大气等离子喷涂ZrO2与Sm2Zr2O7热障涂层的残余热应力分析

采用ANSYS软件计算了等离子喷涂Sm2Zr2O7和ZrO2涂层的残余热应力,并与涂层部分性能实验结果进行了对比.结果表明:在两涂层表面存在较大的径向残余热应力,该应力随径向距离的增加而增大,并在试样边沿处急剧下降.在表面陶瓷层与金属粘结层界面处存在较大的径向拉应力和剪切压应力,二者同样随径向距离增加而减小,并在试样边沿处急剧下降,而轴向应力在边沿处急剧递增.Sm2Zr2O7,涂层的残余应力大于ZrO2涂层,较大表面径向应力使得Sm2Zr2O7涂层表面存在较为宽大的显微裂纹,界面处较大的残余应力使得Sm2Zr2O7涂层结合强度下降,计算结果与实验吻合良好.     

基于不同基体材质的Sm2Zr2O7/YSZ热障复合涂层残余热应力的数值仿真

采用有限元分析软件ANSYS对1Cr13Ni9Ti、Ni、45钢和2Cr13基体等离子喷涂Sm2Zr2O7/YSZ热障双层涂层系统的残余热应力分布进行了数值仿真.结果表明:复合涂层系统表面层及界面存在较大的径向残余热应力,且径向、轴向及剪切应力梯度随金属基体的热膨胀系数增加而增大;涂层系统的轴向应力及剪切应力在径向距离距中心处约2/3的范围内基本不变,呈现出与基体材质的无关性.     

等离子喷涂Mo/8YSZ功能梯度热障涂层结构优化与热力耦合模拟计算

目的研究不同结构参数对Mo/8YSZ热障涂层系统残余应力的影响因素。方法设计Mo/8YSZ功能梯度热障涂层,并利用ANSYS有限元软件建立了等离子喷涂Mo/8YSZ功能梯度热障涂层的数值模型,模型中考虑了材料热物理性能参数随温度变化,研究粘结层、过渡层及陶瓷层厚度对Mo/8YSZ功能梯度热障涂层残余应力的影响规律。结果随着径向距离的增大,粘结层与陶瓷层界面的残余应力逐渐由压应力变为拉应力,并且在涂层边缘位置,径向残余拉应力达到最大值。在0~12 mm路径范围内的同一位置,伴随着陶瓷层厚度的增加,粘结层与陶瓷层界面位置的轴向残余应力无明显变化,且轴向残余应力的数值几乎为0;在6~12.5 mm路径范围内的同一位置,伴随着陶瓷层厚度的增加,其剪切残余应力逐渐增大。在基体与粘结层界面边缘0.5 mm处存在着与其他位置相比更大的应力突变。粘结层与陶瓷层的厚度参数比控制在4∶10~4∶13时,涂层具有最低的热失配。过渡层与陶瓷层的厚度参数比控制在1∶4时,涂层具有最低的热失配。当功能梯度热障涂层的过渡层采用50%Mo与50%8YSZ复合而成时,将粘结层、过渡层及陶瓷层三者的厚度比值控制在16∶10∶40~16∶13∶52,涂层具有最低的热失配。结论通过设计功能梯度热障涂层,并合理调控热障涂层系统的结构参数,可进一步减小喷涂构件的残余应力和应力突变情况,提升基体与涂层的结合强度。     

等离子喷涂Sm2Zr2O7/NiCoCrAlY功能梯度热障涂层的热冲击性能

采用有限元法计算了涂层结构、材料成分等对等离子喷涂Sm2Zr2O7/NiCoCrAlY功能梯度热障涂层热冲击性能的影响。结果表明:径向热应力在试样边沿急剧降低,而轴向热应力在边沿处发生从压应力向拉应力的突变;从基体至涂层表面,涂层中的径向冲击热应力逐渐增大,增加涂层层数可缓解热应力;材料组成对涂层的冲击热应力影响不明显。所研究的1357功能梯度热障涂层具有最好的抗热冲击性能。     

等离子喷涂Sm_2Zr_2O_7热障涂层的热冲击性能数值模拟

利用ANSYS软件对2Cr13、1Cr13Ni9Ti基体等离子喷涂的Sm2Zr2O7热障涂层在热冲击过程中的热应力分布进行了数值模拟,并比较了不同基体对涂层热冲击性能的影响.结果表明,热冲击过程中在涂层表面均存在较大的径向冲击热应力,同时在表面陶瓷层/金属粘结层界面处存在较大的应力梯度,2Cr13基体涂层的热冲击性能优于1Cr13Ni9Ti基体涂层,有限元计算结果与试验结果吻合良好.     

