Consolidation of unidirectional CF/PEEK composites from commingled yarn prepreg

Relationships between impregnation mechanisms, consolidation quality and resulting mechanical properties of CF/PEEK thermoplastic composites manufactured from a commingled yarn system have been investigated. A small compression mould was used to apply the different processing conditions (i.e. pressure, holding time and processing temperature). The consolidation quality of finished samples was characterized mainly through microscopic studies of the microstructure of the material associated with density measurements and evaluations of mechanical properties using a small transverse flexure testing facility. A model for qualitatively describing the impregnation and consolidation processes in commingled-yarn-based thermoplastic composites was developed, which predicts variations of void content during consolidation as well as the time, temperature and pressure required to reach full consolidation. Good correlations between predictions and the experimental data indicate the success of the approach. For a desired, minimum level of void content (X_v = 0.5%), optimum processing windows for manufacturing of CF/PEEK composite parts from the commingled yarn preform are suggested.     

Effect of strain rate on interlaminar shear properties of carbon/epoxy composites

In this paper, the effect of strain rate on interlaminar shear properties of laminates is studied. The material tested was a T300/5208 carbon/epoxy composite, and the range of strain rates explored was about 10⁻³ − 10³ s⁻¹. The specimens used were designed and optimized by finite element analysis, and the calculations are presented here. One of the specimens permitted the determination of the interlaminar shear modulus, G₁₃, and the other permitted the determination of the interlaminar shear strength, S₁₃. No influence of testing speed on interlaminar properties was observed at low, intermediate and high strain rates. Fracture surfaces were studied by scanning electron microscopy: a slight difference was observed between specimens tested at low and high strain rates.     

Mode I interlaminar fracture toughness of commingled carbon fibre/PEEK composites

Carbon fibre/poly (ether-ether-ketone) (PEEK) composites were fabricated from plain weave cloth using the commingled yarn of carbon fibres with PEEK filaments. The undirectional specimen was made from the warp of commingled yarn and the weft of PEEK yarn, while the two-dimensional specimen was made from commingled yarns both of the warp and the weft. During the hot-pressing process, PEEK filaments melt to form the matrix of the composite. The interlaminar fracture toughness of the commingled composite was measured and compared with that of the prepreg composite. The critical strain energy release rates,/'G _Ics, obtained for the commingled composites were higher than the prepreg composite. In particular, the two-dimensional composite exhibited higherG _Ic than the unidirectional commingled composite. Factors increasing the fracture toughness of commingled composites have also been investigated by SEM observation of the fractured surface.     

Surface oxidation of carbon fibre on tribological properties of PEEK composites

Abstract

In this work, ozone modification method and air oxidation were used for the surface treatment of polyacrylonitrile (PAN) based carbon fibre. The surface characteristics of carbon fibres were characterised by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The interfacial properties of carbon fibre reinforced PEEK (CF/PEEK) composites were investigated by means of the single fibre pull-out tests. As a result, it was found that IFSS values of the composites with ozone treated carbon fibre are increased by 60% compared with that without treatment. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy results show that ozone treatment increases the amount of carboxyl groups on carbon fibre surface, thus the interfacial adhesion between carbon fibre and PEEK matrix is effectively promoted. The effect of surface treatment of carbon fibres on the tribological properties of CF/PEEK composites was comparatively investigated. Experimental results revealed that surface treatment can effectively improve the interfacial adhesion between carbon fibre and PEEK matrix. Thus the wear resistance was significantly improved.     

Modelling and characterisation for the responsive performance of CF/PLA and CF/PEEK smart materials fabricated by 4D printing

4D printing, which is the combination of 3D printing technology and printable smart materials, provides the potential of automating actuation devices. In this paper, we have used a modified-fused deposition modelling 3D printing technology to fabricate a double-layer laminate smart material, which can be activated by temperature directly or by an electric circuit indirectly. A double-layer laminate mathematical model has been developed to describe the bending behaviour caused by the mismatch strain between the surface layer and the basal layer. The electrocaloric deformation testings were performed to find the different bending rules of this low-cost printed active composite in different physical states. The considerable maximal deformation values and deformation force (7?mm and 100?mN for these carbon fibre (CF)/polylactic acid specimens, and 10?mm and 200?mN for these CF/polyether-ether-ketone specimens in the paper) provide this double-layer smart material and 4D printing method the prospective to be applied in biomimetic sensors, actuators, transducers, and artificial muscles.     

