PERT 21: Fitting PERT/CPM for use in the 21st century

More than half a century after the debut of CPM and PERT, we still lack a project scheduling system with calibrated and validated distributions and without requiring complex user input. Modern decision support systems (DSS) for project management are more sophisticated and comprehensive than PERT/CPM. Nonetheless, in terms of stochastic analysis, they show insufficient progress. PERT 21 offers a radically different stochastic analysis for projects, based on relevant and validated theory. Operationally, it is sophisticated yet simple to use. It is designed to enhance existing DSS, and thus it can be implemented without sacrificing the investment already made in project management systems. Finally, regarding the important sequencing and crashing models developed under CPM, PERT 21 permits their adaptation to stochastic reality.     

寓情山水石景 谱写大运之道 深圳市龙岗体育新城大运重点项目景观总体规划设计

深圳市龙岗体育新城作为2011年第26届世界大学生夏季运动会的比赛主场馆区和大运村所在地,包含大运中心、大运村、大运自然公园等重点项目。以绿色通廊将这些项目整合到区域的基础设施建设之中,完善了龙岗区的绿地系统结构。通过延续自然地脉、综合利用及创造水景、采用乡土植物与材料、传承地域和乡土文化,形成体育场馆与周边环境、场地...     

21世纪的古建筑保护与修复

２１世纪的古建筑保护与修复不仅关系到人类神经物质文明的发展,而且与人类文化遗产的延续息息相关。     

上海临港新城:21世纪新城规划实施模式的有益探索

以规划实施初显成效的上海临港新城为例,分析研究新城的规划实施模式在新的历史时期具有的特殊意义。由此出发,对我国大都市区域的新城规划建设和管理提供一定的借鉴和启示。     

面向21世纪的建筑与城市——建筑学领域若干前沿问题的探讨

本文对建筑学领域若干前沿问题作出初步探讨。其主要内容是:1.信息时代的建筑与城市;2.建筑创作与科技进步;3.基于可持续发展观念的建筑与城市设计;4.建筑学的拓展与建筑教育。     

历史街区保护与更新中传统生命力的延续——以西安市三学街历史街区保护规划设计为例

通过西安市三学街历史街区保护与更新的规划设计案例,探讨了对历史街区和传统建筑进行保护和更新的过程中,要想挖掘传统文化及建筑空间的内涵,就必须在延续城市文脉、保护历史街区空间格局与传统建筑风貌的同时,提升现代居住生活品质,为城市增添活力,从而使历史街区在传统回归中具有新的生命力。     

Standardising Heterogeneity: Public Housing and the Absent(ed) Architect

Does the decentralisation of housing provision by government necessarily lead to a less standardised and more diverse approach to design and planning? Can targeted financial programmes effectively trigger the forces of the free market to deliver more innovative and varied solutions to housing? Michael Bell , Professor of Architecture at Columbia University in New York, reviews the impact of the introduction of tax credits and other initiatives, brought in to encourage public/private partnerships and the involvement of speculative developers in the 1980s and 1990s, on the quality of public housing in the US. In doing so, he puts out a call to architects to acquaint and engage themselves with the complexities of the financial markets.     

Heat and cold stresses in different climate zones across China: A comparison between the 20th and 21st centuries

Summer and winter discomfort in terms of heat and cold stresses in the nine major architectural climate zones and sub-zones across China in the 21st century were investigated using predictions from general circulation models for the low and medium emissions scenarios. For the six severe cold and cold climate zones in the north, reductions in cumulative cold stress outweighed the increase in cumulative heat stress resulting in an overall decreasing trend in the annual cumulative stress, and vice versa for the other three warmer climate zones in the south. Compared with the 20th century, significant reduction in the cumulative cold stress was observed across the six zones in severe cold and cold climates, ranging from 15.8 in cold-III to 42.3 in severe cold-II. There were modest increases in the cumulative heat stress from 0.3 in cold-II to 12.3 in cold-III. For the warmer climates in the south, reduction in cumulative cold stress ranged from 7.6 in hot summer and warm winter (HSWW) to 10.3 in hot summer and cold winter, while cumulative heat stress increased from 9.9 in the mild zone to 30.6 in HSWW. A reduction in cold stress would result in less winter heating and an increase in heat stress more cooling requirement.     

信息技术应用于智慧桥梁的研究与展望

通过对数据、信息、知识和智慧的内涵阐述,以桥梁全寿命周期的数据、信息、知识和智慧为基础,研究探索了新兴信息技术在智慧桥梁各阶段的应用方式和价值,并介绍了上海同豪土木工程咨询有限公司在信息技术应用于智慧桥梁领域的研发实践和规划。     

Architecture of ecumenical spaces in public buildings in the 21st century: Links among the architecture of multi-faith spaces,their names,and the functions they serve in Polish airports

This study explores the architecture and arrangement of prayer spaces in public buildings. It examines whether Polish airports have prayers spaces and whether a correlation exists between the name (e.g., “multi-faith space,” “place of prayer,” and “place of focus”) and design. The study is supported by analyses of ecumenical spaces, which have recently been brought into service andwhere a visible symbiosis exists between their names and functions. This study includes in situ investigations and is conducted based on awide range of literature, statistical data, comparativemethods, and logical reasoning. This study may provide an important indication for countries that are only beginning to face a design problem concerning architecture of multi-faith spaces.     

