基于反推控制的聚合温控负荷与发电机励磁协调控制

利用具有储能特性的温控负荷与发电机励磁进行协调控制，可实现电力系统的功角、频率和电压的多指标调控。首先，采用双线性聚合温控负荷模型和发电机励磁模型，推导建立了二者联合的系统数学模型。然后，基于反推控制原理，提出了聚合温控负荷与发电机励磁的协调控制策略，并从理论上证明了控制器的稳定性。针对控制器设计中的微分“计算爆炸”问题，利用双曲正切的非线性微分跟踪器设计了励磁电压参考量的微分估计算法，降低了参考量微分计算的工作量。最后，通过算例对控制算法进行了仿真验证。结果表明，在协调控制器的作用下，系统功角、频率和电压等多个被控量均可快速地追踪上各自的参考值。对比传统电力系统稳定器励磁控制，温控负荷参与调控能有效改善系统各状态量的动态响应，提高系统稳定性。     

具有双励机的混合多机电力系统非线性综合控制器的研究

本文以电力系统的非线性模型为基础，依据坐标变换和反馈控制理论，推导设计了具有双轴励磁同步发电机（双励机）的混合多机电力系统的励磁和汽门非线性综合控制器。仿真表明，本文提出的控制方案不仅可以提高电力系统的暂态稳定性，而且可以有效地改善系统的动态特性。     

同步发电机励磁和ASVG哈密顿系统建模与协调控制

针对单机无穷大系统,建立了包含先进无功发生器(ASVG)的三阶状态空间模型.采用广义Hamilton能量函数理论,考虑电力系统的非线性特性,设计了ASVG安装点电压与同步发电机励磁非线性控制器,该控制可以同时满足同步发电机励磁控制的功角稳定性与ASVG装设处电压的稳定性.单机-无穷大系统数字仿真结果验证了该控制律的有效性.     

带电压调节功能的非线性鲁棒控制器

提出了一种既可增加多机电力系统暂态稳定性又可达到机端输出电压调节功能的非线性鲁棒控制器。该控制器由一个直接反馈线性化（DFL）控制器和一个比例积分（PI）控制器组成。DFL控制器用于降低多机电力系统的非线性程度以及各机之间的相互作用。所提控制器设计方法既可保证系统稳定性又可达到调节电压的目的,同时在实现时不需要测量发电机功角。仿真结果表明,所提出的方案可在很宽的运行范围内增加系统的阻尼及稳定性。     

Coordinated stabilizing control for large-scale interconnected power systems,by superconducting magnetic energy storage unit and power system stabilizers

The purpose of large-scale power system interconnection is to achieve extremely economical and reliable power generation and transmission. It has established the present power systems of high quality. On the other hand, in the large power systems with complex configuration, an undamped power swing with low frequency caused by the synchronous power between interconnected systems tends to occur as well as an undamped power swing caused by the synchronous power of specific generators. Several coordinated stabilizing control schemes for the power systems by sets of power system stabilizers (PSSs) have been investigated so far. PSS is very effective for the stabilization of power swing among a few specific generators because the function of PSS is achieved by the voltage control using the generator field winding circuit. However, it seems that PSSs do not have sufficient ability to stabilize the power swings between interconnected systems. In this paper, the superconducting magnetic energy storage (SMES) which is significantly effective for the power swings between interconnected systems is introduced and a coordinated power system stabilizing control by SMES and PSSs is proposed. The advantages of the proposed control scheme are: 1) high efficiency of the controller by the distribution of functions; 2) independency of the control design for PSS and SMES; and 3) robustness of the controller, and so on.     

