–output analysis is used to comprehensively determine total water usage. The results show that the direct water consumption to operate the house is only 6.4% of the total, with a further proportion embodied in the materials of the dwelling. The water embodied in consumable items, especially food, is the most significant, representing 46% of total household water demand. Policies for minimizing water consumption should address more than just direct water usage and the findings used to influence the design of urban living in the future. La réduction de la consommation en eau est l'un des objectifs de nombreuses villes, grandes et moins grandes, dans le cadre de la tendance actuelle à aller vers des habitations plus durables. Il est nécessaire de pouvoir disposer d'informations sur l'ensemble des usages qui sont faits de l'eau pour pouvoir formuler des stratégies de préservation et de gestion. Alors que les bâtiments ne sont directement responsables que de 12% de la consommation mondiale en eau, ils peuvent représenter indirectement une part beaucoup plus importante de la demande totale en eau, du fait de la fabrication des matériaux de construction comme des biens et services achetés par leurs occupants. La consommation en eau directe aussi bien qu'indirecte est analysée sur une période de 50 ans, en utilisant comme étude de cas un immeuble résidentiel australien classique et ses occupants. L'analyse des entrées et des sorties est pleinement utilisée pour déterminer l'usage total de l'eau. Les résultats montrent que la consommation directe en eau pour faire fonctionner la maison ne s'élève qu'à 6,4% du total, une part supplémentaire virtuelle étant constituée par les matériaux de l'habitation. L'eau virtuelle des produits consommables, en particulier des aliments, est la plus importante, représentant 46% de la demande totale en eau de l'habitation. Les politiques visant à réduire au minimum la consommation en eau devront aller au-delà du simple usage direct de l'eau, et ces résultats devront être utilisés pour influer à l'avenir sur la conception de la vie urbaine. Mots clés: eau virtuelle?consommation des ménages?analyse du cycle de vie de l'eau?immeubles résidentiels?consommation en eau 相似文献
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从可持续发展的战略考虑,选用对资源消耗尽可能少、对生态环境影响小、循环再利用率高的生态环境建筑材料,是21世纪发展新型建筑体系的大趋势。本文基于生命周期评价理论(LCA),建立建筑全生命周期碳排放的核算模型。同时,为探讨减少建筑碳排放的途径和合适结构类型、结构材料的选择,本文从重型结构(钢结构、钢筋混凝土结构)和轻型结构(木结构、轻钢结构)两种不同的结构类型及相应的结构材料入手,对其全生命周期的碳排放进行定量测算和对比分析。结果表明,每年单位建筑面积碳排放,轻型结构〈重型结构;木结构〈轻钢结构〈钢结构〈钢筋混凝土结构。 相似文献
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Eline Himpe Leen Trappers Wim Debacker Marc Delghust Jelle Laverge Arnold Janssens 《Building Research & Information》2013,41(4):435-449
Most zero-energy concepts focus on a reduction of the non-renewable operational energy use in buildings rather than taking the reduction of their life cycle energy use as a starting point. Nevertheless, the life cycle embodied and end-of-life energy will become more important, especially in buildings with low operational energy. Therefore, the life cycle energy use of a Belgian zero-energy reference house is examined by means of life cycle energy assessment. The influence of design decisions and regulations on the building construction type, the building services, and the performance of the building envelope are investigated. In terms of thermal performance of the building, the results show that the life cycle embodied energy in zero-energy houses with passive or standard thermal performance was not substantially different. From a life cycle energy perspective, passive house requirements are not essential criteria for zero-energy houses in Belgium. On the other hand, large life cycle energy savings were obtained through a proficient selection of all building construction materials and services. For the life cycle embodied energy in building constructions, the best timber frame and masonry houses were equally efficient. Wood pellets and photovoltaic panels were decisive factors in the life cycle embodied energy of building services. Les concepts <<zéro-énergie>> sont axés pour la plupart sur une réduction de l'utilisation de l'énergie d'exploitation non renouvelable dans les bâtiments plutôt que de prendre la réduction de leur consommation d'énergie sur le cycle de vie comme point de départ. Néanmoins, l'énergie grise sur le cycle de vie et l'énergie de fin de vie vont gagner en importance, en particulier dans les bâtiments nécessitant une faible énergie d'exploitation. La consommation d'énergie sur le cycle de vie d'une maison belge «zéro énergie» de référence est donc étudiée au moyen d'un bilan énergétique du cycle de vie. Sont étudiés l'influence des décisions de conception et de la réglementation sur le type de construction du bâtiment, les services au bâtiment, et les performances de l'enveloppe du bâtiment. En termes de performance thermique du bâtiment, les résultats montrent que l'énergie grise sur le cycle de vie n'était pas fondamentalement différente dans les maisons «zéro énergie» offrant des performances thermiques passives ou standard. Du point de vue de l'énergie du cycle de vie, les exigences d'une maison passive ne sont pas des critères essentiels pour des maisons «zéro énergie» en Belgique. En revanche, d'importantes économies d'énergie sur le cycle de vie ont été obtenues par un choix opéré avec compétence de tous les matériaux de construction et services au bâtiment. S'agissant de l'énergie grise sur le cycle de vie dans la construction de bâtiments, les meilleures maisons, qu'elles aient été à ossature bois ou en maçonnerie, ont été tout aussi performantes. Les granulés de bois et les panneaux photovoltaïques ont été des facteurs décisifs concernant l'énergie grise sur le cycle de vie des services aux bâtiments. Mots clés: services aux bâtiments, énergie grise, analyse énergétique du cycle de vie, [construction] passive, bâtiments résidentiels, <<zéro-énergie>> 相似文献
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Grace K. C. Ding 《Building Research & Information》2013,41(5):487-500
