热泵循环海水淡化系统

对现有的热法海水淡化方法进行了节能评述,并提出一种综合了低温多效蒸馏与压汽蒸馏两种海水淡化方法技术优势的新系统,通过对此系统的设计计算,得出结论：本文提出的利用热泵循环的节能海水淡化系统能耗低,在热法海水淡化系统中最为节能。     

太阳能海水淡化技术

太阳能海水淡化技术无污染、低能耗、生产规模可有机组合,是有效解决淡水危机的新途径.介绍了现有的海水淡化技术,分析了太阳能海水淡化,尤其是中高温槽式太阳能闪蒸法海水淡化系统.     

海水淡化技术进展及能源综合利用

海水淡化技术是将海水中的盐和水分离的技术。介绍国内外海水淡化技术发展历程,指明未来海水淡化技术发展方向,并结合我国能源现状建议采用水电联产低温多效蒸发海水淡化系统。该系统利用电厂的低品热源作为海水淡化过程的热源,实现能源的综合利用,降低制水成本,是适应我国国情、解决沿海地区淡水资源短缺的有效途径。     

海水淡化技术的研究进展

淡水资源的紧缺已成为一个世界性问题。我国水资源匮乏,海水淡化包括西北地区的苦咸水淡化,将成为解决我国沿海地区和岛屿、华北和西北部分干旱地区等缺水问题的重要手段。海水淡化技术在国外已得到广泛应用,在我国也日趋重视。分析了海水淡化不同技术的原理、特点及其应用情况,指出与热力发电厂余热利用相结合的多效蒸馏法、多级闪蒸法将体现其明显的经济性,而且可在掌握系统技术的基础上,开发相应的成套设备。     

水合物法海水淡化技术研究进展及展望

水合物法海水淡化(Hydrate based desalination,HBD)是一种具有潜力的淡化方法。本文介绍了该法的工作原理及技术特点,并从水合物选取、淡化系统、专利及理论模型展开综述。将水合物法海水淡化与其他主流海水淡化方法进行综合比较得出:水合物法研究起步早,专利多,因其受限于水合物洗涤,储存以及运输等技术,并没有在工程上得到大规模的应用,但是研究表明该法在能耗与环保方面优势突出,可以从水合剂选取、多次淡化以及LNG冷能利用等方面进行推广。     

低温多效蒸馏海水淡化工艺的应用

海水淡化又称海水脱盐,是从海水中获取淡水的技术和过程。目前,广泛应用的海水淡化技术主要包括多级闪蒸(MSF)、压汽蒸馏(MVC)、多效蒸发(MED)和海水反渗透膜(SWRO)。MED方法中低温多效蒸馏(LT-MED)开发后在世界范围内得到了较广泛的应用,与RO和MSF成为最具发展前景的海水淡化技术。1海水淡化工艺选择首钢京唐钢铁联合有限责任公司为实现循环经济、节     

集成于海水淡化系统的盐差能发电系统性能分析

海水淡化是解决淡水紧缺的一个重要途径。目前,海水淡化技术存在能耗大、成本高等问题。海洋中存在丰富的盐差能,而且在各种海洋能存在形式中能量密度最大,具有很好的应用前景。传统的盐差能发电系统存在对选址有特殊要求、效率低等问题,应用受到局限。针对这些问题,文章把盐差能发电系统和海水淡化系统结合在一起,提出了一种集成于海水淡化系统的盐差能发电系统,希望能为今后的海水淡化和盐差能利用提供参考。论文详细阐述了该系统的工作原理,分析了具体工作过程,并对系统的产能和能耗情况进行了估算。在合理的设计范围内,可以利用海洋盐差能发电补偿海水淡化过程中的大部分电能消耗。     

反渗透海水淡化系统中的能量回收技术及装置研究进展

反渗透法是海水淡化的主要方法之一，能量回收是降低其淡化成本的主要手段。综合介绍了反渗透海水淡化系统中的主要能量回收技术，并对相应的能量回收装置的原理、性能以及应用等做了介绍和比较。     

横管降膜低温多效蒸发海水淡化系统的优化设计

随着横管降膜蒸发技术在低温多效蒸发海水淡化系统中的应用和推广,低温多效蒸发海水淡化技术以其传热系数高、热耗量小、要求供热的温位低等优点成为未来第二代海水淡化技术的主流技术.本文开展了横管降膜低温多效蒸发海水淡化系统的优化设计,比较了不同流程下低温多效蒸发海水淡化系统的热力特性,串并结合流程以其传热面积小、设备制造成本低...     