孤岛运行微电网的同步定频电流控制原理与验证

现有的孤岛运行微电网的主从控制方法只适用于有大容量支撑电源的小型系统;对等控制方法存在产生功角与频率稳定问题,且不能很好地适应微电网运行条件。针对全逆变器微电网,提出逆变器利用卫星授时信号同步,产生相位相同、频率固定为工频的电流,采用I/U下垂控制实现有功与无功出力按照逆变器的容量比例进行分配;采用常规的无功补偿方法实现无功功率的就地补偿,降低逆变器的无功功率输出。通过数字仿真与物理试验,验证了所提方法的可行性与有效性。由于所有逆变器输出电流的频率与相位均相同,使得交流微电网的电压控制过程与直流微电网类似,避免了功角与频率稳定问题,控制方法简单、直接,功率分配合理。     

Firefly Optimization Algorithm for the Reactive Power Control of an Isolated Wind-Diesel System

This paper investigates the application of firefly optimization algorithm to design an optimal control for voltage stability of a stand-alone hybrid renewable generation unit based on reactive power control. The studied renewable generation unit mainly consists of a permanent magnet induction generator driven by wind turbine and a synchronous generator driven by diesel engine. A STATCOM is used to stabilize the terminal load bus voltage via compensating of reactive power. The main control objective aims to stabilize the terminal load voltage against any disturbances in load reactive power and/or input wind power by adjusting the total system reactive power. This is accomplished by controlling STATCOM phase angle and hence to control the load bus voltage and also by controlling the excitation voltage of the synchronous generator. The proposed renewable energy power system based on the proposed optimal controller has been tested through step change in input wind power and load reactive power. The system performance based on the proposed control is compared with model predictive control, a robust H_∞ control, and a classical PI control.     

一种VSC-MTDC系统的综合协调控制策略

针对直流网络中功率不同程度的缺额提出了一种综合协调控制策略,在设计下垂控制运行特性曲线时综合考虑直流线路电阻上的压降和换流站的功率裕度,并在送端定有功功率换流站中增加下垂控制,避免换流站退出运行或者功率缺额过大导致直流电压失稳的情况。在PSCAD/EMTDC仿真软件中搭建了5端柔性直流输电系统模型,并进行仿真验证。所提出的综合协调控制策略在直流网络出现不平衡功率时,不仅能使直流网络中的潮流最优化,而且直流电压具有很强的刚性,同时也增加了多端柔性直流输电(voltage source converter multi-terminal direct current,VSCM TDC)系统的运行稳定性。     

新型静止无功发生器的模糊滑模控制方式研究

阐述了新型静止无功发生器(STATCOM)的基本原理,应用滑模变结构理论与模糊控制理论,设计了能同时改善电力系统功角稳定与装设点电压动态性能的STATCOM模糊滑模控制器(FSMC)。针对含STATCOM的单机-无穷大系统进行的电力系统暂态仿真结果表明:与常规STATCOM控制器相比,设计的模糊滑模控制器能更有效地提高电力系统的稳定性,改善动态响应品质。     

多机系统励磁与SSSC的非线性鲁棒协调控制

针对多机电力系统中,发电机励磁和静止同步串联补偿器(static synchronous series compensator,SSSC)的协调控制问题,引入广义Hamilton系统理论,进行非线性协调控制器设计。SSSC采用考虑内部动态的三阶模型,并将SSSC与各台发电机的相互作用用附加电磁功率表示。将包含发电机励磁和SSSC的多机电力系统描述成广义耗散Hamilton系统形式,利用边界函数法和L2干扰抑制控制方法设计了发电机励磁和SSSC的协调控制器。四机两区域系统的仿真结果表明:与传统的分散控制器相比,所提的非线性协调控制器能够有效地提高系统的暂态稳定性和电压调节性能。     

基于ESO和终端滑模控制的虚拟同步发电机研究

微电网是由分布式电源、储能装置和负荷等组成的统一整体,其在孤网模式下运行时,主控微源对电压和频率的控制能力对于微电网的稳定至关重要。受电力电子器件固有特点的影响,微网孤网运行的稳定性较差。为实现主控微源对交流微网的调节作用,提高交流微电网孤网运行稳定性,在DIg SILENT中搭建了光储系统作为主电源的交流微电网。然后依据虚拟同步发电控制技术和非线性鲁棒控制技术对逆变器设计了虚拟同步发电控制器,在功频控制器中引入扩张状态观测器和终端滑模控制来改善控制性能。通过仿真分析,虚拟同步发电控制在负荷波动和光伏出力波动时能有效调节微网的电压和频率。通过与一般的控制器仿真结果进行对比,基于ESO和终端滑模控制的虚拟同步发电控制不仅能实现微网调频调压功能,还能有效提高暂态频率稳定性,增大交流微网惯性。     

