α、β成核剂复配对聚丙烯性能的影响

对5种α成核剂以及稀土β成核剂的成核能力进行了评价，考察了单独添加α、β成核剂聚丙烯（PP）性能的差异，详细讨论了α、β成核剂复配对PP微观结构、力学性能及熔融行为的影响。结果表明，添加α、β复配成核剂PP的性能与复配成核剂中α成核剂诱导α晶型的成核能力密切相关，随着α成核剂成核能力的减弱，复配成核PP冲击强度和断裂伸长率提高，弯曲强度、弯曲模量和拉伸强度减小。差示扫描量热（DSC）分析显示，随着α成核剂诱导α晶型成核能力的减弱，β晶熔融峰强度增加。在不提高总结晶度的情况下，添加α成核剂改善PP刚性以及添加β成核剂改善PP韧性的协同效应没有出现。     

β晶型成核剂对PP结晶行为及性能的影响

采用X射线衍射仪、偏光显微镜、扫描电子显微镜、差示扫描量热法研究了2种β晶型成核剂对聚丙烯(PP)结晶行为及性能的影响,并对α晶型PP与β晶型PP的宏观性能进行了分析。结果表明：加入β晶型成核剂后,PP晶型从α晶型转变为β晶型,冲击强度及热变形温度得到了大幅度提高。β晶型成核剂A可使PP的冲击强度提高近3倍;β晶型成核剂B可使PP的冲击强度提高近4．5倍,热变形温度提高约20℃。     

β成核剂对聚丙烯的增韧作用

利用万能力学试验机、差示扫描量热仪和偏光显微镜等研究了β成核剂对聚丙烯(PP)的力学性能和结晶性能的影响。结果表明:添加β成核剂后改善了PP的力学性能,尤其是抗冲击性能得到了较大提高。当β成核剂质量分数为0.5%时,改性PP缺口冲击强度达到最大值107J/m。β成核剂的加入使PP的晶型由α型转变为β型,球晶尺寸、结晶速度和晶体数量都发生了明显改善。     

β晶型成核剂对PP性能和结晶过程的影响

研究了β晶型成核剂及其含量对聚丙烯(PP)材料力学性能的影响,考察了不同注塑温度下材料的性能和结晶性能。添加成核剂后,PP晶型由α晶型转变为β晶型,材料韧性和耐热性大幅提高,加入质量分数为0.08%的成核剂使PP悬臂梁冲击强度提高了近6倍,热变形温度提高了10℃,材料性能和结晶过程强烈地依赖于加工条件,注塑温度仅改变40℃左右,材料简支梁冲击强度和β晶型含量却提高了2倍多。     

β晶型成核剂对聚丙烯力学性能的影响

研究了β晶型成核剂的加入对聚丙烯拉伸性能、冲击强度和弯曲强度的影响。结果表明,随着β成核剂的加入,由于拉伸屈服后产生"变形硬化"现象,材料的拉伸屈服强度有所降低;β晶型成核剂的加入显著地提高了聚丙烯的冲击强度,提高幅度最大为2.94倍;β晶型成核剂A改性效果好于成核剂B,最佳添加量为0.05%;β晶型成核剂的加入使材料的弯曲模量产生一定程度的下降。     

釜内制备β晶型聚丙烯

制备了传统的Ziegler-Natta催化剂,研究了采用釜内聚合添加β成核剂和采用釜外共混时添加β成核剂制备的β晶型聚丙烯(β-PP)的性能,结果发现:两种方法制备的PP中β晶含量都有所提高,产品的热变形温度及悬臂梁缺口冲击强度均有所改善。当釜内添加的β成核剂为430μg/g时,悬臂梁缺口冲击强度提高了30%左右,热变形温度提高了27℃左右。与釜外共混制备β-PP相比,釜内添加β成核剂制备β-PP时β成核剂用量更少,成核效果更显著。釜内添加154μg/g的β成核剂,其成核效果要好于釜外共混添加191μg/g的β成核剂。     

