基于励磁阶跃法的汽轮发电机转子绕组匝间短路故障诊断

对转子绕组匝间短路故障的快速、准确检测可以缩短故障处理时间,降低停机成本。首先分析了匝间短路对励磁回路暂态阻抗参数的影响,预测当发电机出现转子绕组匝间短路后,在阶跃电压作用下,励磁电流的上升速度将变快。为了验证该设想,利用有限元分析软件建立了一台300WM汽轮发电机的仿真模型,对比了短路程度、短路位置对阶跃励磁电压作用下的励磁电流上升速度的影响,同时研究了被短路回路电流、阻尼电流以及定子绕组并联支路环流的变化规律。仿真结果验证了理论分析的正确性,最终提出了一种新型汽轮发电机转子绕组匝间短路故障检测方法。     

基于磁通补偿的故障电流限制器

介绍了一种新型的基于磁通补偿的故障电流限制器的工作原理。在电力系统正常运行时，变压器主磁通被补偿的0，故障限流器呈现很小的变压器漏阻抗压降很小，对电力系统运行无影响，当电网发生短路故障时，故障限流器事现大的变压器励磁阻抗以限制短路电流。     

随州EMS系统中对零阻抗支路的改进处理方法

为有效利用母联开关上配备的有功和无功量测,电力系统中的母联开关被抽象成连接在两个母线节点间的零阻抗支路;另外,在有些三绕组变压器的等值模型中,由于中压侧阻抗很小带来计算过程中的数值不稳定性,也可使用零阻抗支路的改进处理方法。深入分析了与零支路相关的各类量测,采用了一种新思路来列写偏导方程,从而在状态估计和潮流计算的处理中根据零支路两侧的相关数据建立对应的雅克比矩阵行。实践证明,该方法提高了数值稳定性,计算结果也更合理。     

DYNAMIC MODELS FOR THE TRANSIENT ANALYSIS OF INDUCTION MACHINES WITH ASYMMETRICAL WINDING CONNECTIONS

ABSTRACT

Dynamic analytical models have been developed for the transient analysis of induction machines with asymmetrical winding connections using the instantaneous symmetrical components (i.s.c.) and the associated operational equivalent circuits. The i.s.c. theory has been shown to be a very powerful tool for developing models for both symmetrical and any type of asymmetrical winding connections. Different practical situations have been considered and the model equations developed for analysis. It is shown that these models are very convenient for direct digital simulation. The equations are dervied in terms of the measurable resistance and reactance parameters of the equivalent circuit.     

基于系统等值阻抗的变压器抗短路能力核算

为评估在运的大型电力变压器抗短路能力水平,确保电网安全稳定运行,文章提出了一种基于系统等值阻抗的变压器短路电流核算方法。在对变压器高中侧的外部系统进行等值基础上,通过已知的母线短路电流和变压器参数反推系统的等值阻抗,然后根据系统阻抗和变压器参数求得各种短路情况下流过变压器的短路电流。仿真及实例验证说明了算法的准确性,应用算法可以实现对变电站各种方式下短路电流的快速批量计算。使用文章提出的方法对母线短路电流、变压器并联数量等因素对变压器短路电流的影响进行了分析,并结合制造厂提供的短路电流限值对变压器的抗短路能力进行评估,为生产管理部门的技术改造提供技术参考。     

Determination of equivalent circuit constants of synchronous machines from the extended Dalton‐Cameron method