大型光伏储能电站与同步发电机励磁的非线性协调控制策略

在大规模光伏储能电站接入系统的容量和比重不断增加的情况下,光伏电站应具备一定的电压和功率调节能力来支撑电网的稳定运行。以大型光伏储能电站接入的多机电力系统为研究对象,推导其微分代数系统结构模型,提出了采用光伏储能电站逆变器与同步发电机励磁协调来提高系统稳定水平的非线性控制策略。该策略避免了不同控制器单独设计造成的配合不协调问题,同时可以对电压和有功等多个目标量进行控制。由于采用非线性设计方法,控制器可在大范围适用而不局限于设计点附近。仿真结果表明,所设计的控制器可以有效提高系统的电压和功率调节能力,保障系统安全稳定运行。     

SVC与发电机励磁的非线性变结构协调控制

针对电力系统的强非线性和不确定性特点及精确反馈线性化的不足,引入自抗扰控制技术设计了能同时改善电力系统功角稳定和电压动态特性的静止无功补偿(SVC)与发电机励磁的变结构协调控制器。扩张状态观测器的动态补偿作用不仅使励磁控制与SVC控制实现解耦,而且使二者均能实现当地信号控制。仿真结果表明提出的非线性鲁棒变结构协调控制器能有效地改善系统的动态稳定性。所设计的控制器对系统运行点和网络结构的变化具有良好的适应性和鲁棒性。     

光伏并网逆变器自抗扰二自由度内模控制策略

针对逆变器内环采用传统的一自由度内模控制无法兼顾系统跟随性和抗干扰的局限性,同时由于系统在同步旋转坐标系下不能实现彻底解耦、控制器设计依赖系统参数过强的问题,提出一种新型双闭环控制策略。其中,内环采用基于合成矢量的二自由度内模控制,既解决了系统因输入电感值不能实现彻底解耦的问题,又能保证并网电流同时具有较强的跟随性和抗干扰性;外环在基于瞬时功率平衡的思想上采用不依赖精确模型且强鲁棒性的自抗扰控制技术来保持直流侧电压的稳定,二者结合实现对并网逆变器的综合控制。仿真结果表明,所提控制策略比基于自抗扰的传统内模控制具有更好的动态、静态性能和抗干扰能力,以及更低的并网电流谐波含量。     

具有代数约束的STATCOM与凸极式发电机励磁协调控制研究

主要研究含有静态同步补偿器装置的电力系统协调控制方法,以单机无穷大(single machine infinite bus,SMIB)系统为例,采用凸极式发电机(χd'≠χa)模型,并利用几何反馈线性化方法,进行励磁与静止同步补偿器(staticsynchronous compensator,STATCOM)的协调控制.在所研究的系统模型中,假定STATCOM输出的电压向量方向与无穷大系统电压向量的夹角为任意的δs,建立凸极式发电机与STATCOM所组成的具有约束代数方程的非线性系统模型,弥补了凸极式发电机励磁与STATCOM协调控制技术研究的不足.克服了以往的STATCOM模型需要假设STATCOM输出电压向量在d轴的强约束条件,使得所研究的STATCOM模型与控制方法更加符合实际的工程应用.仿真结果表明了所提出的模型和协调控制方法的合理性和有效性.     

具有阻尼和惯性的电流下垂控制研究

针对虚拟同步发电机控制策略的优良特性,研究了其在电流下垂控制中的应用。采用电流下垂控制算法取代虚拟同步发电机的有功/频率调节和无功/电压调节控制策略,保留其机械转动所具有的惯性和阻尼特性,舍弃其定子电气模块,使逆变器不仅具有电流下垂控制的优越性能,而且具备虚拟同步发电机的阻尼和惯性特征,增强电网频率和电压幅值的稳定性。通过在电压/电流双闭环控制器中引入虚拟阻抗,提升并网逆变器的鲁棒性。仿真实验结果验证了所提出控制策略的可行性和有效性。     