Sm2Ce2O7/YSZ功能梯度热障涂层的残余热应力

目的研究基体材质、厚度及半径对Sm_2Ce_2O_7/YSZ功能梯度热障涂层残余热应力的影响。方法采用ANSYS10.0软件中Plane13单元,通过直接耦合计算,系统分析了不同基体条件下,Sm_2Ce_2O_7/YSZ功能梯度热障涂层的残余热应力。结果在Sm_2Ce_2O_7/YSZ功能梯度热障涂层中存在较大的残余热应力。涂层残余热应力随时间的增加而逐渐降低,900 s后基本维持稳定。涂层径向热应力从中心处到试样边缘逐渐递减。2Cr13对应的涂层应力最小。金属基体厚度在2~10 mm范围内,径向热应力虽然增加,但变化幅度不大。当基体厚度为20 mm时,涂层径向热应力则显著增加。金属基体半径对涂层的最大剪切应力并不产生影响,轴向热应力随基体半径的增加而逐渐降低,径向热应力随半径增加到一定值后趋于稳定。结论 2Cr13钢基体对应的涂层具有最小热应力,基体厚度为10 mm时比较合适,基体半径对涂层轴向热应力的影响最明显。     

La2Ce2O7/YSZ热障涂层抗热震性能的陶瓷层厚度影响研究

采用实验和数值方法研究了陶瓷层厚度比对La2Ce2O7/YSZ(LC/YSZ)热障涂层热震性能的影响。实验结果表明,随着LC与YSZ厚度比的降低,涂层热震寿命显著提高,涂层失效区域逐渐向试样中心转移,剥离位置逐渐从两陶瓷层界面附近转移到LC内靠近上表面处。数值结果表明,界面边缘处较大的轴向应力与剪切应力易导致较大厚度比涂层边缘处剥落;LC表面中心区域较大的径向拉应力会导致垂直裂纹萌生,并伴随界面偏折,这是较小厚度比涂层自LC内部剥离的原因。     

La_2Zr_2O_7厚度对La_2Zr_2O_7-8YSZ双陶瓷热障涂层隔热性能与初始残余应力影响的数值模拟

利用有限元法研究了LZO-8YSZ双陶瓷层热障涂层的初始残余应力分布状态,研究了LZO厚度对隔热性能和初始残余应力场的影响。结果表明,界面边缘处容易形成应力集中。在相同的陶瓷层厚度情况下,LZO-8YSZ双陶瓷热障涂层的初始残余应力低于单一YSZ陶瓷层热障涂层和单一LZO陶瓷层热障涂层。随着LZO厚度的增加,涂层的隔热效果越好,但涂层内的残余应力以及界面残余应力都相应提高。当LZO厚度100μm、YSZ厚度300μm时,热障涂层的初始残余应力最低。     

等离子喷涂8YSZ涂层在铝熔体作用下热冲击行为的数值模拟

目的定量理解等离子喷涂8YSZ热障涂层浸入铝熔体中的热冲击行为。方法基于热-力耦合计算方法有限元数值模拟,研究等离子喷涂8YSZ热障涂层浸入铝熔体时涂层中的瞬态温度场和瞬态应力场,以及涂层预热温度、陶瓷层厚度对应力分布的影响。结果温度场计算表明,在涂层浸入铝熔体0.1 s时,涂层表面就达到了铝熔体温度。随着涂层浸入铝熔体的时间增加,涂层内的温度分布逐渐由指数分布转变为近线性分布,而且涂层内的温度梯度也随着时间的增加而减小。相应涂层中的应力在相当短的时间内就达到了最大值,并随着加热时间的增加,最大应力值逐渐减小。涂层预热温度越高,在陶瓷层中的轴向应力和环向应力均越小,预热温度对轴向应力的影响更加明显。随着陶瓷层厚度的增加,陶瓷层内的轴向应力和环向应力值均增加,粘结层内的轴向应力和环向应力值均减小。结论对热障涂层进行预热处理可以有效降低涂层中的热应力值。涂层厚度增加,陶瓷层内应力随之增加,粘结层内应力随之减小,且陶瓷层厚度对粘结层中的应力影响更加明显。     