This paper presents a method of determining the equivalent circuit constants which accord with the physical construction of synchronous machines, using the dc decay testing method with the rotor in arbitrary position (proposed by the authors and called the extended Dalton–Cameron method). The conventional Dalton–Cameron method calculates the direct‐ and quadrature‐axis subtransient reactance from a standstill response test in any arbitrary rotor position using a single‐phase power supply. The extended Dalton–Cameron method determines the direct‐ and quadrature‐axis operational impedances for each slip from a standstill response test using a small‐capacity dc power supply. The direct‐ and quadrature‐axis operational impedance loci thus obtained synchronous machine constants (subtransient, transient, and synchronous reactances) are used to estimate the direct‐ and quadrature‐axis equivalent circuit constants which accord with the physical construction of synchronous machines. As an example, equivalent circuit constants are determined for a 10‐kW laminated salient‐pole‐type synchronous machine with damper winding. The validity of the equivalent circuit constants is confirmed by comparing the calculated resistance and leakage reactance of the field winding determined from the operational impedance when the terminals are short‐circuited, to those when the terminals are connected to an external resistance. © 2001 Scripta Technica, Electr Eng Jpn, 138(1): 56–67, 2002     

A simplified design-oriented analysis of switched-capacitor active filters

The method presented in this paper provides a simplified approach to obtain the z-domain equivalent circuit of an SC active filter by one-for-one substitution of each basic SC element with its z-domain equivalent admittance, if a specific terminal condition is met. Then, traditional circuit analysis techniques can be used to derive the z-domain transfer function of the filter. This method makes the analysis and the design of the SC active filter simple and similar to the S-domain method. Two application examples are given.     

基于隐式梯形–时步保持法的3/12相电机建模

综合电力系统（integrated power system,IPS）包含3/12相双绕组发电机等特殊高阶非线性元件,现有电力系统电磁暂态仿真软件均不提供其仿真模型。为此,采用隐式梯形法对双绕组发电机数学模型进行差分离散化处理,通过定、转子分离迭代,推导出电机等效电路模型,并在PSCAD中建立双绕组发电机仿真模型。应用时步保持算法,将模型的仿真时步划分为计算时步和保持时步,提高了计算速度。最后,构建综合电力推进系统试验平台,发电机空载短路、推进系统调速的试验与仿真结果吻合,验证了建模方法的有效性和所建模型的正确性。研究表明,基于隐式梯形–时步保持算法的建模方法能够准确高效地建立双绕组发电机的仿真模型,可应用于EMTP类仿真软件,并可推广至IPS各类多相电机建模。     

Three winding transformer s-domain model for modal analysis of electrical networks

This paper describes an s-domain sequence model for three winding transformers to be used in modal analysis of ac networks. The model takes into account off-nominal tap positions and the phase shifts among the windings. The main contribution of this proposed model is to complete the set of s-domain models of electrical system components already developed (loads, transmission lines, generators, harmonic filters, shunt elements) suitable for modal analysis of complex electrical networks. Modal analysis provides an important set of system information that is hard to be obtained using the conventional time simulation and frequency response methods. This information may be effectively used to improve the harmonic performance of electrical networks, to build linear equivalents for harmonic and electromagnetic transient studies and to perform linear dynamic performance analysis.     

Modeling of gas-insulated shunt reactor for high-frequency surge analysis

In this paper, we propose a circuit model of gas-insulated shunt reactors for surge analyses in high-frequency regions. The interleaved disk winding, widely used for high-voltage windings, has resonance phenomena in the high-frequency region and its series capacitance decreases above the resonant frequency. In order to simulate this phenomenon, an equivalent circuit composed of three-stage LC parallel circuits was proposed. On the contrary, the continuous disk winding can be simulated by one-stage LC parallel circuit because its series capacitance is almost constant through to the high-frequency region. Impedance characteristics of a full-scale model for a reactor winding were measured and the proposed circuit model was evaluated by comparing the measured results with the calculated ones. It was verified that the proposed model could represent well the winding impedance up to 10 MHz. © 1998 Scripta Technica, Electr Eng Jpn, 123(2): 32–39, 1998     

