改进TLD与ORB的AR系统长时跟踪注册方法

针对增强现实系统长时跟踪注册需求以及三维跟踪注册时待注册区域尺度变化、光照变化、内外旋转等复杂环境易导致注册失败问题,提出改进TLD跟踪及ORB特征检测的增强现实长时三维注册方法。通过采用TLD长时鲁棒跟踪算法对待注册区域跟踪,并利用待注册位置自适应动态检测策略对TLD算法跟踪-学习-检测的结构机制的实时性和精确度进行优化;利用ORB算法对待注册位置进行特征检测及三维注册矩阵计算;将虚拟信息叠加至待注册位置。选取长时视频序列进行跟踪、检测及注册仿真实验。实验结果表明,改进TLD长时跟踪算法相比TLD算法在OPE精确度方面提升约5%,对待注册位置的跟踪速率提升约2倍,使得AR系统在复杂环境下的长时跟踪注册具有更好的稳定性和鲁棒性。     

MEEM跟踪和改进ORB特征检测的三维注册方法

针对增强现实系统三维注册在线跟踪模型漂移问题,以及特征检测算法耗时问题导致的注册失败。提出一种基于MEEM跟踪和改进ORB特征检测的三维注册方法。通过MEEM算法对移动对象区域跟踪。对跟踪的目标位置采用ORB算法检测特征点时,采用多尺度空间理论提取稳定特征点,并且采用改进决策树的递归调整方式,同时对特征检测参数设置。利用相邻帧之间特征点的匹配关系求得三维注册矩阵;将跟踪数据集与OpenGL生成的立方体模型进行跟踪注册仿真实验。仿真结果表明,改进ORB特征检测算法对待注册区域的检测具有尺度不变性、更高稳定性以及特征分布均匀,误差相比ORB算法降低约42%,该注册方法在运行过程中基本能够保证误差在7 mm以内;使得AR系统具有较好的实时性、精确性和鲁棒性。     

基于改进随机蕨的跟踪注册方法研究

针对无标识增强现实跟踪注册方法在复杂环境下存在跟踪注册失败、速度较慢的问题,提出一种基于改进随机蕨的无标识增强现实跟踪注册方法。该方法以真实场景中的目标物体图像作为模板,使用随机蕨分类器进行目标检测,解决环境光照变化或目标被遮挡跟踪注册失败的问题。使用FAST角点进行特征检测提升检测速度,对随机蕨的仿射过程进行改进来弥补特征点尺度不变性和仿射不变性缺失。通过该分类器进行特征匹配,进而估计三维位姿并渲染注册虚拟物体。实验结果证明,该方法具有较好的准确性、实时性和鲁棒性。     

基于金字塔光流法的移动增强现实三维跟踪注册研究

应用于室外场景识别的移动增强现实系统,需要保持高效且精准的三维注册,从而实现稳定的虚实融合。为了减小复杂场景对目标跟踪的影响,提出一种基于AKAZE和金字塔光流法相结合的三维跟踪注册方法,采用AKAZE算法检测视频流图像的特征点,再用光流法对目标区域进行持续跟踪,实现特征匹配后计算摄像机标定结果,最终完成三维跟踪注册。实验结果表明,该方法能实现实时持续的目标跟踪,同时三维注册效果良好。     

基于投影技术的增强现实注册方法

注册技术是实现增强现实应用系统的关键问题之一。实现了一种利用投影技术改进了的注册方法。这种注册方法主要包含4个步骤：（1）检测标识和特征点的位置;（2）利用投影技术跟踪摄像机;（3）计算模型视图矩阵;（4）绘制虚拟物体。在初始阶段,指定4个点建立世界坐标系,虚拟物体将会被叠加到这个坐标系上;在注册过程中,利用投影技术跟踪特征点的位置,并计算用于增强的模型视图转换。这种注册方法可以为一般的室内增强现实系统提供所需的精确度和实时性。     

基于混合注册方式的海洋环境增强现实系统

针对单一传感器无法解决海洋环境增强现实系统中跟踪注册的问题,提出融合智能手机AGPS、电子罗盘和加速度传感器测定视线方向的多传感器注册与基于海天线特征标识的视觉跟踪注册的混合注册方法,并通过扩展卡尔曼滤波器实现多传感器有效融合以提高三维注册精度。以真实海洋环境及海洋数值预报为例,提出适应海洋动态环境的增强现实框架,利用Vuforia AR实现了原型系统,并对混合注册方法进行了验证。结果表明,该技术框架及注册方法有较强的可用性和实用性,在海洋动态环境的增强现实中具有广泛应用前景。     

