国内大型客机座舱环境测试及乘客舒适性调查

针对目前国内大型客机座舱舒适性研究成果比较缺乏的现状,对14次航班的客机座舱环境参数进行了测试,并对近1 000名乘客进行了舒适性问卷调查。结果显示,乘客对当前的座舱环境总体是满意的,但是仍有改进的空间,其中满意度最低的因素是座舱噪声;在影响总体满意度的因素中,空气品质、噪声、振动和座椅舒适性是比较重要的,压力、气流和温度的影响稍弱,湿度的影响不显著。     

户外热环境的评价模型

分析了影响户外热环境的各种因素,包括自然因素和社会因素,并提出应该用等效温度代替平均辐射温度,建立了户外热舒适指标（OTCI）的模型,通过对户外行人热舒适指标（OTCI）的计算,得出OTCI评价指标和PMV指标相一致。     

Comparing the linear and logarithm normalized artificial neural networks in inverse design of aircraft cabin environment

When the indoor environment is designed by genetic algorithm (GA) and computational fluid dynamics (CFD), the artificial neural network (ANN) plays a role of surrogate model of CFD to reduce the computational cost. To improve the performance of ANN, a self-updating logarithm normalized method was proposed to enhance the local prediction of ANN in the inverse design based on GA and ANN. An MD-82 aircraft cabin was used to test the performance of the proposed method, and different environmental parameters were chosen to be the objectives of the cabin environment. The success rate (SR) was used to evaluate the local prediction ability of ANN. Instead of linear normalized ANN, SR was found to be increased by 10.5% with the logarithm normalized ANN and the computational cost was reduced by 23.2% for the same quality of solution.     

连续供暖系统动态热平衡的分析与控制

对连续供暖系统不具备自动化管理的情况，经理论计算并参考本地区实测数据，提出了适用于供暖实际工况的系统动态热平衡的控制和管理办法。     

Research on seasonal indoor thermal environment and residents' control behavior of cooling and heating systems in Korea

Indoor thermal environments and residents' control behavior of cooling and heating systems were investigated in Seoul, Korea and compared with the results of previous studies. Twenty-four houses in summer, six houses in autumn and 36 houses in winter were used in this study. The measurement of temperature, humidity and air conditioner usage behavior was carried out. The clo-value, thermal comfort, sensation and basic data of the houses were also investigated. The indoor thermal environment in the summer had a high temperature and a high humidity ratio compare to standard comfort zone. Most of the indoor thermal environments at the time of starting the air conditioner in the summer were out of the comfort zone. Some of the data recorded while the air conditioner was stopped were in the comfort zone, but in many cases the temperature was relatively higher than comfort zone. Most indoor climate distributions in the winter were in the comfort zone and the indoor climate in autumn coincided well with the criteria of the comfort zone. Compared with results of previous studies in these 25 years, indoor ambient average temperature in winter has increased and the comfort temperature has increased in the heating period and decreased in the cooling period. This result indicates that the development of an HVAC system has created an expectation of comfort for residents and has shifted their thermal comfort zone warmer in winter and cooler in summer.     

住宅供暖分户控制室内热环境分析

以西安地区某分户热计量散热器供暖的居住建筑为研究对象,对3层相邻房间在五种工况下的室内流场和温度场进行了数值模拟,对室内供暖状况和热环境作了分析.     

Modeling of energy performance of a house with three configurations of building-integrated photovoltaic/thermal systems

A theoretical and experimental study of energy performance of three different open loop air heating building-integrated photovoltaic/thermal (BIPV/T) systems that utilize recovered heat for home heating is presented. The configurations are: Configuration 1: base case of unglazed BIPV with airflow under it; Configuration 2: addition of 1.5 m vertical glazed solar air collector in series with Configuration 1; Configuration 3: addition of a glazing over the PV. The model developed has been verified against experimental data from a solar research house for Configuration 1. Obtained relationships for BIPV/T system exiting air temperature as function of solar irradiance and air speed in PV cavity may be used for developing fan airflow control strategies to achieve desired outlet air temperature suitable for different applications. For Configuration 1, preheated air is suitable for HVAC system and domestic hot water (DHW) preheating. Higher outlet air temperatures of the PV cavity suitable for DHW might be achieved by utilizing Configurations 2 or 3. With Configuration 2, significant outlet air temperatures are achieved in winter along with enhanced thermal efficiency making it suitable for coupling with a rockbed heat storage. Finally, Configuration 3 significantly reduces electricity production and may lead to excessively high PV panel temperatures.     

Meeting residential ventilation standards through dynamic control of ventilation systems

Existing ventilation standards, including American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE) Standard 62.2, specify continuous operation of a defined mechanical ventilation system to provide minimum ventilation, with time-based intermittent operation as an option. This requirement ignores several factors and concerns including: other equipment such as household exhaust fans that might incidentally provide ventilation, negative impacts of ventilation when outdoor pollutant levels are high, the importance of minimizing energy use particularly during times of peak electricity demand, and how the energy used to condition air as part of ventilation system operation changes with outdoor conditions. Dynamic control of ventilation systems can provide ventilation equivalent to or better than what is required by standards while minimizing energy costs and can also add value by shifting load during peak times and reducing intake of outdoor air contaminants. This article describes the logic that enables dynamic control of whole-house ventilation systems to meet the intent of ventilation standards and demonstrates the dynamic ventilation system control concept through simulations and field tests of the Residential Integrated Ventilation-Energy Controller (RIVEC).     