基于虚拟同步发电机控制技术的能量路由器交直流协调控制

作为能源互联网的关键设备,能量路由器的电路拓扑和控制策略与可再生能源接纳、灵活电力变换息息相关。基于虚拟电机理论,提出一种能量路由器拓扑结构,对此结构的交、直流端口均采用虚拟同步发电机控制,以实现对交、直流接口能量的协调控制。分别建立了虚拟直流电机和虚拟交流电机控制数学模型,以实现交、直流侧协调控制;并针对直流侧突增负荷、电网频率突增和突减三种工况,验证了所提出的能量路由器在拓扑结构、能量流动、维持母线电压稳定的正确性。并且在MATLAB中与传统的下垂控制进行了比较研究,对比研究结果显示下垂控制具有调节速度较快的优点,但超调大,变化较为突兀的缺点;而虚拟电机控制方法则由于具备阻尼和惯性特性的优越性,所以超调小,调节则较为平缓有利于系统的稳定运行。所提出的控制策略为能量路由器的稳定运行提出了一种新的解决方案。     

电网电压不平衡下交直流混合微电网互联接口变换器分数阶滑模控制策略

针对并网型交直流混合微电网交流侧电压不平衡时会产生交流电流负序分量导致直流母线电压二倍频脉动的问题,提出了一种直流侧母线电压分数阶滑模控制以及交流侧负序电流抑制方法。首先,基于同步旋转坐标系下电网电压不平衡时交直流混合微电网互联接口变换器的数学模型,设计电压外环变结构滑模控制器。然后,根据电压不平衡时互联接口变换器的功率传输特性,提取交流侧三相电压的正序分量,得到交流侧负序电流抑制指令。接着,采用分数阶滑模趋近律设计内环电流解耦控制器,并利用李雅普诺夫函数进行稳定性校验。最后,基于Matlab/Simulink搭建的交直流混合微电网模型,验证了所提控制策略相较传统PI控制不仅抑制了三相电流的不平衡,而且将响应速度提升了近50%。     

Mathematical and Experimental Investigation on Advanced PLL for Cascaded H-Bridge Multilevel Inverter in Active Filtering Application

Cascaded H-bridge multilevel inverter (CHB-MLI)-based shunt active power filter (SAPF) is one of the finest solutions for power quality improvement in case of medium-voltage distribution sector. Performance of SAPF degrades due to the presence of DC offset and harmonics in the grid voltage since this will result phase angle and frequency error. Therefore, modified single-phase synchronous reference frame theory comprising of advanced PLL is presented in this article. The advanced PLL can track frequency and phase angle accurately even though source voltage is having DCor harmonic content. A detailed mathematical modeling and stability analysis of this PLL is presented using Routh-Hurwitz criteria. A novel systematic design procedure using gravitational search algorithm (GSA) and an Eigen value analysis is proposed for calculating optimal PLL parameters. Closed-loop SAPF control stability is tested using root-locus analysis. An extensive experimental analysis of the proposed control applied to CHB-MLI-based SAPF has been performed under distorted source voltage and non-linear loading conditions to show the effectiveness of the proposed control over recently published work. Source current maintains its sinusoidal shape, properly synchronized with grid voltage and having distortion limit in compliance with IEEE-519 standard irrespective of source voltage conditions during the operation of SAPF.     

Grid power quality enhancement using an ANFIS optimized PI controller for DG

Grid frequency variation causes phase angle deviation in current with respect to voltage. This is sensed at the phase-locked loop in the controller. In past studies the effect of grid frequency variation is neglected while designing the controller for power quality restoration. When modern grids are connected to large numbers of non-linear loads and various types of distributed generation (DG), it results in continuous variation in grid frequency. Thus it is necessary to consider the grid frequency variation for effective power quality restoration. However, tuning of conventional PI controller gains considering frequency variation is very difficult. Thus it is necessary to develop an adaptive intelligent nonlinear controller to tackle the effects of frequency variation, voltage distortion and non-linear load simultaneously. This paper presents the importance of considering the effects of the frequency variation, grid voltage distortion and non-linear load, while designing and deploying a controller for power quality restoration. The proposed controller supplies power to local load as well as transferring surplus power to the grid from DG along with the additional benefit of improving grid power quality. A DG with an ANFIS optimized PI current controller for power quality enhancement is proposed. The method is economical as it requires no additional hardware. Results are compared with PI, PI-RC and fuzzy current controllers to validate the effectiveness of the proposed controller.