基于SURF的增强现实标识物跟踪注册

针对基于标识物的增强现实跟踪注册方法对复杂环境的适应能力和鲁棒性的不足,提出一种用SURF实现标识物跟踪注册的改进算法。用SURF对平面标识物的特征点进行检测与描述,采用K-means算法对检测出的标识物特征点集合进行聚类分析得到其聚类中心,结合对视频图像中标识物的阈值分割与连通域分析,以聚类中心构建标识物的SURF特征点坐标系,通过矩阵变换实现标识物的跟踪注册。实验结果表明,该算法的增强现实系统具备较好的鲁棒性、稳定性和实时性。     

增强现实中的视频对象跟踪算法

根据增强现实在视频对象跟踪中的应用需求,提出一种综合利用尺度不变特征变换(SIFT)算子、K聚类算法和轮廓检测的视频对象跟踪算法。该算法利用简易SIFT获得输入图像的特征点,通过K聚类算法获得可能的对象聚类,并采用改进的轮廓处理方法得到对象边界,移除孤立点,确定对象特征点,在对象特征点中获取增强现实应用中需要的注册点。在关键帧匹配中,只要使用对象特征点进行对象匹配。实验结果表明,该算法具有运行速度快、匹配正确率高的特点,能满足增强现实视频应用的注册需求。     

基于SURF与光流法的增强现实跟踪注册

提出一种基于SURF与光流法相结合的增强现实局部跟踪注册方法。采用光流法对移动对象区域进行跟踪,利用SURF算法仿射、尺度不变性及运算速度快的优点对该区域进行特征提取与匹配,利用相邻帧之间特征点的匹配关系求得三维注册矩阵,在保持注册精确性的同时降低了系统运算时间。实验结果表明该方法达到了实时跟踪与准确注册的效果,并且在环境变化时保持了较好的鲁棒性。     

基于KCF与改进ORB的增强现实方法

针对增强现实(AR)系统在进行虚拟信息叠加时待注册区域被遮挡的情况,提出一种基于实时特征检测与目标跟踪的AR系统三维注册方法。使用KCF算法对待注册目标区域与模板进行实时FAST特征匹配,通过改进ORB算法,提出SIFT-ORB-MRANSAC融合算法,完成特征点的提取、匹配以及误匹配去除。在此基础上,根据特征点之间的匹配关系计算注册矩阵,通过注册矩阵叠加虚拟信息实现对现实世界的增强。实验结果表明,该方法在光照变化、遮挡以及旋转变换的情况下,可将虚拟信息快速、准确地叠加到待注册区域,提高AR系统的运算效率。     

European Community policy and the market

Abstract This paper starts with some reflections on the policy considerations and priorities which are shaping European Commission (EC) research programmes. Then it attempts to position the current projects which seek to capitalise on information and communications technologies for learning in relation to these priorities and the apparent realities of the marketplace. It concludes that while there are grounds to be optimistic about the contribution EC programmes can make to the efficiency and standard of education and training, they are still too technology driven.     

一种自适应子融合集成多分类器方法

融合集成方法已经广泛应用在模式识别领域,然而一些基分类器实时性能稳定性较差,导致多分类器融合性能差,针对上述问题本文提出了一种新的基于多分类器的子融合集成分类器系统。该方法考虑在度量层融合层次之上通过对各类基多分类器进行动态选择,票数最多的类别作为融合系统中对特征向量识别的类别,构成一种新的自适应子融合集成分类器方法。实验表明,该方法比传统的分类器以及分类融合方法识别准确率明显更高,具有更好的鲁棒性。     

Explanation and prediction: an architecture for default and abductive reasoning

Although there are many arguments that logic is an appropriate tool for artificial intelligence, there has been a perceived problem with the monotonicity of classical logic. This paper elaborates on the idea that reasoning should be viewed as theory formation where logic tells us the consequences of our assumptions. The two activities of predicting what is expected to be true and explaining observations are considered in a simple theory formation framework. Properties of each activity are discussed, along with a number of proposals as to what should be predicted or accepted as reasonable explanations. An architecture is proposed to combine explanation and prediction into one coherent framework. Algorithms used to implement the system as well as examples from a running implementation are given.     

Three Process Perspectives: Organizations, Teams, and People

This paper provides the author's personal views and perspectives on software process improvement. Starting with his first work on technology assessment in IBM over 20 years ago, Watts Humphrey describes the process improvement work he has been directly involved in. This includes the development of the early process assessment methods, the original design of the CMM, and the introduction of the Personal Software Process (PSP)^SM and Team Software Process (TSP){^SM}. In addition to describing the original motivation for this work, the author also reviews many of the problems he and his associates encountered and why they solved them the way they did. He also comments on the outstanding issues and likely directions for future work. Finally, this work has built on the experiences and contributions of many people. Mr. Humphrey only describes work that he was personally involved in and he names many of the key contributors. However, so many people have been involved in this work that a full list of the important participants would be impractical.     