粘结层和陶瓷层厚度对纳米结构热障涂层性能的影响

采用超音速火焰喷涂+大气等离子喷涂工艺,在K403高温合金表面制备不同层厚比的NiCrA-lY/纳米7YSZ热障涂层,研究了涂层厚度变化对热障涂层表面粗糙度、结合强度、热震性能和热循环寿命的影响规律。结果表明:当粘结层厚度一定时,随着陶瓷层厚度的增加,其表面粗糙度增加,涂层结合强度下降;当粘结层厚度为50μm时,热障涂层的抗热震性能随陶瓷层厚度增加而降低,粘结层厚度提高至100μm时,热障涂层的抗热震性能随陶瓷层厚度增加先提高,后降低,热障涂层在1100℃的热循环寿命测试结果也基本对应这一规律;当粘结层厚50μm且陶瓷层/粘结层的层厚比在(1～2)∶1的范围内,或者粘结层厚100μm且陶瓷层/粘结层的层厚比在(2～2.5)∶1范围内时,热障涂层具有较优异的性能。     

Microstructural analysis of YSZ and YSZ/Al2O3 plasma sprayed thermal barrier coatings after high temperature oxidation

Air plasma sprayed TBCs usually include lamellar structure with high interconnected porosities which transfer oxygen from YSZ layer towards bond coat and cause TGO growth and internal oxidation of bond coat.The growth of thermally grown oxide (TGO) at the interface of bond coat and ceramic layer and internal oxidation of bond coat are considered as the main destructive factors in thermal barrier coatings.Oxidation phenomena of two types of plasma sprayed TBC were evaluated: (a) usual YSZ (yttria stabilized zirconia), (b) layer composite of (YSZ/Al₂O₃) which Al₂O₃ is as a top coat over YSZ coating. Oxidation tests were carried out on these coatings at 1100°C for 22, 42 and 100h. Microstructure studies by SEM demonstrated the growth of TGO underneath usual YSZ coating is higher than for YSZ/Al₂O₃ coating. Also cracking was observed in usual YSZ coating at the YSZ/bond coat interface. In addition severe internal oxidation of the bond coat occurred for usual YSZ coating and micro-XRD analysis revealed the formation of the oxides such as NiCr₂O₄, NiCrO₃ and NiCrO₄ which are accompanied with rapid volume increase, but internal oxidation of the bond coat for YSZ/Al₂O₃ coating was lower and the mentioned oxides were not detected.     

Thermal cycling failure of new LaMgAl11O19/YSZ double ceramic top coat thermal barrier coating systems

New LaMgAl₁₁O₁₉ (LaMA)/YSZ double ceramic top coat thermal barrier coatings (TBCs) with the potential application in advanced gas-turbines and diesel engines to realize improved efficiency and durability were prepared by plasma spraying, and their thermal cycling failure were investigated. The microstructure evolutions as well as the crystal chemistry characteristics of LaMA coating which seemed to have strong influences on the thermal cycling failure of LaMA and the new double ceramic top coat TBCs based on LaMA/YSZ system were studied. For double ceramic top coat TBC system, interface modification of LaMA/YSZ by preparing thin composite coatings seemed to be more preferred due to the formations of multiple cracks during thermal cycling making the TBC to be more strain tolerant and as well as resulting in an improved thermal cycling property. The effects of the TGO stresses on the failure behavior of the TBCs were discussed through fluorescence piezo-spectroscopy analysis.     

Hot corrosion behaviour of plasma sprayed YSZ/LaMgAl11O19 composite coatings in molten sulfate–vanadate salt

Hot corrosion studies of thermal barrier coatings (TBCs) with different YSZ/LaMgAl₁₁O₁₉ (LaMA) composite coating top coats were conducted in 50 wt.% Na₂SO₄ + 50 wt.% V₂O₅ molten salt at 950 °C for 60 h. Results indicate that TBCs with composite coating top coats exhibit superior oxidation and hot corrosion resistances to the TBC with the traditional YSZ top coat, especially for which has a LaMA overlay. The presence of LaMA can effectively restrain the destabilization of YSZ at the expense of its own partial degradation. The hot corrosion mechanism of LaMA coating and the composite coatings have been explored.     