屏蔽电缆的分布参数测量及瞬态分析

通过实验方法测量了终端短路和开路两种情况下屏蔽电缆各导体之问的输入阻抗，进而可以得到屏蔽电缆的单位长串联阻抗矩阵和并联导纳矩阵。为了便于瞬态分析，在复频域采用矢量匹配法，得到了单位长串联阻抗矩阵和并联导纳矩阵的时域形式，并在此基础上基于递归卷积推导了求解电缆上各点电压和电流瞬态响应的时域有限差分法迭代公式。最后，通过两个算例验证了该文测量方法和计算方法的     

s-Domain analysis of lightning surges in three-phase systems using nonuniform single-phase line model

Surge response of the transmission tower in a three-phase transmission system is computed using s-domain nonuniform single-phase transmission line modelling. First, tower top voltage is obtained considering the tower and the ground wire by excluding the effect of the phase conductors, and then the induced voltages on the phase conductors as a result of the current flowing through the ground wire are computed using the magnetic coupling between the ground wire and the phase conductors. The first step of the analysis is the formulation of the system response in the s-domain, and the second step is the frequency to time domain conversion, which is carried out using fast inverse Laplace transform (FILT). The voltages on the phase conductors and the voltages across the tower insulators are computed, and some of the results obtained using s-domain analysis are compared with those obtaining using electromagnetic transients program (EMTP). The effect of frequency dependence of the line parameters is investigated.     

特高压自耦变压器的建模和电磁暂态仿真

为了在特高压环境下正确应用变压器差动保护,需要对特高压变压器进行合理建模,并进行相应的电磁暂态仿真。根据三绕组自耦变压器星型等值电路的原理,用电磁暂态仿真软件EMTDC中的统一电磁等效电路(unified magnetic equivalent circuit,UMEC)普通三绕组变压器模型来模拟1000MVA/1050kV三绕组自耦变压器,将特高压变压器参数折算成UMEC模型参数,形成特高压变压器模型。在特高压环境下,分别进行励磁涌流和故障电流仿真,并用于考察应用得最为广泛的2次谐波闭锁的变压器差动保护的动作可靠性。分析表明:当合闸角和剩磁满足一定条件时,特高压变压器三相励磁涌流的2次谐波含量都会在10%以下,即使采用一相制动三相的2次谐波闭锁策略,如果2次谐波门槛值维持在15%～20%,也不能避免差动保护误动;另外,在某些轻微故障的情况下,故障初期故障电流的2次谐波含量成分较高,会使保护动作短暂延迟。     

Calculation of equivalent circuit constants of synchronous machines considering field transient characteristics using DC decay testing method with open and shorted field windings

It has been reported that the calculated values of field transient behavior in a synchronous machine differ considerably from the measured values. This discrepancy is caused by the use of equivalent circuit constants in the standardized tests provided by JEC‐2130 and IEC‐60034‐4, in which the mutual leakage reactance between the damper and field windings is not accounted for. The authors have been studying a method for calculating equivalent circuit constants for the accurate simulation of transient behavior including the field winding side, by means of a standstill test with a small‐capacity DC power supply (DC decay testing method). The authors have previously presented a calculation method using operational impedances with the field windings opened, shorted, and shorted with an external resistance, obtained by the DC decay test. This paper presents a new method in which the external resistance used in our previous method is no longer needed. Instead, the field winding impedance is determined on the basis of its invariability against slip. The validity of the new method is demonstrated by comparing the calculated and measured values of the armature and field currents during a sudden three‐phase short‐circuit using 10 kVA/200 V/31.9 A/4 P/50 Hz test machines. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 178(2): 39–46, 2012; Published online in Wiley Online Library ( wileyonlinelibrary.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.21207     

Parameter identification of simplified common‐mode equivalent circuit for inverter‐fed motor drive systems by applying computer‐aided optimization software

