Waveband switching networks with limited wavelength conversion

We study reconfigurable multi-granular optical cross-connects (MG-OXCs) in waveband switching networks with limited wavelength conversion and propose a heuristic algorithm to minimize the number of used wavelength converters while reducing the blocking probability.     

Nonblocking WDM switching networks with full and limited wavelength conversion

In previous years, with the rapid exhaustion of the capacity in wide area networks led by Internet and multimedia applications, demand for high bandwidth has been growing at a very fast pace. Wavelength-division multiplexing (WDM) is a promising technique for utilizing the huge available bandwidth in optical fibers. We consider efficient designs of nonblocking WDM permutation switching networks. Such designs require nontrivial extensions from the existing designs of electronic switching networks. We first propose several permutation models in WDM switching networks ranging from no wavelength conversion, to limited wavelength conversion, to full wavelength conversion, and analyze the network performance in terms of the permutation capacity and network cost, such as the number of optical cross-connect elements and the number of wavelength converters required for each model. We then give two methods for constructing nonblocking multistage WDM switching networks to reduce the network cost.     

有限波长转换能力的OBS网波长分配算法研究

结合国内外最新的研究动态,针对有限波长转换能力的光突发交换网中亟待解决的突发包资源竞争问题,探讨了各种传统的波长分配算法,并通过对其特点的分析和综合比较,提出了一种新的适合有限波长转换能力光突发交换网特点的动态波长分配算法,此算法可以实现更低的全网突发包阻塞率.     

Design of grooming architectures for optical WDM mesh networks: limited grooming with electronic wavelength conversion

In this article, we consider the problem of traffic grooming in optical wavelength division multiplexed (WDM) mesh networks under static traffic conditions. The objective of this work is to minimize the network cost and in particular, the electronic port costs incurred for meeting a given performance objective. In earlier work, we have shown the benefits of limited grooming switch architectures, where only a subset of wavelengths in a network are equipped with expensive SONET Add Drop Multiplexers (SADM) that provide the grooming functionality. In this work, we also consider the wavelength conversion capability of such groomers. This can be achieved using a digital cross-connect (DCS) in the grooming switch to switch low-speed connections between the SADMs (and hence, between wavelengths). The grooming switch thus avoids the need for expensive optical wavelength converters. Based on these observations, we propose a limited conversion-based grooming architecture for optical WDM mesh networks. The local ports at every node in this architecture can be one of three types: an add-drop port, a grooming port that allows wavelength conversion or a grooming port that does not allow wavelength conversion. The problem studied is: given a static traffic model, where should the different ports be placed in a network? We formulate this as an optimization problem using an Integer Linear Programing (ILP) and present numerical results for the same. We also present a heuristic-based approach to solve the problem for larger networks.     

All-optical wavelength conversion in optical multicarrier networks

The authors analyze the use of all optical wavelength conversion in the optical layer of a high-capacity transport network and compare different technological solutions. The analysis is based on the evaluation of the transmission performance of a generic signal path through the network. At least two technologies have been discovered allowing the realization of all-optical wavelength converters suitable for use in the considered application, providing high performance. In particular, for networks covering long distances, wavelength conversion based on four-wave-mixing in semiconductor amplifiers seems to be a very interesting solution     

Multicast connection capacity of WDM switching networks with limited wavelength conversion

Currently, many bandwidth-intensive applications require multicast services for efficiency purposes. In particular, as wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) technique emerges as a promising solution to meet the rapidly growing demands on bandwidth in present communication networks, supporting multicast at the WDM layer becomes an important yet challenging issue. In this paper, we introduce a systematic approach to analyzing the multicast connection capacity of WDM switching networks with limited wavelength conversion. We focus on the practical all-optical limited wavelength conversion with a small conversion degree d (e.g., d=2 or 3), where an incoming wavelength can be switched to one of the d outgoing wavelengths. We then compare the multicast performance of the network with limited wavelength conversion to that of no wavelength conversion and full wavelength conversion. Our results demonstrate that limited wavelength conversion with small conversion degrees provides a considerable fraction of the performance improvement obtained by full wavelength conversion over no wavelength conversion. We also present an economical multistage switching architecture for limited wavelength conversion. Our results indicate that the multistage switching architecture along with limited wavelength conversion of small degrees is a cost-effective design for WDM multicast switching networks.     