Novel thermal barrier coatings based on La2(Zr0.7Ce0.3)2O7/8YSZ double-ceramic-layer systems deposited by electron beam physical vapor deposition

Double-ceramic-layer (DCL) thermal barrier coatings (TBCs) of La₂(Zr_0.7Ce_0.3)₂O₇ (LZ7C3) and yttria stabilized zirconia (YSZ) were deposited by electron beam-physical vapor deposition (EB-PVD). The thermal cycling test at 1373 K in an air furnace indicates the DCL coating has a much longer lifetime than the single layer LZ7C3 coating, and even longer than that of the single layer YSZ coating. The superior sintering-resistance of LZ7C3 coating, the similar thermal expansion behaviors of YSZ interlayer with LZ7C3 coating and thermally grown oxide (TGO) layer, and the unique growth modes of columns within DCL coating are all very helpful to the prolongation of thermal cycling life of DCL coating. The failure of DCL coating is mainly a result of the reduction-oxidation of cerium oxide, the crack initiation, propagation and extension, the abnormal oxidation of bond coat, the degradation of t′-phase in YSZ coating and the outward diffusion of Cr alloying element into LZ7C3 coating.     

Influence of TGO Composition on the Thermal Shock Lifetime of Thermal Barrier Coatings with Cold-sprayed MCrAlY Bond Coat

NiCoCrAlTaY bond coat was deposited by cold spraying to assemble thermal barrier coatings (TBCs). The microstructure of the cold-sprayed bond coat was examined using scanning electron microscopy. TBCs consisting of cold-sprayed bond coat and plasma-sprayed YSZ were pretreated at different conditions to form different thermally grown oxides (TGOs) before thermal cycling test. The influence of the TGO composition on the thermal cyclic lifetime was quantitatively examined through the measurement of the coverage ratio of the mixed oxides on the bond coat surface. The results showed that the bond coat exhibited a dense oxidation-free microstructure, and TGOs in different morphologies and constituents were present after thermal cyclic test. The formation of TGOs was significantly influenced by pretreatment conditions. Two kinds of TGO were detected on the surface of bond coat after the spallation of YSZ coatings. One is the α-Al₂O₃-based TGO and the other is the mixed oxide. It was found that the thermal cyclic lifetime is inversely proportional to the coverage ratio of the mixed oxides formed at the bond coat/YSZ interface. The high coverage ratio of the mixed oxide on the interface leads to the early spalling of YSZ coating.     

Hot corrosion behaviour of plasma sprayed YSZ/Al2O3 dispersed NiCrAlY coatings on Inconel-718 superalloy

Oxide dispersed NiCrAlY bond coatings have been developed for enhancing thermal life cycles of thermal barrier coatings (TBCs). However, the role of dispersed oxides on high temperature corrosion, in particular hot corrosion, has not been sufficiently studied. Therefore, the present study aims to improve the understanding of the effect of YSZ dispersion on the hot corrosion behaviour of NiCrAlY bond coat. For this, NiCrAlY, NiCrAlY + 25 wt.% YSZ, NiCrAlY + 50 wt.% YSZ and NiCrAlY + 75 wt.% YSZ were deposited onto Inconel-718 using the air plasma spraying (APS) process. Hot corrosion studies were conducted at 800 °C on these coatings after covering them with a 1:1 weight ratio of Na₂SO₄ and V₂O₅ salt film. Hot corrosion kinetics were determined by measuring the weight gain of the specimens at regular intervals for a duration of 51 h. X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive spectroscopy techniques were used to determine the nature of phases formed, examine the surface attack and to carry out microanalysis of the hot corroded coatings respectively. The results show that YSZ dispersion causes enhanced hot corrosion of the NiCrAlY coating. Leaching of yttria leads not only to the formation of the YVO₄ phase but also the destabilization of the YSZ by hot corrosion. For the sake of comparison, the hot corrosion behaviour of a NiCrAlY + 25 wt.% Al₂O₃ coating was also examined. The study shows that the alumina dispersed NiCrAlY bond coat offers better hot corrosion resistance than the YSZ dispersed NiCrAlY bond coat, although it is also inferior compared to the plain NiCrAlY bond coat.     

Structure and durability evaluation of YSZ + Al2O3 composite TBCs with APS and HVOF bond coats under thermal cycling conditions

