Experimental and numerical investigation of the airflow around a raised permeable panel

Analysis of the airflow around an elevated permeable panel is presented in this paper. The airflow was studied by both a 3D computational simulation and a full scale experiment using two kinds of cladding material, namely an impermeable plastic film and permeable nets. The air velocity at different locations around the panel was measured by rotary cup anemometers in order to investigate the airflow. A three-dimensional numerical simulation (CFD) was employed to analyze the edge effects. In the numerical model, the net was simulated as a porous medium obeying Forchheimer’s law. Both numerical results and full-scale experiments indicate important differences between the airflow around the panel covered by impermeable material (film) and the airflow around and through the permeable panels (nets). Airflow around the elevated experimental panel was found to become smoother when the plastic film is replaced by permeable nets. The numerical results derived by the 3D computational model show good qualitative and quantitative agreement with the full scale experimental data in the case of permeable (net-covered) panels.     

Prediction of the wind-generated pressure distribution around buildings

The use of computational methods to predict wind-generated pressure distributions around buildings is investigated. These pressure distributions were needed for the prediction of natural ventilation in the buildings. For the example considered, the accuracy of the predicted pressure distribution was found to be acceptable.     

Flow and pressure field characteristics around pyramidal buildings

An experimental investigation of the flow and pressure characteristics around pyramidal buildings is presented. The experiments were conducted in a boundary layer wind tunnel. The velocities of the flow around the pyramids and the pressure distribution on the pyramid surfaces were measured using 2D laser Doppler anemometry (LDA) and standard pressure tapping technique, respectively. Eight different pyramids (model scale, 1:200) with varying base angles were investigated. The mean and fluctuating characteristics of the flow and pressure field around pyramids surfaces are described. The basic flow characteristics that distinguish pyramids from rectangular buildings are also discussed in this study. The influence of two parameters, base angle and wind direction, was investigated. The results show that base angle and wind direction characteristically influence the flow and pressure field around pyramids yielding differences in flow characteristics and in wind loads on the structure.     

Wind tunnel test study on the wind pressure coefficient of claddings of high-rise buildings

The area-averaged most unfavorable wind pressure coefficients (MUWPCs) on various regions of building surfaces and the influence of the side ratio and the terrain category were studied based on wind tunnel test data of scale models of typical high-rise buildings with rectangular cross-sections. The negative area-averaged MUWPCs in the middle-height edge areas generally increased with an increasing D/B side ratio. The areaaveraged MUWPCs can be well fitted with a function of the average area reduced by the square of the building depth, D ². In addition, no unique pattern was found for the effect of the terrain category on the MUWPCs.     

高层建筑表面风压系数分布公式的数值计算与拟合

高层建筑物结构风荷载与暖通渗风量的计算都依赖于建筑物外表面上的风压分布资料与风压系数的具体数据。对不同风速作用下不同体型和尺寸的空气绕流高层建筑模型外表面上的风压进行了数值计算，利用计算结果对风压系数分布进行了数学回归，并拟合出风压系数分布公式。     

某体育场看台挑篷风荷载特性及干扰效应风洞试验研究

对某一具有代表性的大型体育场看台挑篷刚性模型进行了表面测压风洞试验,详细介绍了试验所采用的主要技术参数和基本的数据处理方法,对比研究了在有、无临近建筑物干扰情况下的体育场挑篷表面风压分布的等值线图和结构典型测点在不同风向角下的风压变化规律。结果表明,邻近建筑对所测建筑的风荷载有一定的气动干扰影响,相关结论为结构的抗风设计提供了可靠的依据。     