风能盐差能海水淡化系统集成研究

利用可再生能源进行海水淡化是海水利用的一个重要研究方向。本文构建了一种新型的海水淡化系统,该系统以风力发电机组为主要能源,盐差能发电系统为补充,共同为反渗透海水淡化膜组件提供动力。本文对该系统的构成、运行模式进行了详细介绍,并对反渗透海水淡化分系统和渗透压能法盐差能发电分系统共用膜组件的理论可行性进行了探讨,为盐差能发电系统与风能海水淡化系统集成的工程应用提供参考。     

Potential for economic solar desalination in the Middle East

Fresh water forms only about 1% of the total water available on earth. Technologies for the desalination of seawater have considerably matured in the last decade. However, the energy required for the desalination is usually expensive in arid areas where fresh water is required. Renewable energy provides a clean, free, and low-maintenance source of energy for desalination, limited only by their initial cost, and the variability of the available energy. In this paper the potential use of solar energy for the desalination of seawater in the Middle East is evaluated. Multi-Stage Flash (MSF) desalination requires large amounts of energy, while Reverse Osmosis (RO) desalination is more energy efficient. Solar distillation is a very simple and direct method that may be used, requiring only large flat areas of land, having no running energy costs and being very suitable for remote areas. Photovoltaics is another promising renewable energy source for seawater desalination in the Middle East. It is best suited for the RO and Electrodialysis (ED) methods. The desalination plant doesn't need to run continuously, and therefore no storage batteries are required. Diesel and / or natural gas may be used as a backup energy.     

A comprehensive techno-economical review of indirect solar desalination

Solar powered desalination has been the focus of great interest recently worldwide. In the past, majority of the experimental investigations focused on solar coupled thermally driven conventional desalination technologies such as Multi-Stage Flash (MSF) and Multi-Effect Distillation (MED). With the advancement in membrane technology and its advantages such as high Recovery Ratios (RR) and low specific energy requirements Reverse Osmosis (RO) desalination has gained popularity. Currently, 52% of the indirect solar desalination plants are RO based with MED and MSF having a 13% and 9% share respectively. Membrane Distillation (MD) based plants represent 16% of the total and have been a focus of recent research efforts. This paper aims to provide a comprehensive review of all the indirect solar desalination technologies along with plant specific technical details. Efforts assessing the economic feasibility and cost affecting parameters for each desalination technology are also reviewed.     

3000吨_日MSF海水淡化系统国产化的热经济学分析

以热经济学分析方法为工具,并结合我国国情,对3000吨/日MSF海水淡化系统进行了较详细的热经济学分析,得出了一些有益的结论,为MSF系统进一步国产化设计提供了必要的参考依据。     

Energy savings in single-purpose desalination systems

In this paper, an energy efficient combination is suggested for single-purpose desalination systems. The present analysis is based on data for existing units known for their reliabilities and high performances. For a specific steam power cycle, the generated power drives a RO, RO/MSF or RO/MEB system. In these combinations, the pretreated hp brine discarded by the RO is introduced as the feed for the distillation unit. Thus, the feed treatment, as well as the feed pumping required, is saved. The TBT and the bottom temperature in the distillation unit are set at 112 and 47°C, respectively.

Results show that, using the same steam power cycle, a water production of 4, 4·26 or 6·2 MGD can be produced if it drives a RO, RO/MSF or RO/MEB system, respectively. Moreover, the energy consumed per unit of fresh water produced (in kJ/kg) is 281, 265 or 182 for the RO, RO/MSF or RO/MEB system, respectively.     