Dynamic mixed-mode I/II delamination fracture and energy release rate of unidirectional graphite/epoxy composites

Mixed-mode open-notch flexure (MONF), anti-symmetric loaded end-notched flexure (MENF) and center-notched flexure (MCNF) specimens were used to investigate dynamic mixed I/II mode delamination fracture using a fracturing split Hopkinson pressure bar (F-SHPB). An expression for dynamic energy release rate G_d is formulated and evaluated. The experimental results show that dynamic delamination increases linearly with mode mixing. At low input energy E_i ? 4.0 J, the dynamic (G_d) and total (G_T) energy rates are independent of mixed-mode ratio. At higher impact energy of 4.0 ? E_i ? 9.3 J, G_d decreases slowly with mixed I/II mode ratio while G_T is observed to increase more rapidly. In general, G_d increases more rapidly with increasing delamination than with increasing energy absorbed. The results show that for the impact energy of 9.3 J before fragmentation of the plate, the effect of kinetic energy is not significant and should be neglected. For the same energy-absorption level, the delamination is greatest at low mixed-mode ratios corresponding to highest Mode II contribution. The results of energy release rates from MONF were compared with mixed-mode bending (MMB) formulation and show some agreement in Mode II but differences in prediction for Mode I. Hackle (Mode II) features on SEM photographs decrease as the impact energy is increased but increase as the Mode I/II ratio decreases. For the same loading conditions, more pure Mode II features are generated on the MCNF specimen fractured surfaces than the MENF and MONF specimens.     

Computation analysis of interlaminar fracture of laminated composites

The interlaminar fracture behavior of laminated composites has been investigated. Contact and friction along the crack surfaces is taken into account in the finite element modeling of the delamination crack growth. Mode I, mode II and mixed mode loading conditions at the crack tip have been analyzed. For the cracks with contact and friction along the crack surfaces the virtual crack closure integral method is used in order to calculate separated energy release rates. Computational modeling and analysis of cross-ply laminates in three-point bending has been performed. Contact elements were used in order to prevent the material interpenetration along the crack surfaces. Comparison of the results obtained with and without using contact elements has been carried out and significant differences between the correlated values of the energy release rates have been found. The influence of the coefficient of friction on the energy release rates was found to be significant for short delamination crack lengths but insignificant for long cracks. Numerical analyses of experimental data obtained for unidirectionally reinforced glass fiber composites by double cantilever beam tests and by notched flexure tests have been carried out. For the double cantilever beam test geometric linear and nonlinear finite element analyses have been performed and critical energy release rates were calculated. For the end notched flexure test the contact problem has been solved taking into account that adjacent to the support contact and friction will occur. For the double cantilever beam test the critical energy release rates obtained by linear and nonlinear finite element solution has been compared with those from four different analytical data reduction methods (the area method, the Berry method, the modified beam analysis, the compliance method). For the end notched flexure test the critical energy release rates, calculated by the finite element analysis and taking into account contact and friction along the crack surfaces, have been compared with those obtained by conventional beam analysis. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

CF/PPEK、CF/PPES复合材料高温力学性能研究

采用预浸热压成型工艺制备碳纤维增强杂萘联苯聚醚酮(CF/PPEK)和碳纤维增强杂萘联苯聚醚砜(CF/PPES)单向复合材料试样,通过对试样在常温和高温条件下的力学性能测试与分析,研究了高性能热塑性复合材料在高温条件下力学性能及其强度和模量保留率的变化规律.实验表明,在250℃下其拉伸和弯曲强度及模量的保留率均在60%以上,仍具有极高的承载能力.利用Tr-n预测模型对这两种复合材料高温力学性能进行的预测结果与试验值基本吻合,从而验证了这个模型的可行性.     

The effects of strain-rate and temperature on the interlaminar fracture toughness of interleaved PEEK/CF composites

The effect of interleaving on the interlaminar fracture behaviour of unidirectional and woven-fabric fibre composites based upon continuous carbon fibres (CF) and poly(ether ether ketone) (PEEK) has been investigated over a wide range of temperature and crack speed. The fracture data obtained from mode I and mode II tests have been analysed using the time-temperature equivalence postulate and the results are discussed in terms of fracture micromechanisms. The insertion of a resin-rich layer between laminae was found to increase significantly the fracture resistance of the composites, whitout altering its dependence on crack speed.     