The Australian Department of Commerce builds many secondary schools in New South Wales every year, and the impact of energy consumption for such a type of construction has rarely been done before in Australia. Although there is a particular responsibility to ensure that public-owned projects contribute to the future well-being of the natural environment, environmental performance and energy efficiency of public projects are not well studied. In order that more informed design and planning decisions can be made about the future construction of school projects, this research paper uses life cycle energy analysis to study the total energy consumption of 20 public secondary school projects in New South Wales. The results will serve as a model for a more comprehensive analysis of energy consumption in establishing environmental performance criteria for the design and construction of future school projects in New South Wales. Le ministère australien du Commerce construit chaque année de nombreuses écoles secondaires dans la province de Nouvelle Galles du Sud; l'étude de l'impact de la consommation d'énergie de ce type de bâtiment a rarement été faite auparavant en Australie. Bien qu'il existe une responsabilité particulière à s'assurer que les projets contribuent au développement harmonieux de l'environnement naturel, les performances environnementales et l'efficacité énergétique des projets publics ne font pas l'objet d'études sérieuses. Pour que l'on puisse prendre des décisions mieux étayées en matière de conception et de planning de futurs projets de construction d'écoles, cette communication s'appuie sur l'analyse énergétique du cycle de vie pour étudier la consommation énergétique totale de 20 projets d'écoles secondaires publiques en Nouvelle Galles du Sud. Les résultats obtenus serviront de modèles à une analyse plus complète de la consommation d'énergie en établissant des critères de performances environnementales applicables à la conception et à la construction de futures écoles en Nouvelle Galles du Sud. Mots clés: Performances des bâtiments, énergie intégrée, analyse énergétique du cycle de vie, énergie opérationnelle, bâtiments publics, écoles 相似文献
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Benjamin Manrique Delgado Sunliang Cao Ala Hasan Kai Sirén 《Building Research & Information》2018,46(6):668-685
Surplus energy can be a recurrent phenomenon in zero-energy buildings (ZEBs) with onsite generation systems, usually resulting in the export of excess electricity. Yet, converting electricity into heat and exporting it could improve the overall energy balance. This study analyses the energy and exergy performance of a Finnish nearly zero-energy building (nZEB) as a heat and electricity prosumer, and proposes alternative energy topologies to improve energy and exergy levels, primary energy demand and CO2 emissions. The results show that increasing the installed capacity of the photovoltaic systems would lead to zero energy, exergy, emissions and a balance of primary energy. However, by instead using the surplus electricity to drive a heat pump and export heat, the currently installed capacity would lead to a net energy export of over 4000?kWh/a. Thus, energy conversion could significantly enhance the contribution from heat and electricity prosumers to smart energy grids, though not without affecting other criteria. Two management strategies arise: favouring heat export improves the net energy and CO2 emissions reduction but lessens the net exergy, while favouring electricity export improves the net exergy and primary energy reduction. The findings highlight that energy conversion can enhance nZEB performance and its exchange with hybrid grids. 相似文献
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水泥生命周期中物化环境状况的研究 总被引：12，自引：0，他引：12
本文运用生命周期评价方法研究水泥生命周期中的物化环境状况 ,主要考虑水泥生产工艺过程、运输过程造成的直接环境影响和电力生产、燃煤生产造成的间接环境影响。通过对三种用新型干法技术生产的水泥的物化环境状况分析发现 ,水泥生产工艺过程和电力生产是造成水泥物化环境影响的主要原因。在水泥生产工艺过程中 ,熟料烧成造成的环境影响占主要部分 ;在水泥造成的环境影响类型中 ,全球变暖和粉尘排放是造成水泥潜在环境影响的主要因素 ;随着水泥强度的提高 ,水泥的环境影响负荷和资源耗竭系数均增大。 相似文献
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Manish K. Dixit 《Building Research & Information》2017,45(5):508-523
The US building sector consumes 48% of the nation’s annual energy as operating and embodied energy. Calculating embodied energy is difficult, complex and more resource-consuming than calculating operating energy due to a lack of complete, accurate and specific embodied energy data. One commonly used method to calculate embodied energy is input–output-based (IO) analysis, which utilizes economic data. The use of economic data indicates some relationship between embodied energy and cost. Some studies have investigated whether the embodied energy of a building can be predicted from its cost. These studies analyzed the relationship of the cost and embodied energy of a building and found a strong, positive correlation. However, when analyzed at the material level, the correlation weakened. This paper develops an improved input–output-based hybrid (IOH) model to calculate the complete, accurate and material-specific embodied energy of 21 commonly used building materials. After calculating and evaluating the embodied energy, the correlation of the embodied energy and cost of materials was analyzed. The results demonstrate a very strong and positive correlation between embodied energy and cost. In conclusion, more research may be required to predict embodied energy from cost data. 相似文献
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ABSTRACTThere is growing awareness of the overheating risks in new-build properties in the UK. However, this tends to be considered a problem principally for the southern regions in the UK, only becoming a serious issue in the north of England in the medium-term and in the long-term for Scotland. This notion tends to be largely predicated upon climate change predictions, differences in latitude and summer air temperatures. This paper describes the results from Building Performance Evaluation (BPE) studies over a two-year period from 26 occupied new-build homes across Scotland which demonstrated incidences of overheating. Results suggest that low-energy buildings are susceptible to overheating despite northerly latitudes, with 54% of houses studied overheating for more than six months annually, and 27% of homes overheating for less than 10% of the year. Evidence indicated that commonly used prediction tools do not appear to anticipate overheating adequately. This paper maps common overheating causes due to design and the role of occupants, identifying the risks due to the regulatory system, prediction and procurement processes, and design and construction. A common finding was that design and occupancy factors appear to have a greater impact on overheating more than location and climatic factors. 相似文献