使用电子膨胀阀的热泵热水器动态性能数值模拟与实验研究

在不同的环境工况下对使用电子膨胀阀的热泵热水器系统动态性能进行了实验研究,测量了电子膨胀阀不同开度条件下热泵热水器的动态制热量、性能系数等参数,分析了电子膨胀阀开度对热泵热水器性能的影响.同时,对热泵热水器系统动态性能进行了数值模拟,并将模拟结果与实验结果进行了比较.结果表明:在电子膨胀阀某一开度下,系统性能系数存在一个最大值;对于电子膨胀阀不同开度,在加热初始阶段,电子膨胀阀开度较大时系统COP和制热量较高,而在加热后期则恰恰相反.通过在不同加热时段使用电子膨胀阀不同开度实验发现,系统性能得到显著提高,最大可提高7.6％.热泵系统性能数值模拟与实验结果的变化趋势一致,说明数学模型和计算方法是可行的.     

电子膨胀阀开度对SAHP系统稳定性的影响

压缩机频率不变,不同的电子膨胀阀开度下,对太阳能热泵系统的动态性能进行了实验和分析。根据实验结果分析发现,在电子膨胀阀开度一定时,随着太阳辐照度的升高,压缩机功率出现振动,当电子膨胀阀开度最大时,系统振动更加明显。由此提出了太阳能热泵系统稳定性原理。同时指出优化太阳能热泵系统的关键问题是找到系统集热／蒸发器的MSS线（Q—Tsh关系曲线）。     

变流量制冷系统中频率与电子膨胀阀开度的协同控制研究

针对变流量(VRF)制冷系统控制中的滞后或超调现象,本文以变频滚动转子式制冷系统为研究对象,分别通过改变压缩机频率与电子膨胀阀开度,建立了两者单独控制下的曲线拟合模型,并对不同工况下两者的同步控制方法进行了实验研究。结果表明:过热度随膨胀电子膨胀阀开度的增大而减小,在电子膨胀阀开度为28%～32%与频率为44.5～46.5 Hz时,过热度控制难度上升,通过调节冷冻水温度可改善这一状况;在一定的工况下,通过控制质量流量,可以得到频率与电子膨胀阀开度的关系式,实现电子膨胀阀开度与压缩机频率的同步控制,使系统迅速达到稳定状态。     

电子膨胀阀调节对空气源热泵热水器性能的影响

节流装置的调节对空气源热泵热水系统的性能有着重要影响,电子膨胀阀因其调节范围广而逐渐得到应用,因此需要对其深入研究。以空气源热泵热水器实验系统为研究对象,通过改变电子膨胀阀开度,研究不同调节方式对系统性能的影响。结果表明:1)相同膨胀阀开度下,系统制热量和系统COP随加热的进行均呈先上升后下降的趋势;不同膨胀阀开度下,在加热前期(20~30℃),膨胀阀开度越大,系统COP越大;在加热后期(45~55℃)结果相反;2)在加热过程中,各膨胀阀开度下系统COP趋势线相互交叉,由于压缩机少量吸气带液可以改善系统性能,因此交叉点与各阀开度下过热度达到0 K的点相近但并不重合;3)以水箱平均温度为控制对象调节电子膨胀阀的方法(优化1#)对系统COP的最大优化率为24.8%;以压缩机吸气过热度为控制对象调节电子膨胀阀的方法(优化2#)与优化1#系统COP相比,最大相差4.2%,且经过实验验证具有适用性。     

基于变频压缩机的跨临界CO_2热泵热水器名义工况的试验研究

搭建基于变频压缩机的跨临界CO_2热泵热水器试验台。在系统制冷剂充注量为950 g,测试工况为名义工况的前提下,分析电子膨胀阀开度和压缩机运行频率对系统参数,包括压缩机吸气温度和压力,排气温度和压力,系统制热量和制热性能系数COP_h的影响。试验结果表明:随着电子膨胀阀开度的增大,压缩机吸气温度降低,吸气压力升高,而排气温度和排气压力趋势性走低,中间偶有起伏;制热量随着电子膨胀阀开度的增大逐渐降低,制热性能系数COP_h在电子膨胀阀一定开度范围内存在一个最优值;压缩机吸气温度受频率的影响较小,吸气压力则随着频率的增加而降低,排气温度和排气压力均随频率的增加而升高;制热量随着频率的升高而增大,制热系数COP_h最大值出现在低频率范围。     