Fixed-alternate routing and wavelength conversion inwavelength-routed optical networks

Consider an optical network which employs wavelength-routing crossconnects that enable the establishment of wavelength-division-multiplexed (WDM) connections between node pairs. In such a network, when there is no wavelength conversion, a connection is constrained to be on the same wavelength channel along its route. Alternate routing can improve the blocking performance of such a network by providing multiple possible paths between node pairs. Wavelength conversion can also improve the blocking performance of such a network by allowing a connection to use different wavelengths along its route. This work proposes an approximate analytical model that incorporates alternate routing and sparse wavelength conversion. We perform simulation studies of the relationships between alternate routing and wavelength conversion on three representative network topologies. We demonstrate that alternate routing generally provides significant benefits, and that it is important to design alternate routes between node pairs in an optimized fashion to exploit the connectivity of the network topology. The empirical results also indicate that fixed-alternate routing with a small number of alternate routes asymptotically approaches adaptive routing in blocking performance     

An evaluation of distributed wavelength provisioning in WDM optical networks with sparse wavelength conversion

Distributed wavelength provisioning is becoming one of the most important technologies for supporting next-generation optical networks. This paper describes the evaluation of the performance of distributed wavelength provisioning in wavelength-division-multiplexing (WDM) optical networks with sparse wavelength conversion (i.e., where wavelength conversion is available at only a subset of network nodes). Using the well-known destination-initiated reservation method as a case study, a highly accurate analytical model supported by comprehensive simulation validation is proposed. Both analytical and simulation results show that, in optical networks with distributed wavelength provisioning, sparse wavelength conversion still helps to significantly lower the connection-blocking probabilities. However, unlike that in centralized wavelength provisioning, sparse wavelength conversion may not easily achieve nearly the same performance as that of full wavelength conversion, especially under light traffic loads. This paper evaluates how the potential contribution of sparse wavelength conversion depends on different factors, such as the number of wavelength converters, the number of wavelength channels per fiber, the burstiness of traffic loads, and the network size, and discusses the influence of the signaling scheme.     

Time-efficient optimal wavelength assignment in optical WDM networks with conversion capability

In wavelength-routed optical networks (WRONs), a wavelength assignment algorithm which can optimally utilize wavelength converters is strongly desired. In this letter, for the first time, we propose a novel graph constructed with groups of available wavelengths, called lambda-runs, to obtain the least-conversion lightpaths easily by applying the shortest-path routing Dijkstra's algorithm. Simulations show that our algorithm is much more scalable than an existing optimal algorithm, and significantly improves the blocking performance, compared to modified first-fit algorithm.     

Wavelength assignment with sparse wavelength conversion for optical multicast in WDM networks

This paper addresses the problem of multicast wavelength assignment for sparse wavelength conversion (MWA-SWC) in wavelength-routed wavelength-division-multiplexing (WDM) networks. It aims to optimally allocate the available wavelength for each link of the multicast tree, given a sparse wavelength conversion network and a multicast request. To our knowledge, little research work has been done to address this problem in literature.In this paper, we propose a new technique called MWA-SWC algorithm to solve the problem. The algorithm first maps the multicast tree from the sparse conversion case to the full conversion case by making use of a novel virtual link method to carry out the tree mapping. The method provides a forward mapping to generate an auxiliary tree as well as a reverse mapping to recover the original tree. Applying the auxiliary tree, we propose a dynamic programing algorithm for the wavelength assignment (WA) aiming to minimize the number of wavelength converters (NWC) required. Simulation results show that our new algorithm outperforms both random and greedy algorithms with regard to minimizing the NWC. Testing on various scenarios by varying the number of wavelength conversion nodes in the tree has confirmed the consistency of the performance. The primary use of the MWA-SWC algorithm is for static traffic. However, it can also serve as a baseline for dynamic heuristic algorithms. Typically, the MWA-SWC algorithm will provide great benefit when the number of available wavelengths on each link of the multicast tree is relatively large and the performance advantage is significant.     