雷暴冲击风作用下高层建筑风压幅值特性研究

采用冲击射流装置模拟雷暴冲击风,对4个不同深宽比的高层建筑模型进行测压试验,分析了各模型8个不同径向位置处的风压幅值特性,并与大气边界层风作用下的建筑表面风压系数进行了对比。结果表明：雷暴冲击风作用下,建筑迎风面为正压,侧面和背风面均为负压;迎风面平均和脉动风压受模型深宽比影响较小,侧面和背风面受深宽比影响较大;随着径向距离的增加,迎风面平均风压系数逐渐减小,脉动风压系数先增大后减小,侧面平均风压系数绝对值以及脉动风压系数先增大后减小,背风面平均和脉动风压系数变化较为平缓;各模型迎风面风压系数沿高度呈“鼻子”状分布,最大风压出现在0.25H(H为模型高度);与大气边界层风作用下建筑表面风压幅值相比,雷暴冲击风作用下高层建筑模型的迎风面中下部区域以及侧面前缘部位风压系数较大,考虑雷暴冲击风作用的高层建筑设计时,应对这些区域的风荷载取值进行适当放大。     

Experimental and numerical investigation of airflow and contaminant transport in an airliner cabin mockup

The study of airflow and contaminant transport in airliner cabins is very important for creating a comfortable and healthy environment. This paper shows the results of such a study by conducting experimental measurements and numerical simulations of airflow and contaminant transport in a section of half occupied, twin-aisle cabin mockup. The air velocity and air temperature were measured by ultrasonic and omni-directional anemometers. A gaseous contaminant was simulated by a tracer gas, sulfur hexafluoride or SF₆, and measured by a photo-acoustic multi-gas analyzer. A particulate contaminant was simulated by 0.7 μm di-ethyl-hexyl-sebacat (DEHS) particles and measured by an optical particle sizer. The numerical simulations used the Reynolds averaged Navier–Stokes equations based on the RNG k–ε model to solve the air velocity, air temperature, and gas contaminant concentration; and employed a Lagrangian method to model the particle transport. The numerical results quantitatively agreed with the experimental data while some remarkable differences exist in airflow distributions. Both the experimental measurements and computer simulations were not free from errors. A complete and accurate validation for a complicated cabin environment is challenging and difficult.     

单跨双坡工业厂房平均风压试验研究

通过一系列不同外形尺寸的单跨双坡厂房刚性模型风洞测压试验,研究不同风向角下结构表面的平均风压系数,重点讨论建筑结构外形参数和风场条件对单跨厂房主体承重结构风压系数的影响。研究发现,主体结构框架梁屋面平均风压系数受高跨比和风向角影响很大,而基本不受纵跨比和风场类型的影响。框架梁屋面的负风压随着高跨比的增大而增大,但中部和端部框架梁屋面的风压特性有很大差异;中部框架梁屋面的负风压随着风向角的增大不断增大,端部框架梁屋面的风压随着风向角的变化也很显著,但缺乏很好的规律性。主体承重结构框架柱墙面的平均风压分布较为均匀,风压系数可直接按美国金属建筑结构手册选取。根据试验数据采用阻尼最小二乘算法拟合框架梁屋面风压分布公式。经验证,公式计算出的风压系数能良好地反映分布规律,且具有较好的精度,可以为荷载规范的修订和补充提供参考。     

环状大悬臂挑篷风载特性与风场绕流分析

基于FLUENT软件并引入k-ε湍流模型,对环状大悬臂挑篷屋盖风载和风场进行模拟分析。数值计算分析风向角、屋盖倾角、看台后部通风率、挑篷开洞、有无后挑等参数对挑篷屋盖风压分布的影响;针对屋盖周围气流的绕流特性,分析设置屋盖竖向气动导流板和在挑篷外环边缘附近开洞对降低屋盖负风压的作用。研究结果表明：无论风向角如何变化,水平挑篷屋盖上风压均以吸力为主,较高的吸力分布在迎风的前缘位置;屋盖倾角宜设在 0°~15°范围,过大或过小均不利于结构抗风;增大结构迎风面的通风率有利于减小水平屋盖的平均风压;屋盖是否后挑对水平屋盖上表面的风压影响较小;增设屋盖竖向导流板可减低水平屋盖前缘局部极值风压;在环状挑篷外环边缘附近开洞可较明显减小屋盖风压。     