充注量对空气源热泵热水器性能的影响

本文通过实验比较了热泵热水器在不同制冷剂充注量下的制热性能和电子膨胀阀的调节特性,定量研究了电子膨胀阀调节方式对制热性能的影响。结果表明:阀开度16%和定过热度10℃工况下的最佳充注量均为1.1 kg,相应的最佳整体制热性能COP_a分别为3.05和3.68;过大的充注量降低了制热性能和电子膨胀阀的调节范围;与阀开度调节相比,过热度调节可避免吸气带液的发生;在最佳充注量下,对比阀开度和过热度两种电子膨胀阀调节方式得出,后者制热性能更优。     

电子膨胀阀在低温装置上降温特性的试验研究

为了研究电子膨胀阀在低温条件下的应用特性，研制了低温试验台，并在试验台上并联安装了电子膨胀阀和热力膨胀阀，对两种膨胀阀在相近工况下进行降温特性的对比性试验。根据实验结果进行分析研究，可以看出电子膨胀阀在低温条件下的控温曲线是非常平稳的，并可调节电子膨胀阀的不同开度，达到不同的降温速率及终温。另外通过改变电子膨胀阀开度，研究了在变开度情况下，对制冷系统循环参数的影响。     

补气对热泵低温工况性能影响的试验研究

经济器热泵主回路与补气回路均采用开度可调的电子膨胀阀,分别在环境温度-15℃、-10℃、7/6℃下,试验研究不同主回路电子膨胀阀EEV_1和补气回路电子膨胀阀EEV_2开度组合时的系统性能,得到了经济器热泵低温工况下运行时的控制策略:在吸气压力不至过低,排气温度不超过保护温度的前提下尽可能的降低主回路电子膨胀阀开度,同时控制补气回路电子膨胀阀开度使得补气过热度尽可能较小。相比不补气而言,在试验工况下,补气时的制热量和COP最高可分别提升28.7%和11.1%。     

变频空调器电子膨胀阀开度控制方案分析

阐述变频空调器电子膨胀阀开度控制的基本要求及影响开度控制的关键因素,例举几种业内常用的开度控制方案,并分析各种方案的优缺点,指出目标排气温度(系统动态计算)+PID调节的控制方案是变频空调器电子膨胀阀开度控制的主要研究方向。     

电子膨胀阀在低温系统中的应用研究

研究了电子膨胀阀在低温系统中的应用特性，并对热力膨胀阀和电子膨胀阀在相近工况下进行降温特性的对比性试验。根据实验结果进行分析，可以看出电子膨胀阀在低温条件下的控温曲线也是非常平稳的，并可调节电子膨胀阀的不同开度，使低温箱体达到不同的降温速率及终温。另外通过改变电子膨胀阀开度以及在箱体内加入不同的热负荷，研究了在变负荷条件下，对制冷系统循环参数的影响，尤其是对蒸发器、压缩机、冷凝器进出口温度的影响。     

CO_2热泵热电池储能性能实验研究

CO_2热泵热电池系统由跨临界二氧化碳水源热泵与蓄冷蓄热装置组成,其在储能过程中系统的效率会逐渐降低。本文实验研究了CO_2热泵热电池的储能性能,分析了储冷罐、储热罐循环水体积流量、压缩机频率和电子膨胀阀开度对储能效率的影响。结果表明:低循环水流量既可使储能罐获得良好的温度分层,又能获得较大的换热量;压缩机频率越高,系统效率越大;同时电子膨胀阀开度也影响系统的储能效率。当压缩机频率为50 Hz,电子膨胀阀开度为330脉冲,储冷罐、储热罐循环水体积流量分别为0.2 m~3/h、0.1 m~3/h时,总体COP最大,为5.49。同时数学拟合了系统COP与储冷罐、储热罐出水温度、控制参数的关联式,提出了一种基于遗传算法的优化控制策略,系统总COP可达6.29。     