Plasma sprayed thermal barrier coatings (TBCs) are applied to gas turbine components for providing thermal insulation and oxidation resistance. The TBC systems currently in use on superalloy substates typically consists of a metallic MCrAlY based bond coat and an insulating Y₂O₃ partially stabilized ZrO₂ as a ceramic top coat (ZrO₂ 7–8 wt.% Y₂O₃). The oxidation of bond coat underlying yttria stabilized zirconia (YSZ) is a significant factor in controlling the failure of TBCs. The oxidation of bond coat induces to the formation of a thermally grown oxide (TGO) layer at the bond coat/YSZ interface. The thickening of the TGO layer increases the stresses and leads to the spallation of TBCs. If the TGO were composed of a continuous scale of Al₂O₃, it would act as a diffusion barrier to suppress the formation of other detrimental mixed oxides during the extended thermal exposure in service, thus helping to protect the substrate from further oxidation and improving the durability. The TBC layers are usually coated onto the superalloy substrate using the APS (Atmospheric plasma spray) process because of economic and practical considerations. As well as, HVOF (High velocity oxygen fuel) bond coat provides a good microstructure and better adhesion compared with the APS process. Therefore, there is a need to understand the cycling oxidation characteristic and failure mode in TBC systems having bond coat prepared using different processes. In the present investigation, the growth of TGO layers was studied to evaluate the cyclic oxidation behavior of YSZ/Al₂O₃ composite TBC systems with APS-NiCrAlY and HVOF-NiCrAlY bond coats. Interface morphology is significantly effective factor in occurrence of the oxide layer. Oxide layer thickening rate is slower in APS bond coated TBCs than HVOF bond coated systems under thermal cycle conditions at 1200 °C. The YSZ/Al₂O₃ particle composite systems with APS bond coat have a higher thermal cycle life time than with the HVOF bond coating.     

La2O3-modified YSZ coatings: High-temperature stability and improved thermal barrier properties

Lanthana precursor was coated on yttria-stabilized-zirconia (YSZ) powders by wet chemical infiltration, and was introduced to the crystalline structure and grain boundaries of YSZ after plasma spraying of thermal barrier coatings (TBCs). The microstructural stability and thermal barrier properties of this new kind of TBCs were studied under different annealing conditions. It demonstrates that the La₂O₃ surface coating restrains grain growth of YSZ during both deposition and post-annealing processes, compared to a TBC obtained from commercially available unmodified YSZ powders. According to the composition analysis, lanthana partially dissolved in the zirconia matrix after heat treatment. The thermal diffusivity of YSZ coating significantly decreased after lanthana modification, typically from 0.354 mm² s^− 1 for an unmodified sample to 0.243 mm² s^− 1, reflecting a decrease of 31%. Even after annealed at 1200 °C for 50 h, the thermal diffusivity of modified coatings still shows a reduction of 25% than unmodified samples.     

基于磁过滤技术的热障涂层表面Al2O3 覆盖层抗CMAS腐蚀性能

为了提高热障涂层（TBC）的抗沉积物（主要成分为CaO、MgO、Al₂O₃和SiO₂,简称CMAS）腐蚀性能,采用磁过滤阴极真空电弧（FCVA）技术在TBC表面上制备了致密的Al₂O₃覆盖层,比较和分析了Al₂O₃改性TBC和沉积态TBC的润湿行为和抗CMAS腐蚀性能。结果表明：使用FCVA技术制备Al₂O₃覆盖层的过程对7%（质量分数）氧化钇稳定的氧化锆（7YSZ）相的结构无明显影响,且经Al₂O₃改性的TBC综合性能均优于沉积态TBC。在1250 ℃、CMAS腐蚀条件下,Al₂O₃覆盖层有效地限制了熔融CMAS在TBC表面上的扩散行为。同时,Al₂O₃填充了7YSZ柱状晶之间的间隔并且阻碍了熔融CMAS的渗透,证明了FCVA可作为一种制备Al₂O₃涂层的新方法以提高TBC的抗CMAS腐蚀性能,且Al₂O₃涂层及其制备过程对TBC的热震性能均无消极影响。     

Synthesis and characterization of Y3Al5O12 and ZrO2-Y2O3 thermal barrier coatings by combustion spray pyrolysis

Y₃Al₅O₁₂ and ZrO₂-Y₂O₃ (8 mol% YSZ) coatings for potential application as thermal barrier coatings were prepared by combustion spray pyrolysis. Thermal cycling of as deposited coatings on stainless steel and FeCrAlY bond coat substrates was carried out at 1000 °C and 1200 °C to determine the thermal fatigue response. Structural and morphological studies on Y₃Al₅O₁₂ and 8 mol% YSZ coatings before and after thermal cycling have been carried out. It has been noted that the coatings on FeCrAlY substrates remain intact after 50 cycles between room temperature and 1200 °C, whereas the coatings on stainless steel show some minor damage such as peeling off near the periphery after 50 cycles at 1000 °C. Thermal diffusivity values of Y₃Al₅O₁₂ and 8 mol% YSZ films were measured by using photo thermal deflection spectroscopy and the values are lower than those of coatings produced by conventional techniques such as EBPVD and APS.