All-optical networks with sparse wavelength conversion

Unlike broadcast-and-select networks, wavelength-routing networks offer the advantages of wavelength reuse and scalability and are thus suitable for wide-area networks (WANs) We study the effects of topological connectivity and wavelength conversion in circuit-switched all-optical wavelength-routing networks. A blocking analysis of such networks is given. We first propose an analytical framework for accurate analysis of networks with arbitrary topology. We then introduce a model for networks with a variable number of converters and analyze the effect of wavelength converter density on the blocking probability. This framework is applied to three regular network topologies that have varying levels of connectivity: the ring, the mesh-torus, and the hypercube. The results show that either a relatively small number of converters is sufficient for a certain level of performance or that conversion does not offer a significant advantage. The benefits of conversion are largely dependent on the network load, the number of available wavelengths, and the connectivity of the network. Finally, the tradeoff between physical connectivity, wavelength conversion, and the number of available wavelengths is studied through networks with random topologies     

Blocking probability of asynchronous optical burst/packet switches with limited range wavelength conversion

A theoretical analysis of the performance of asynchronous bufferless optical burst/packet switch with limited range wavelength conversion is proposed. We analyze the problem using a queuing model of birth-death process with discouraged arrivals. To calculate the discouraged arrival rate, a theorem about the average number of circular runs is introduced and proved. The effectiveness and advantage of the method is verified by simulation and comparison.     

DWDM全光网络中波长转换技术的比较

波长转换技术是 DWDM全光网络中一项重要的基础技术。介绍了波长转换技术的基本原理 ,并对现有主要的几种波长转换技术进行比较 ,最后指出基于四波混频技术的波长转换技术是未来的研究方向     

全光波长变换技术

简要分析了各种全光波长变换技术的原理，评价了各自的优缺点，并指出全光波长变换在光通信系统中的应用前景。     

Multiwavelength cross-connects for optical transport networks

Multiwavelength cross-connects (M-XCs) will play a key role in future optical multiwavelength transport networks. In this paper, we propose a class of optical wavelength interchange devices that can be used as basic building-blocks for multiwavelength optical cross-connects. We describe three different multiwavelength cross-connect structures that can be constructed using these building blocks. We investigate their blocking performance and examine issues such as complexity, modularity, and wavelength channel spacing associated with the proposed cross-connect structures     

WDM光网络中支持QoS的波长分配算法

基于在波长可变光网络中的波长分层图模型,本文提出了一种在动态业务情况下的支持不同QoS要求的路由波长分配算法,根据客户层业务不同的QoS要求,通过分层图模型中参数的不同取值,对其光路建立请求区别对待,提供不同级别的光路建立.仿真结果表明该算法具有很好的性能,提高了全网的资源利用率,满足了客户层业务在建立光通路时不同的QoS要求对网络阻塞率的要求.     

A novel dynamic survivable routing in WDM optical networks with/without sparse wavelength conversion

In this paper, we study the dynamic survivable routing problem, both in optical networks without wavelength conversion and in optical networks with sparse wavelength conversion, and propose a novel hybrid algorithm for it based on the combination of mobile agents technique and genetic algorithms (GA). By keeping a suitable number of mobile agents in the network to cooperatively explore the network states and continuously report cycles (that are formed by two disjoint-link routes) into the routing tables, our new hybrid algorithm can promptly determine the first population of cycles for a new request based on the routing table of its source node, without the time consuming process associated with current GA-based lightpath protection schemes. We further improve the performance of our algorithm by introducing a more advanced fitness function that is suitable for both the above networks. Extensive simulation studies on the ns-2 network simulator show that our hybrid algorithm achieves a significantly lower blocking probability than the conventional survivable routing algorithms for all the cases we studied.     

Performance analysis of wavelength assignment policies inall-optical networks with limited-range wavelength conversion

Previous analytic approaches for all-optical networks have only allowed a random wavelength assignment policy in spite of the fact that network performance can be improved by other wavelength assignment policies such as first-fit wavelength assignment. We develop an approximate analytic method to allow flexible wavelength assignment policies by virtue of a layered-graph approach. Our analysis is also applicable to the networks that wavelength conversion is limitedly provided. By comparing with simulation results, we show that our analytic approach has good accuracies when the number of wavelengths is not large. We also show that our analysis is applicable to general network topologies     

波长变换对光突发交换网络性能的影响

介绍了光突发交换原理及波长变换技术.模拟了基于美国国家科学基金网络模型的光突发交换.数据源选用具有自相似性的突发性数据源,采用JET(Just-enough-time)信令协议,使用LAUC-VF数据信道调度算法.为减小竞争的发生,在网络中加入波长变换器.对带波长变换器和不带波长变换器的网络的性能进行了模拟,并对结果进行了分析.