A state-space dynamic model for vapor compression refrigeration system based on moving-boundary formulation

A transient response model for vapor compression refrigeration system has been developed in the paper. The system model contains four sub-models representing condenser, evaporator, compressor and electronic expansion valve (EEV). The condenser and the evaporator are developed based on the moving-boundary formulation. Through linearization, these dynamic models are transformed into state-space representation which is expressed in the form of matrix. The compressor and EEV adopt steady models because their thermal inertia is much smaller compared with the heat exchangers (i.e., condenser and the evaporator). The system model has been validated by experiment in terms of step change of EEV opening degree and heat load as well as ramp increase of inlet temperature of coolant oil of condenser. The results show that the model simulations have a good agreement with the experimental data. The simulation errors compared with the experimental data are mostly less than 10%. Since the model proposed in this study is expressed in the form of state-space matrix, they are featured by strong portability and high computation efficiency. It allows us to investigate the thermal dynamic characteristics of a refrigeration system under any complicated conditions and develop excellent control schemes.     

大容量新风处理机制热控制目标的优化与实现

设计出一款基于VRF空调系统的16HP大容量新风处理机,制热采用变目标冷凝温度的优化设计模型控制压缩机的能力输出,通过调节新风机电子膨胀阀开度来达到目标出风温度,模型中的换热修正系数由试验确定,通过优化室外机电子膨胀阀开度的控制解决低温制热出风温度低的问题.实验验证了该控制方法的可行性,系统运行稳定可靠,出风温度控制精度高,而且实现节能,为新风机的应用提供指导.     

Experimental study on the CO2 flow characteristics through electronic expansion valves in heat pump

In this study, the influence of key parameters on the EEV mass flow rate was investigated experimentally, including the inlet temperature, inlet pressure and EEV opening. The parametric tests show that a relatively linear variation of CO₂ flow could be maintained with the decrease of inlet temperature at higher pressure and the increase of inlet pressure at lower temperature. However, due to the large density changes above the critical point, significant changes in the CO₂ flow characteristics were observed with the variations of inlet temperature at lower inlet pressure and the variations of inlet pressure at higher inlet temperature. The important role of CO₂ density can be further confirmed by an empirical correlation which incorporates the effects of density, pressure difference and EEV opening, and the maximum deviation of mass flow predictions is below 15.3%.     

Effects of accumulator heat exchangers on the performance of a refrigeration system

An accumulator heat exchanger (AHX) consists of an accumulator and an inner heat exchanger (IHX) contained in a shell. The AHX has been used in multi-air-conditioners to obtain system reliability and high performance by providing liquid refrigerant into expansion devices and preventing wet-compression. Energy is exchanged between the evaporator exit and the condenser exit in the AHX. In this study, the heat transfer characteristics of the AHX were investigated experimentally, and the effects of the AHX on the performance of a refrigeration system using R22 were measured. The operating characteristics of the refrigeration system with the AHX were considerably different from those without the AHX. The AHX system showed higher refrigerant flow rate than the non-AHX system at a constant EEV (electronic expansion valve) opening because of higher subcooling, resulting in better performance and reliability of the refrigeration system. At 50% EEV opening, the cooling capacity and COP of the AHX system were higher than those of the non-AHX system by 7.5% and 3.2%, respectively.     