封闭式中庭火灾排烟实验与模拟分析

以某62m高封闭式中庭为对象,建立了火灾排烟盐水模型实验台,用盐水和清水密度差导致的水流运动模拟实际建筑中热烟气与冷空气之间密度差导致的热羽流的运动。利用FDS软件对实际火灾时烟气的运动情况进行了模拟。模拟结果和实验结果的比较表明,盐水实验虽然忽略了探测器达到探测阈值的时间延迟及竖壁冷对流的影响,但对热分层高度和达到稳定时间的预测偏差很小。在1 MW火灾规模下,利用盐水实验方法对该封闭中庭火灾烟气运动规律和排烟系统设置进行评价分析是可行的。     

高层建筑顺风向风振系数研究分析

以具体工程为例,采用线性滤波法模拟了顺风向脉动风场,在时域内计算了高层建筑结构风振响应,并对位移阵风荷载因子法、惯性风荷载法和荷载规范法所计算的风振系数进行了对比分析,以供参考。     

3D experimental and numerical analysis of wind flow around domed-roof buildings with open and closed apertures

This paper presents experimental and numerical study of airflow distribution around a reduced-scale model of a common type of domed-roof building. Measurements are performed in an open loop wind tunnel. A new modified Counihan scheme is developed for constructing a part-depth atmospheric boundary layer (ABL). Measured quantities include: wind velocity profile, turbulence intensity and airflow pattern around the building. To conduct the experiments, a 1:54 scale model of a real domed-roof building with six windows and an aperture on the roof is fabricated and placed in the test section of the wind tunnel. In addition, using a numerical modeling, turbulent airflow around such scale model in the wind tunnel is simulated and airflow field inside and outside the model as well as ventilating discharge coefficient are computed. It is illustrated that, airflow around this type of building contains complex adjacent recirculation flows. The building with open apertures has acceptable discharge coefficient for ventilation, which can be a factor to ensure comfort condition for residents as well as complying with energy-saving considerations.     

高层建筑脉动风压谱特性研究

结合长安万科中心写字楼刚体模型测压风洞试验,对高层建筑模型脉动风压谱特性进行了研究,发现迎风面脉动风压谱的试验结果与基于准定常假定获得的脉动风压谱吻合较好,侧风面脉动风压谱的试验结果则可以利用Ohkuma模型谱进行拟合。     

Numerical investigation of wind‐induced airflow and interunit dispersion characteristics in multistory residential buildings

Compared with the buoyancy‐dominated upward spread, the interunit dispersion of pollutants in wind‐dominated conditions is expected to be more complex and multiple. The aim of this study is to investigate the wind‐induced airflow and interunit pollutant dispersion in typical multistory residential buildings using computational fluid dynamics. The mathematical model used is the nonstandard k–ε model incorporated with a two‐layer near‐wall modification, which is validated against experiments of previous investigators. Using tracer gas technique, the reentry of exhaust air from each distinct unit to other units on the same building, under different practical conditions, is quantified, and then, the possible dispersion routes are revealed. The units on the floor immediately below the source on the windward side, and vertically above it on the leeward side, where the reentry ratios are up to 4.8% and 14.9%, respectively, should be included on the high‐infection list. It is also found that the presence of balconies results in a more turbulent near‐wall flow field, which in turn significantly changes the reentry characteristics. Comparison of the dispersion characteristics of the slab‐like building and the more complicated building in cross (#) floorplan concludes that distinctive infectious control measures should be implemented in these two types of buildings.     