This paper deals with common‐mode (CM) electromagnetic interference (EMI) in an inverter‐fed motor drive system. A simplified CM equivalent circuit including π‐type equivalent circuit for the motor winding is proposed by using the waveform of the common‐mode current flowing in the ground conductor. Moreover, a parameter identification method applying the computer‐aided software modeFRONTIER is proposed to decide objectively the circuit parameters of the proposed simplified equivalent circuit. Validity and effectiveness of the proposed equivalent circuit are confirmed by comparing the measured impedance characteristics with the calculated ones. Finally, the possibility of a nonlinear phenomenon is discussed in this system. It is shown that the accuracy of simulation result can be improved by introducing the nonlinear element. © 2015 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

基于广义多项式混沌方法的电力系统时域仿真不确定性分析

电力系统时域仿真不确定性分析主要研究电力系统中不确定性因素对时域仿真结果的影响,为分析不确定情况下系统的暂态稳定性提供重要依据。提出一种基于广义多项式混沌方法的时域仿真不确定性分析方法。该方法近似认为变量在任一时刻与随机因素之间存在多项式关系。求解时首先获取最优的正交多项式基函数,对随机输入变量及待求变量实施多项式逼近,并基于Galerkin法,通过投影运算将描述系统暂态过程的随机方程转变为相应的确定性方程。求解该方程,可得待求变量的多项式逼近系数,进而获得相关变量在任一时刻的统计特征及概率分布。单机无穷大系统和IEEE 9节点系统算例验证了所提方法的有效性。     

一种通过调整VSC等效输出阻抗来抑制SSR的新方法

严重的次同步谐振（SSR）会危及电力系统的安全运行。分析和探讨了电压源型换流器（VSC）在近同步发电机侧时,对系统次同步谐振的影响。VSC由一系列的电路元件组成,其等效输出阻抗和其控制参数是与电网交互作用的关键因素。采用复转矩系数法分析了VSC等效输出阻抗对系统阻尼的影响,进一步对VSC做出改善,提高其等效注入电阻以改善系统的阻尼,进而实现抑制次同步谐振的目的。最后给出了时域仿真结果,证明了这种VSC阻抗调整技术能够一定程度的抑制次同步谐振。     

一种新的三绕组自耦变压器的非线性建模

自耦变压器的精确建模在分析变压器运行于磁饱和区域的特性时至关重要。从单相三绕组自耦变压器的电磁关系入手,推导出折算到高压侧的三绕组自耦变压器的等效电路。给出模型中的线性绕组漏阻抗参数和非线性激磁阻抗参数的计算方法,并详细介绍了利用磁等值回路图得到激磁电抗非线性电感的方法。然后给出了利用JA磁滞模型编程实现非线性电感的方法。最后通过FORTRAN语言在PSCAD中搭建三绕组自耦变压器模型。仿真结果验证了所建模型能够准确地反映自耦变压器的非线性特性。     

A calculation method of field current of synchronous machines at sudden short‐circuit

The mutual leakage reactance between D‐axis damper and field windings is ignored in conventional D‐axis equivalent circuits. It has been pointed out, however, that the calculated value of the field current differs considerably from the measured value if this reactance is not taken into account. This is due to the difficulty of determining the physically correct damper winding impedance value. A method of determining the equivalent circuit constants using the mutual leakage reactance has been reported previously, where the D‐axis damper winding time constant is measured from the upper and lower envelopes of field current at sudden three‐phase short‐circuit. Yet there are machines for which the upper and lower envelopes of field current are not readily established, and in this case the method is unsatisfactory. The authors describe a method to accurately identify the equivalent circuit constants taking into account the mutual leakage reactance, using a standstill test with a small‐capacity DC power supply (DC decay testing method). The field current at sudden short‐circuit can be simulated accurately using these equivalent circuit constants. The validity of the proposed method is demonstrated by implementation results on two salient‐pole synchronous machines at the same specifications (one with damper winding, the other without). Furthermore, the dependent relation between the armature leakage reactance and mutual leakage reactance, as well as its influence on the calculation of field transient currents, are made clear. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 151(3): 61–70, 2005; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.20113