Cooling performance of a variable speed CO2 cycle with an electronic expansion valve and internal heat exchanger

The cooling performance of a CO₂ cycle must be improved to develop a competitive air-conditioning system with the conventional air-conditioners using HFCs. In this study, the cooling performance of a variable speed CO₂ cycle was measured and analyzed by varying the refrigerant charge amount, compressor frequency, EEV opening, and length of an internal heat exchanger (IHX). The basic CO₂ system without the IHX showed the maximum cooling COP of 2.1 at the compressor discharge pressure of 9.2 MPa and the optimum normalized charge of 0.282. The cooling COP decreased with the increase of compressor frequency at all normalized charges. The optimum EEV opening increased with compressor frequency. Simultaneous control of EEV opening and compressor frequency allowed optimum control of the compressor discharge pressure. The optimal compressor discharge pressure of the modified CO₂ cycle with the IHX was reduced by 0.5 MPa. The IHX increased the cooling capacity and COP of the CO₂ cycle by 6.2–11.9% and 7.1–9.1%, respectively, at the tested compressor frequencies from 40 to 60 Hz.     

Experimental study on the performance of a simultaneous heating and cooling multi-heat pump with the variation of operation mode

The cooling load in the winter season becomes significant in commercial buildings and hotels because of the wide usage of office equipment and improved wall insulation. In this study, a simultaneous heating and cooling multi-heat pump having four indoor units and an outdoor unit was designed and tested in five operation modes: cooling-only, heating-only, cooling-main, heating-main, and entire heat recovery. The performance of the system with R410a was optimized by adjusting the system's control parameters. In the cooling-main mode, the rate of the bypass flow to the heating-operated indoor unit was optimized by controlling the EEV opening of the outdoor unit. In the heating-main mode, the mass flow rate to the cooling-operated indoor unit was optimized by adjusting the EEV opening in the outdoor unit. In the entire heat recovery mode, the compressor speed was controlled to improve the system COP with appropriate heating and cooling capacities.     

Performance evaluation of a two-stage CO2 cycle with gas injection in the cooling mode operation

The cooling performance and reliability of a transcritical CO₂ cycle can be significantly improved by using a multi-stage compressor with gas injection because the CO₂ cycle has a large pressure difference across a compressor. The objective of this study is to investigate the performance and operating characteristics of a two-stage CO₂ cycle with gas injection. In this study, the performances of a two-stage CO₂ cycle with gas injection (called as “two-stage gas injection cycle”) were measured as the amount of refrigerant charge, first- and second-stage compressor frequencies, and first- and second-stage EEV openings were varied in the cooling mode operation. The cooling COP of the two-stage gas injection cycle was maximally enhanced by 16.5% over that of the two-stage non-injection cycle in the experiments. In addition, when the first- and second-stage EEV openings were increased, the compression ratio decreased and this in turn, improved the cooling COP of the two-stage gas injection cycle. However, when the first-stage EEV opening was increased, the mass flow rate through the evaporator decreased, and this in turn, decreased the cooling capacity of the two-stage gas injection cycle. Therefore, in the two-stage gas injection cycle, an optimum control of both EEV openings is required.     

Influence of the expansion device on the performance of a heat pump using R407C under a range of charging conditions

The objective of this study is to investigate the effects of the expansion device on the performance of a water-to-water heat pump using R407C, which has been considered as one of the alternative refrigerants to replace R22 with “soft-optimization”, at various charging conditions. The heat pump applying the expansion devices of a capillary tube and an EEV was tested by varying refrigerant charge amount from −20% to +20% of full charge and changing water temperature entering the condenser from 30 °C to 42 °C, while maintaining water temperature entering the evaporator at 25 °C. The R22 capillary tube system is utilized as a baseline unit for the performance comparison with the R407C system. The performance of the capillary tube system is more sensitive to off-design charge than that of the EEV system. As the refrigerant charge deviates from the full charge, the R407C EEV system shows a much lower degradation of capacity and COP as compared to the R22 and R407C capillary tube systems due to an optimum control of superheat by electronically adjusting the EEV opening. In addition, the R407C EEV system shows more a stable compressor discharge temperature at off-design charge than the R407C capillary tube system.