Study of an incrementally loaded multistage flash desalination system for optimum use of sensible waste heat from nuclear power plant

Existing practice of nuclear desalination cogeneration incurs loss of nuclear plant power generation because it competes for live steam with nuclear plant steam turbine. Such loss is completely avoided with the nuclear desalination plant design proposed in the present study. The plant called GTHTR300 is based on a high‐temperature gas reactor rated at 600 MWt. Gas turbine is used to replace steam turbine as power generator. The gas turbine converts about a half of the reactor's thermal power to electricity while rejecting the balance as sensible waste heat to be utilized in a multistage flash (MSF) plant for seawater desalination. A new MSF process scheme is proposed and optimized to efficiently match the sensible waste heat source. The new scheme increments the thermal load of the multistage heat recovery section in a number of steps as opposed to keeping it constant in the traditional MSF process. As the number of steps increases, more waste heat is utilized, and top brine temperature for peak water production is increased. Both tend to increase water yield. Operating with a similar number of stages, the new process is shown to produce 45% more water than the traditional process operating over the same temperature range. As a result, the GTHTR300 yields 56,000 m³/d water and generates 280 MWe power at constant efficiency with and without water cogeneration. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Development of a steady‐state mathematical model for multistage flash (MSF) desalination plant

In this paper, a mathematical model for multistage flash (MSF) desalination plants was developed. The model was based on basic principles of physics and chemistry that describe the stages occurring in the desalination process. The input plant parameters that are known to affect the operation of the MSF desalination plant and its performance was taken into account in the construction of the model. These parameters included make‐up flow, brine recycle flow, seawater flow, seawater temperature, seawater concentration, top brine temperature (TBT), steam temperature and the plant load. For each stage, the developed model was used for predicting the temperatures of the brine, distillate and cooling brine, and the flow rates of brine outlet and distillate production. The developed model was evaluated with the MSF plant vendor simulation results and its actual operating data. The evaluation indicated that model predictions matched well with the vendor simulation results and the plant operating data. The developed model is sufficiently accurate and model predictions can be relied upon. Therefore, it may be recommended for determining optimum set point of a running MSF desalination plant at different loads to maximize the water production or minimize energy consumption. It can also be used to calculate controller set points for different loads of the plant. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Systemic approach for techno-economic evaluation of triple hybrid (RO,MSF and power generation) scheme including accounting of CO2 emission

A system of models for the techno-economic evaluation of a triple hybrid, reverse osmosis (RO), multistage flush (MSF) and power generation process has been developed. There are three groups of models underlying the system: (A) models describing power-generating technology; (B) models describing RO desalination, and (C) models describing MSF desalination. Any group of individual models, in turn, consists of a set of submodels of different hierarchy levels; they are: (1) technological submodel, (2) fuel or energy submodel, (3) ecological submodel and (4) economic submodel. (1) The technological submodel is focused on the calculation of technological characteristics at different operating loads of the generating systems; (2) the fuel or energy submodel covers the calculation of fuel influx into power-generating systems at different operating loads; (3) the ecological submodel focuses on estimation of CO₂ emissions at different operating regimes; (4) the economic submodel gives values of economic indicators, such as (a) cost of water, (b) cost of energy, and (c) accounting for CO₂ emissions through imposed carbon tax (assuming rates of environmental taxes recommended by European Union tax legislation). This paper contains an analysis of the behavior of economic and ecological indicators for various technological parameters and economic assumptions, such as (1) load, specific fuel consumption and efficiency of the energy generating system, (2) specific energy consumption for desalination, (3) specific emissions of CO₂, and (4) taxes on CO₂ emissions. The model presented can be applied for the analysis of schemes where seasonal surplus of unused power is utilized by RO which are characterized by higher efficiency of fuel consumption and decreasing specific CO₂ emissions.     

Multi stage flash desalination plant with brine-feed mixing and cooling

Improving the performance of Multi Stage Flash (MSF) desalination plants is a major objective in the seawater desalination industry. Fresh water production rates from MSF plants depend on the evaporation range defined as the difference between the top brine temperature (TBT) and the bottom stage temperature. Lowering the temperature of the plant bottom stage elongates the evaporation range and increases the yield. A modified multi stage flash plant with brine mixing and cooling (MSF-MC) is presented in this paper. Part of the brine leaving the plant is mixed with fresh seawater feed then cooled to low temperature before it enters the bottom stage feed heater. This MSF-MC features several advantages such as expanded evaporation range at the conventional TBT levels, reduced feed pumping power, moderate levels of chemical treatment requirements and fixed fresh water production rates independent of seasonal seawater conditions. Operating with low feed mass fraction minimizes the cooling load and reduces the cooler size. An improvement in the yield by 1.18%-1.4% for every 1 °C reduction in the plant bottom temperature can be achieved with MSF-MC compared to conventional MSF systems.