聚醚砜酮树脂基碳纤维复合材料的性能研究

以含二氮杂萘联苯型聚醚砜桐（PPESK）树脂为基体，填加短碳纤维（CE）用溶液共混共沉淀，热压模塑方法研制出PPESK基碳纤维复合材料，研究了CF处理方法，CF含量，等离子体处理材料表面及摩擦条件（如线速度）对材料的摩擦磨性能的影响，利用KYKY100B扫描电镜观察材料磨损表面，分析了PPESK树脂及其复合材料的磨损机理，摩擦磨损实验结果表明PPESK／CF与纯树脂相比，摩擦系数减小1倍，磨损率下降2个数量级，纯树脂的磨损机理主要是创削磨损和粘着磨损，而复合材料的磨损特性主要表现为粘着磨损，且具有优异的耐热性能，是一类新型无油自润滑的耐高温低摩擦材料。     

Mechanisms for rate effects on interlaminar fracture toughness of carbon/epoxy and carbon/PEEK composites

The objective of this study was to investigate strain-rate dependent energy absorption mechanisms during interlaminar fracture of thermosetting (epoxy) and thermoplastic (PEEK) uni directional carbon fibre (CF) composites. A simple model addressing the translation of matrix toughness to mode I and mode II interlaminar toughness of the composite is presented, in conjunction with a fractographic examination of the fracture surfaces and the fracture process. The observed rate dependency of composite fracture toughness is attributed to the rate dependent toughness of the viscoelastic matrix and the size of the process zone around the crack tip. Other important factors identified are the roughness of the fracture surface and fibre bridging.     

基于插层法协同提升碳纤维树脂基复合材料的导电性能与层间韧性

碳纤维增强树脂基复合材料(CFRP)因其低密度、高比强度等特点,在航空航天领域得到了广泛的应用,但其导电性和层间韧性的不足降低了CFRP作为飞机结构件的使用安全性.为了改善CFRP弱的导电性和层间断裂韧性,本文采用溶液浇铸法制备了多壁碳纳米管(MWCNTs)和石墨烯纳米片(GNPs)掺杂聚醚砜(pES)的导电热塑性薄膜...     

碳纳米管加入方式对碳纤维/环氧树脂复合材料层间性能的影响

针对碳纤维/环氧树脂预浸料,对比了直接在树脂中加入碳纳米管(CNTs)后制备预浸料以及将CNTs喷涂在预浸料表面2种CNTs加入方式对CNTs-碳纤维/环氧树脂复合材料层合板I型与II型层间断裂韧性及层间剪切强度的影响。通过对树脂黏度、固化反应以及玻璃化转变温度的考察,分析了CNTs含量对树脂性能的影响,考察了添加方法对CNTs长度与形态的影响。分析了2种CNTs加入方式对CNTs-碳纤维/环氧树脂层合板断裂韧性及层间剪切强度的改善效果与作用规律。结果表明:CNTs的加入使树脂的黏度提高,固化反应程度下降;2种分散方法对CNTs的长度与形态无明显影响;直接在树脂中加入CNTs对CNTs-碳纤维/环氧树脂复合材料I型与II型层间断裂韧性的提高效果低于在碳纤维/环氧树脂预浸料表面喷涂CNTs的方式,后者的CNTs利用率较高;由于CNTs团聚及对树脂固化反应的影响,CNTs含量过高会使得其对CNTs-碳纤维/环氧树脂层合板的增韧效果下降。     

微胶囊层间增韧碳纤维/环氧树脂复合材料力学性能的超声导波评价

选用微胶囊作为改性材料,采用热压机层压成型工艺制备出微胶囊层间增韧T300碳纤维/环氧树脂(CF/EP)复合材料.通过双悬臂梁(DCB)Ⅰ型层间断裂试验评估了CF/EP复合材料的增韧效果.利用超声导波技术对普通CF/EP复合材料和增韧CF/EP复合材料层间力学性能进行评价.通过SEM对CF/EP复合材料层间断面微观形貌...     

A comparative study on mechanical properties of carbon fiber/PEEK composites

The aim of this work was to improve mechanical properties such as flexural strength and interlaminar shear strength (ILSS) of polyetheretherketone (PEEK) thermoplastic polymer which has very high processing temperature due to its high melting temperature. Carbon fiber (CF) surface was modified by two different methods: oxidative and non-oxidative. Piranha solution and chromate solution were used for chemical treatment (oxidative treatment), and silicone based polymers were used for polymer coating (non-oxidative). The changes on the surface structure and surface chemistry were characterized by scanning electron microscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), respectively. FTIR results indicate that coating fibers decreases carbon element content, whereas increases the oxygen and silicone content as well as their functional groups on the surface. Flexural strength and ILSS properties of CF/PEEK composites were measured according to ASTM D-790 and ASTM D2344, respectively.     