Improved airflow around multiple rows of buildings in hot arid climates

This paper studies the natural wind environments in two locations of hot climate regions at Egypt. Aswan and Farafra in south and west Egypt were selected. Two proposed models are simulated by computational fluid dynamics (CFD) in two cases of wind velocities. The two models have different both of dimensions at passages and cavities between buildings and shapes of windward sides of buildings. The wide distances between passages of buildings at the same row and rectangular shapes that have slope exterior wall in two directions at the windward sides are devoted to Aswan. The narrow distances between passages of buildings at the same row and rectangular shapes that have trapezoid courtyards that face wind are devoted to Farafra. The results show that the Aswan model can achieve at the inlet surfaces (windward side of buildings) 1.8-2.4 m/s (60-80% of wind velocity) especially at the second and third rows of indoor air velocity which is the required indoor air velocity for comfort. The Farafra model which uses a courtyard can achieve at the inlet surface 1-1.2 m/s (33-41% of wind velocity) which is less than the required indoor air velocity for comfort. The results can achieve the high rate of wind velocity 38-70% and between two and three times comparing favorably with previous studies that report only 20% of wind velocity at the second row and 15% of wind velocity at the third row.     

An experimental study on the wind pressure distribution of tapered super high‐rise buildings

Studies on the effect of different shape strategies on wind‐induced responses of super tall buildings have been extensive. However, little systematic research on the influence of aerodynamic shapes on wind pressure distributions of super high‐rise building having a height more than 500 m is reported in the literature. In this paper, a series of wind tunnel tests are conducted on models simulating tapered buildings taller than 500 m with an aspect ratio of 9:1 by applying synchronous pressure measurement technology to investigate the influence of different shape strategies on the wind force coefficients of the cross section (C_s) and on the peak negative pressure distributions on surfaces. The shape strategies considered include tapering of the cross section of a building along its height, chamfered modification, and opening ventilation slots. It is found that the wind force coefficient C_s increase with an increase of the tapering ratio. It is shown that chamfered modification can effectively reduce most of the wind force coefficients C_s to less than 0.9. As for peak wind pressures, a zone having a higher negative pressure is found to locate at the bottom of the side faces of the model. With an increase of the tapering ratio, the peak negative pressure of side faces of the model slightly decreases. Chamfered modification can significantly increase the peak negative pressure at the chamfered location. Furthermore, it is demonstrated that opening ventilation slots had less effect on C_s, but the peak negative pressure can significantly increase at the area of opening ventilation slots and adjacent areas.     

Experimental study on airflow characteristics and temperature distribution in non-unidirectional cleanrooms for electronic industry

A non-unidirectional airflow cleanroom in electronic industries is prone to be challenged by the wide spread of hot air and contaminants dissipated from process tools to surrounding area, resulting from the collision of the uprising hot air current from the tools and the downward cold air from ceilings. To effectively remove the dissipated heat and maintain the required cleanliness level, we proposed an innovative fan dry coil unit (FDCU) return air system (referring to  and ), consisting of ceiling-supply grilles and ceiling-return fans/coils, and demonstrated that the FDCU-return air system can effectively eliminate sub-micron particles from the cleanroom, compared with a conventional ceiling-supply and wall-return air system [1]. This study further investigated the effect of the heat dissipation from the tools on airflow characteristics and temperature distribution in the FDCU-return and wall-return airflow type cleanrooms. Comparisons of velocity vector, turbulence intensity, and temperature distribution between the FDCU-return air system and the conventional wall-return air system were presented. The results showed that the FDCU-return air system can significantly provide better air motion characteristics and temperature distribution in a high heat source case in comparison with the wall-return air system.     

Experimental study on wind load characteristics of high‐rise buildings with opening

For investigation of the wind load characteristics on high‐rise buildings with opening, a series of rigid rectangular high‐rise building models with opening were tested by synchronous multi‐pressure sensing system (SMPSS) in a boundary wind tunnel. Influence parameters including different opening heights, opening rates, opening patterns, and terrain categories are studied in detail. Based on the test results, the local wind force coefficients, base moment coefficients, and power spectral densities were discussed. The results indicated that the opening could affect the wind loads acting on high‐rise buildings to different extent. The distinct reduction of wind loads on high‐rise buildings was found at along‐wind direction, which could be evaluated by a proposed simplified expression accordingly. This study aims to provide useful information for the wind‐resistant design of high‐rise buildings with opening.