面向21世纪的日本福利都市环境整备——以残疾人、老年人的社会自立为目标

从日本福利都市环境整备的社会背景、发展过程,整备的基本内容及相关理念与技术要点四方面探讨了以残疾人,老年人的社会自立为目标的日本福利都市环境整备,指出福利都市建设是为残疾人、老年人创造丰富,愉悦、优美的生活环境,是社会平等的价值观的体现。     

新加坡组屋规划设计演变及启示

居住是城市的基本职能,住宅建设水平直接体现着城市社会、经济、文化发展水平。新加坡组屋以居者有其屋著称,50年来,已从单纯解决房荒问题演变为提高住宅品质问题,并提升为国家精神内涵的载体。通过解析组屋规划、设计、建设的发展过程,针对我国城市住宅的发展现状和居民需求的发展趋势,从社会人文、城市规划、建筑设计等方面探讨住宅小区规划设计的有益启示,以期为我国城市住房,尤其是保障性住房的新一轮发展提供参考依据。     

风景旅游地聚居比与建设强度规划研究--以鼓浪屿发展概念规划国际咨询为例

鼓浪屿作为鼓浪屿-万石山国家重点风景名胜区的重要组成部分、国内著名的岛屿旅游地和环境优美的居住地,在旅游发展大潮中面临着发展风景旅游与保护人居环境的矛盾冲突.该文基于鼓浪屿居住环境、聚集环境、聚居环境特征与现状问题分析,从聚居比概念含义的深入分析入手,探讨在鼓浪屿开发建设量、环境承载力十分有限的条件下,如何通过调整聚居活动的比例与强度关系,达到风景旅游拓展与人居环境保护的协调持续发展.     

Characterization of the size-fractionated biomacromolecules: tracking their role and fate in a membrane bioreactor

This article presents a study aimed at the fractionation and characterization of what is thought to be one of the most complex organic mixtures produced by activated sludge: biomacromolecules (BMM). Photometric quantification combined with excitation-emission matrix (EEM) fluorescence spectroscopy and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) measurements were used to characterize BMM in a membrane bioreactor (MBR) from a chemical perspective. Overall, the BMM in sludge supernatant were mainly present in three fractions: colloidal BMM (BMM_c, >0.45 μm), biopolymeric BMM (BMM_b, 0.45 μm-100 kDa) and low molecular weight (MW) fraction (<5 kDa). The analysis of fluorescence regional integration (FRI) showed that the organics in membrane permeate and those in the low-MW fraction of sludge supernatant were of similar chemical composition. The characterization by NMR suggested that the BMM_c fraction had similar carbon content of proteins and polysaccharides. In contrast, the BMM_b and the low-MW BMM were proved to be carbonaceous and aromatics, respectively. Moreover, because of the high MW and gelling property, polysaccharides were found to have a high potential to accumulate on the membranes. In addition, the lipids present in the BMM_b of the sludge supernatant were demonstrated to be another important foulant due to their large size. Our results also indicated that aromatic proteins had a higher fouling propensity than tryptophan proteins though they were of similar size nature. This work could be useful for better understanding of the chemical nature of BMMs in MBRs.     

Indoor and outdoor concentrations of Japanese cedar pollens and total suspended particulates: A case study at a kindergarten in Japan

Japanese cedar pollinosis (JCP) caused by allergenic cedar and cypress pollens is one of major economic and health issues in Japan. The present study reported here aimed to provide basic data to understand the status of early life exposures to airborne cedar and cypress pollens in school settings. In particular, the study investigated relationships between indoor and outdoor concentrations of airborne cedar and cypress pollens and total suspended particulates (TSP) in a kindergarten in Japan. Overall, outdoor concentrations of the airborne pollens and TSP were higher than the indoor concentrations, i.e., indoor to outdoor (I/O) ratios of 0.043–0.055 and 0.545 for the airborne pollens and TSP, respectively. The smaller I/O ratios for the pollens were expected because the larger pollen grains (20–30 μm in diameter) were less likely penetrated to indoor environment than for smaller airborne particulates. The present study also found increased TSP concentrations during the pollen season was likely attributed to increased airborne pollen concentrations. By understanding the status of indoor and outdoor concentrations of airborne cedar and cypress pollens in school settings, early life exposures to these allergenic pollens should be effectively minimized to prevent subsequent progression to JCP symptoms.     

Computational Building Performance Modelling and Ecodesign

Khee Poh Lam and Ken Yeang call for architects to play a more proactive role in building performance modelling. They look at how this is all made possible with the emergence of accessible, cost-effective web-based systems for practices and the way that this can further be enhanced by integrated performance-based design approaches. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Fast Forwards: 10 Years of Sustainable Initiatives in the Gulf Region

Over the last decade, sustainable initiatives have proliferated in the UAE through a disparate range of public and private sector efforts. Jeffrey Willis , Sustainability Leader for Arup in the Gulf, provides a comprehensive review of these enterprises, highlighting how momentum has been clustered in three distinct periods of activity: previous to 2006 ; 2006 to 2008 ; and then since the global financial crisis in 2008.     

To the Micron: A New Architecture Through High-Resolution Multi-Scalar Design and Manufacturing

Rapidly shrinking tolerances and increasing fidelity of emerging additive layer systems are beginning to afford a new opportunity: the ability to design below the macroscopic scale. This is resulting in the engineering of hybrid materials in which every element of their properties can be prescribed at the point of design conception. Richard Beckett of the Digital Manufacturing Centre (DMC), London, and the Bartlett School of Architecture, UCL, and Sarat Babu of Betatype explore a potential new architecture that encompasses a scalar hierarchy of matter, enabling design to take place concurrently at scales ranging from the micrometre to the metre.     

Urban and Architectural Sustainability in the Gulf

What is the impact of rapid urbanisation on sustainable development, such as that experienced by cities in the Gulf? Robert Cooke , an Associate Sustainability Consultant at Buro Happold, based in Dubai, seeks to answer this question. He asks what the real contribution might be of the implementation of recent sustainable policies and urban projects, and what more needs to be done to improve the Gulf's ecological footprint and the water-energy nexus.