基于复小波噪声方差显著修正的SAR图像去噪

提出了一种基于复小波域统计建模与噪声方差估计显著性修正相结合的合成孔径雷达(Synthetic Aperture Radar,SAR)图像斑点噪声滤波方法。该方法首先通过对数变换将乘性噪声模型转化为加性噪声模型,然后对变换后的图像进行双树复小波变换(Dualtree Complex Wavelet Transform,DCWT),并对复数小波系数的统计分布进行建模。在此先验分布的基础上,通过运用贝叶斯估计方法从含噪系数中恢复原始系数,达到滤除噪声的目的。实验结果表明该方法在去除噪声的同时保留了图像的细节信息,取得了很好的降噪效果。     

How do children do mathematics with LOGO?

Abstract  This paper considers some results of a study designed to investigate the kinds of mathematical activity undertaken by children (aged between 8 and 11) as they learned to program in LOGO. A model of learning modes is proposed, which attempts to describe the ways in which children used and acquired understanding of the programming/mathematical concepts involved. The remainder of the paper is concerned with discussing the validity and limitations of the model, and its implications for further research and curriculum development.     

Editorial: Special issue on recent advances in hybrid control theory and applications

正The demands of a rapidly advancing technology for faster and more accurate controllers have always had a strong influence on the progress of automatic control theory.In recent years control problems have been arising with increasing frequency in widely different areas,which cannot be addressed using conventional control techniques.The principal reason for this is the fact that a highly competitive economy is forcing systems to operate in regimes where     

Information for Authors

正Aim The Journals of Zhejiang University-SCIENCE(A/B/C)areedited by the international board of distinguished Chinese andforeign scientists,and are aimed to present the latest devel-opments and achievements in scientific research in China andoverseas to the world’s scientific circles,especially to stimulateand promote academic exchange between Chinese and for-eign scientists everywhere.     

Enhancing a leaf radiative transfer model to estimate concentrations and in vivo specific absorption coefficients of total carotenoids and chlorophylls a and b from single-needle reflectance and transmittance

The relative concentrations of different pigments within a leaf have significant physiological and spectral consequences. Photosynthesis, light use efficiency, mass and energy exchange, and stress response are dependent on relationships among an ensemble of pigments. This ensemble also determines the visible characteristics of a leaf, which can be measured remotely and used to quantify leaf biochemistry and structure. But current remote sensing approaches are limited in their ability to resolve individual pigments. This paper focuses on the incorporation of three pigments—chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and total carotenoids—into the LIBERTY leaf radiative transfer model to better understand relationships between leaf biochemical, biophysical, and spectral properties.Pinus ponderosa and Pinus jeffreyi needles were collected from three sites in the California Sierra Nevada. Hemispheric single-leaf visible reflectance and transmittance and concentrations of chlorophylls a and b and total carotenoids of fresh needles were measured. These data were input to the enhanced LIBERTY model to estimate optical and biochemical properties of pine needles. The enhanced model successfully estimated reflectance (RMSE = 0.0255, BIAS = 0.00477, RMS%E = 16.7%), had variable success estimating transmittance (RMSE = 0.0442, BIAS = 0.0294, RMS%E = 181%), and generated very good estimates of carotenoid concentrations (RMSE = 2.48 µg/cm², BIAS = 0.143 µg/cm², RMS%E = 20.4%), good estimates of chlorophyll a concentrations (RMSE = 10.7 µg/cm², BIAS = − 0.992 µg/cm², RMS%E = 21.1%), and fair estimates of chlorophyll b concentrations (RMSE = 7.49 µg/cm², BIAS = − 2.12 µg/cm², RMS%E = 43.7%). Overall root mean squared errors of reflectance, transmittance, and pigment concentration estimates were lower for the three-pigment model than for the single-pigment model. The algorithm to estimate three in vivo specific absorption coefficients is robust, although estimated values are distorted by inconsistencies in model biophysics. The capacity to invert the model from single-leaf reflectance and transmittance was added to the model so it could be coupled with vegetation canopy models to estimate canopy biochemistry from remotely sensed data.     

Mr. Twinn’s bombes

This article discusses the history and design of the special versions of the bombe key-finding machines used by Britain’s Government Code & Cypher School (GC&CS) during World War II to attack the Enigma traffic of the Abwehr (the German military intelligence service). These special bombes were based on the design of their more numerous counterparts used against the traffic of the German armed services, but differed from them in important ways that highlight the adaptability of the British bombe design, and the power and flexibility of the diagonal board. Also discussed are the changes in the Abwehr indicating system that drove the development of these machines, the ingenious ways in which they were used, and some related developments involving the bombes used by the U.S. Navy’s cryptanalytic unit (OP-20-G).