变风量空调系统的建模与控制

介绍了变风量空调系统的基本原理。结合变风量空调系统的特点,在基于被控房间数学模型的基础上,将模糊控制和常规PID控制相结合,提出了一种模糊PID控制方法并将其应用于变风量空调室温控制中。     

Solar thermal modelling of a building with a roof pond and ventilation control systems

The paper proposes and presents thermal modelling of a ventilation-controlled, non-air-conditioned building with evaporative cooling (e.g. open water pond) over the roof for passive solar air conditioning. The ventilation rate, expressed in terms of number of air changes per hour, is assumed to be time-dependent, as should be the case in normal practice. A self-consistent periodic heat transfer analysis for a non-air-conditioned building with roof cooling and ventilation control systems, furnishing (assumed isothermal mass), windows, door and basement ground heat storage effects has been developed to assess the feasibility of the proposed passive space air-conditioning. It is shown that for no-ventilation summer nights the inside air temperature remains higher than the ambient air temperature even with an effective roof cooling system, and hence the windows should be opened to lose the internal heat and to introduce cool and fresh outside air. It is found that for a ventilation-controlled building with a roof pond the passive solar air conditioning can be achieved more effectively.     

Assessment of thermal environment using a thermal manikin in a field environment chamber served by displacement ventilation system

This paper presents a thermal comfort study using a thermal manikin in a field environment chamber served by the Displacement Ventilation (DV) system. The manikin has a female body with 26 individually heated and controlled body segments. The manikin together with subjects was exposed to 3 levels of vertical air temperature gradients, nominally 1, 3 & 5 K/m, between 0.1 and 1.1 m heights at 3 room air temperatures of 20, 23 and 26 °C at 0.6 m height. Relative humidity at 0.6 m height and air velocity near the manikin and the subjects were maintained at 50% and less than 0.2 m/s, respectively. The aims of this study are to assess thermally non-uniform environment served by DV system using the manikin and correlate the subjective responses with measurements from the manikin. The main findings indicate that room air temperature had greater influence on overall and local thermal sensations and comfort than temperature gradient. Local thermal discomfort decreased with increase of room air temperature at overall thermally neutral state. The local discomfort was affected by overall thermal sensation and was lower at overall thermally neutral state than at overall cold and cool sensations.     

计量供热系统动态特性及控制策略研究综述

针对国内外不同的研究背景,综述及评价了计量供热系统的动态特性及控制策略的研究情况,指出应立足于我国集中供热系统的特点来探索与之相适应的研究方法。     

建筑环境设计模拟分析软件DeST第2讲建筑动态热过程模型

介绍了DeST中基于状态空间法建立的建筑动态热过程模型。首先介绍了建立建筑热过程模型中的主要问题和基本方程,指出建立建筑热动态模型必须求解壁体传热的偏微分方程,必须同时考虑构成房间的各个部件的影响以及房间之间的相互影响。以此为前提,详细介绍了DeST对这些问题的处理方法和具体算法,并以实例阐明DeST对建筑热环境的模拟分析。最后为了突出状态空间法的特点,从算法和建立动态热过程模型的方式上对该方法与其他几种方法进行了比较。     

空调冷却塔的建模与优化控制

介绍了冷却塔的已有模型及其参数辨识,提出了一种优化控制方法.实验结果表明,这种控制方法与现有控制方法相比,冷却塔风机和水泵的能耗较低.     

变风量空调机组送风温度系统建模与控制研究

以变风量空调机组送风温度控制系统为对象,采用阶跃响应经验辨识方法建立了冷水阀开度-送风温度系统数学模型。针对该温度控制系统的纯延时特征,提出采用数字式PID Smith预测控制算法改进控制质量,给出了该算法的流程图。应用Matlab对系统进行了仿真研究,结果表明该系统具有较强的鲁棒性。     

A chemiluminescence technique for studying dynamic behavior of trace element species in environmental systems

The technique of chemiluminescence (CL) has been used to study the kinetics of association of aqueous chromium(III) with iron oxide for Cr(III) concentrations in the ppb range. The results have been compared with atomic absorption experiments for Cr(III) concentrations in the ppm range. Further, the CL technique has been used to study the kinetics of reaction of Cr(III) with citrate ion. The results in the latter case are in reasonable accord with literature results obtained by conventional means. This suggests the potential for application of CL to environmental dynamic studies.     

Modeling of a solar-assisted HVAC system with thermal storage

A numerical model of the solar-thermal-assisted heating, ventilation and air conditioning system in a 7000 m² educational building, situated in a high-desert climate, is used to predict performance and optimize control parameters. Heating, cooling and shoulder seasons are considered in the study. It is found that the solar assist can account for over 90% of the total heating requirements if certain energy conservation strategies are adopted. The solar cooling assist can reduce the total external cooling energy requirement by between 33% and 43%, the latter result achieved, surprisingly, at lower solar array operating temperatures. In the shoulder season, it is possible to operate the building without any external contribution, by heating the building in the coldest hours of the day, and using any excess heat to produce chilled water, to be stored and used when required. Operation of the solar-assisted system within a much larger district energy system makes it possible to achieve maximum performance.     

庭院式民居夏季热环境研究

庭院式民居作为中国传统居住建筑的主体和精华,具备良好的自然采暖和空调效应．但因种种原因,对庭院这种“冬暖夏凉”热工性能的研究依然处于定性阶段．在系统地分析了庭院夏季的动态热过程各相关因素的基础上,建立了庭院空气温度分布的物理模型和数学模型,给出了定量化分析并通过实测予以验证．     

重庆地区居住建筑室内热环境的节能调控策略分析

结合重庆地区典型气象年的气象参数,分析了重庆地区居住建筑室内热环境的舒适现状;基于该地区的气象特征,研究了各种建筑节能技术的适用性,得出了重庆地区建筑室内热环境的节能调控策略;实测数据在一定程度上证明了所提出的节能调控策略的有效性和科学性.基于典型气象参数的建筑室内热环境的节能调控策略的提出,有利于建筑的热工设计和寻求设备的经济运行方式.