成核剂在热成型专用聚丙烯树脂开发中的应用

采用差示扫描量热仪、偏光显微镜等考察了添加成核剂对热成型专用聚丙烯(PP)树脂透明性及加工性能的影响。结果表明:两种成核剂A,B都能达到降低PP雾度、提高透明性的要求;成核剂用量相同时,添加成核剂A的PP试样雾度下降较明显,力学性能和添加成核剂B的试样接近;添加300,400,500μg/g的成核剂A对试样的雾度影响程度接近;添加300μg/g成核剂A时,试样的刚韧平衡性最佳。     

β成核剂对红磷阻燃PP材料的影响

用微胶囊红磷、白度化红磷与聚烯烃高聚物制备阻燃材料,研究了β成核剂对阻燃材料性能的影响.结果表明,在高聚物中只添加少量的红磷阻燃剂就可以使材料具备良好的阻燃性能,从实验中发现这两种微胶囊红磷是高效的阻燃剂,但阻燃材料抗冲击性能明显降低,添加β晶型成核剂后,PP阻燃材料的缺口冲击强度得到明显提高.DSC曲线显示,加入β成核剂的材料出现了两个熔融峰,表明β晶型成核剂的加入诱导了部分α晶转变为β晶.     

稀土类β晶型成核剂对聚丙烯性能的影响

研究了稀土类β晶型成核剂(WBG)在不同添加量下对聚丙烯(PP)性能的影响,并采用偏光显微镜(PLM)、广角X射线衍射仪(WAXD)对β-PP的结晶形态进行了表征。结果表明,随着成核剂用量的增加,材料的韧性提高,拉伸强度降低,在成核剂含量为0.4%(质量分数)时冲击强度和硬度均达到最大值。缺口冲击断面形貌观察表明,在一定范围内,随着成核剂用量的增加,断裂面应力发白面积也相应增加,银纹带面积越来越大,进一步证明了稀土类β晶型成核剂的增韧作用。随着成核剂用量的增加,材料的加工流动性能降低。WAXD研究发现,成核剂加入后可大大提高PP中β晶型的含量。PLM分析表明,与α晶型PP的相比,β晶型PP的球晶尺寸大幅度减小,晶粒细化。     

熔融非敏感型成核剂在聚丙烯加工中的应用研究

分别将熔融非敏感型成核剂A、成核剂B及通过特殊工艺处理后的混合成核剂(A+B)按添加质量分数0.08%,在加有其他助剂的情况下,分别与一定质量的超高流动均聚聚丙烯(PP)、高流动抗冲共聚PP、中流动丙丁无规共聚PP混合均匀,经双螺杆挤出造粒机熔融挤出、造粒,制得不同PP树脂,并对PP树脂的力学性能、光学性能、结晶行为及结晶形态进行研究。结果表明:与未添加熔融非敏感型成核剂的同牌号PP树脂相比,添加熔融非敏感型成核剂后,同牌号PP树脂的弯曲模量和拉伸屈服强度均得到提高。其中,超高流动均聚PP的弯曲模量最大提高了41.9%,拉伸屈服强度最大提高了13.2%;高流动抗冲共聚PP弯曲模量最大提高了48.7%,拉伸屈服强度最大提高了12.4%;中流动丙丁无规共聚PP弯曲模量最大提高了25.2%,拉伸屈服强度最大提高了14.2%。3种PP树脂的熔体质量流动速率、简支梁缺口冲击强度、模塑收缩率保持不变。熔融非敏感型成核剂的加入,提高了PP树脂的白度、光泽度,以及热变形温度和结晶温度,较大改善了PP树脂的黄色指数和雾度,显著降低了PP树脂的半结晶时间。熔融非敏感型成核剂(A+B)对超高流动均聚PP、高流动抗冲共聚PP、中流动丙丁无规共聚PP的改性效果更加显著。     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比,介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。