紧张热定型工艺对多壁碳纳米管/聚醚醚酮复合纤维结构和性能的影响

采用熔融共混纺丝工艺制备多壁碳纳米管(MWCNTs)质量分数分别为0.1%和0.5%的MWCNTs/PEEK(聚醚醚酮)复合纤维,研究了紧张热定型过程中热定型温度和降温速率对复合纤维结构和性能的影响。采用TEM、SEM、DSC、DMA、XRD和单纤维电子强力仪研究了复合纤维的形貌、结构和性能。结果表明:复合纤维的热定型温度和冷却降温速率对其杨氏模量、拉伸强度和断裂伸长率均有影响,经过热定型处理,复合纤维内部MWCNTs的取向程度明显提高。280℃热定型、1.5℃/min冷却纤维的拉伸强度达384MPa,杨氏模量为0.62GPa,断裂伸长率28%,拉伸强度和杨氏模量分别较130℃热定型纤维提高了147%和19%,获得了优化复合纤维性能的最佳工艺条件。      

碳纤维增强铝复合材料的界面微观结构

利用透射电镜（TEM）对超声浸渗制备的碳纤维（T300及M40J）增强铝复合丝及液矸渗法制备的碳纤维增强铝复合板材的界面微观结构进行了分析,结果表明,超声浸渗法制备的复合丝有明显的界面反应产物,T300／Al的反应程度比M40J／A1高。液相压渗法制备的复合材料界面反应不明显,表明该工艺可避免不利的界面反应发生。     

Influence of intralaminar cracking on the apparent interlaminar mode I fracture toughness of cross‐ply laminates

One of the major difficulties in interlaminar fracture tests of multidirectional laminates is the high tendency for intralaminar cracking and the resulting wavy crack propagation. Experimental work showed that this occurred in double cantilever beam (DCB) tests of cross‐ply laminates having a starter crack on a 0°/90° interface. Moreover, under steady‐state propagation conditions, the apparent values of the critical strain energy release rate G_Ic were two times higher than those of 0°/0° specimens. In this paper, a finite‐element‐based progressive damage model was used to simulate crack propagation in cross‐ply specimens. The results showed that transverse cracking alone cannot be responsible for the above difference of G_Ic values. Therefore, the higher propagation G_Ic values for cross‐plies must be attributed to the more extensive fibre bridging observed and to plastic deformations of the 90° interfacial ply.     

有机黏土对碳纤维/聚醚砜-环氧复合材料层间断裂韧性的影响

采用溶剂法和热熔法制备了不同有机黏土质量分数的有机黏土/聚醚砜（PES）-环氧复合材料,通过对其微观形态和力学性能的研究,揭示了复合材料的增韧机制。在有机黏土/PES-环氧复合材料中添加T800H（12K）碳纤维,制备了T800H-有机黏土/PES-环氧复合材料预浸料单向带,采用热压罐工艺制备了复合材料单向板,对其I型、II型层间断裂韧性进行了研究。结果表明:T800H-有机黏土/PES-环氧复合材料的层间断裂韧性随有机黏土质量分数变化趋势与有机黏土/PES-环氧复合材料的断裂韧性趋势一致,证明了增韧机制的正确性。      

Effects of tension heat-set process on structures and properties of MWCN~/PEEK composite fibers

采用熔融共混纺丝工艺制备多壁碳纳米管（MWCNTs）质量分数分别为0．1％和0．5％的MWCNTs／PEEK（聚醚醚酮）复合纤维,研究了紧张热定型过程中热定型温度和降温速率对复合纤维结构和性能的影响。采用TEM、SEM、DSC、DMA、XRD和单纤维电子强力仪研究了复合纤维的形貌、结构和性能。结果表明：复合纤维的热定型温度和冷却降温速率对其杨氏模量、拉伸强度和断裂伸长率均有影响,经过热定型处理,复合纤维内部MWCNTs的取向程度明显提高。280℃热定型、1．5℃／min冷却纤维的拉伸强度达384MPa,杨氏模量为0．62GPa,断裂伸长率28％,拉伸强度和杨氏模量分别较130℃热定型纤维提高了147％和19％,获得了优化复合纤维性能的最佳工艺条件。