生物医用镁合金材料的应用及耐蚀性研究进展

镁合金具有良好的力学性能,与人体生物相容性好,尤其是在人体内具有可生物降解的特点,是一种非常有前途的可降解生物医用金属材料.综述了镁和镁合金作为可降解生物医用材料的优越性和存在问题,生物医用镁合金的国内外研究现状,镁和镁合金的腐蚀机理及腐蚀类型,总结了当前用于提高生物医用纯镁和镁合金耐蚀性的方法,并对生物医用镁合金体内体外耐蚀性能进行了比较,展望了可降解生物医用材料的未来发展前景和研究方向.     

医用镁合金降解控制技术的研究进展

镁合金因其良好的生物相客性、生物降解-吸收性以及与自然骨相匹配的生物力学性能,有望成为理想的新型生物医用金属材料.然而,镁在生理环境下过快的降解速率成为制约其生物医用的主要瓶颈,因此,镁合金的生物降解控制至关重要.综述了镁合金生物降解机理及其主要控制技术,如开发高纯合金或新合金、热处理及成形加工、表面处理的国内外最新研究进展,并展望了其未来的研究方向.     

生物降解性医用高分子材料─—聚乳酸

生物降解性医用高分子材料─—聚乳酸张颂培，王锡臣（北京轻工业学院化工系１０００３７）一、前言近年来研究报道的生物降解性材料有很多，但是作为医用材料者，尤其是进入人体的高分子材料，不仅要求机械强度高，而且要求无毒无刺激、生物相容性好，因此，能用于临床应...     

医用金属的生物功能化——医用金属材料发展的新思路

医用金属材料以其高强韧性、耐疲劳、易加工成形性等优良的综合性能,一直是临床上用量最大和应用广泛的一类生物医用材料。医用金属材料是需要承受较高载荷的骨、齿等硬组织以及介入治疗支架的首选植入材料,已大量应用于骨科、齿科、介入治疗等重要医疗领域中的各类植入医疗器械。目前医用金属材料中用量最大、应用范围最广的是不锈钢、钛及钛合金、钴基合金3大类材料,在医用金属材料的生产和临床应用中占有举足轻重的地位。此外还有镍钛形状记忆合金以及金、银、钽、铌、锆等贵金属。然而,目前临床应用的医用金属材料在生物体中一般表现为生物惰性,不具备生物活性,因此往往需要通过对其进行表面改性,来达到其具备一定生物活性,进而提高其临床使用性能的目的。那么能否使医用金属材料自身就具备某种生物活性呢?这是一个极有创意的想法,但至今还未有这方面的研究报道。"医用金属材料的生物功能化"就是希望能够实现这一愿望,因而它是一个具有创新意义和挑战性的新思想,其核心思想就是使医用金属材料在发挥其自身优异力学性能的同时,还具备特定的生物医学功能,从而达到更佳的临床医疗效果。中科院金属研究所的生物材料研究团队近年来进行了多方面的有意义尝试,已经初步实现了特定医用金属材料的生物功能化。本刊特邀中科院金属研究所的杨柯研究员就其领导的研究团队基于医用金属材料生物功能化这一全新概念,开展的相关系列研究探索工作进行深度报道,以期将这一新思想与国内同行分享与交流。     

医用聚乳酸材料的化学改性研究进展

聚乳酸是一种常用的可生物降解的医用材料,但单纯聚乳酸并不能满足临床需要.对聚乳酸的改性工作一直都备受关注.综述了近几年聚乳酸生物降解材料的化学改性研究进展,重点论述了共聚、接枝、星型、表面改性4个方面.经改性后聚乳酸的力学性能、降解性能和亲水性能可以得到某些改善,从而更好地满足了生物医用需要.并展望了未来聚乳酸的发展.     

可降解锌基合金在骨科领域的研究进展

进入21世纪以来,随着材料科学的进步,医用金属植入材料从传统的316L不锈钢、钛合金等惰性金属材料逐渐转向可降解金属材料。可降解金属材料由于其良好的生物相容性和适宜的降解速率,可以在完成植入任务时被人体吸收,无需二次手术将内植物取出,从而引起广泛关注。在过去的10多年里,镁和铁及其合金作为医用可降解金属被广泛研究。锌是人体所必需的营养元素之一,因具有良好的生物相容性和适宜的降解速率,锌基合金在最近几年里成为继镁基和铁基合金之后又一具有广泛应用前景的医用可降解金属。然而,对锌基合金的设计和制备等仍处于初步阶段,还有大量的研究工作需要完成。综述了生物降解锌近年来用于骨科领域的研究进展,重点讨论了锌及其合金的力学性能、生物降解性能和生物相容性以及锌的合金化和制造技术之间的关系。     

从可降解金属的角度审视医用镁合金的元素选择

进入21世纪以来,可降解金属成为医用金属材料研究的热点。镁及镁合金是过去10余年被广泛研究的代表性可降解金属材料。Web of Science检索显示,过去10余年有关医用镁合金的基础研究工作在全球范围内已经发表了3000余篇文章,人们对可降解镁合金与机体的力学、化学和生物学相互作用机制有了较深入的认识,初步开展了"医用镁合金的成分设计与性能优化"、"镁合金在体内的降解机制及其调控方法"、"镁合金降解产物的生物安全性与代谢途径"、"镁合金降解过程中的力学强度退化"等基础科学研究。尽管已有大量的新配方镁合金被设计与研究用于生物医学,但多为工程材料专家们的炒菜式思维,企业对投入费时费钱的生物医学验证坐等,医学转化成效低。在成百上千的已有材料配方中,迄今在全球上市的医用镁合金植入式医疗器械只有德国WE43系镁合金和韩国Mg-Ca-Zn合金,国内进入创新医疗器械的两个产品是以纯镁为材料。因此,拟从生物材料专家的视角出发,摒弃对力学性能的追求,从可降解金属的生物降解性和生物安全性两个最基本的判据出发,对元素周期表中适合可降解金属的元素进行初步筛选,在此基础上选出用于医用镁合金的合金化元素,换一个角度,从更佳的生物学性能和生物功能性出发,对未来医用镁合金材料设计指明可以尝试的新方向。     

第一性原理计算在新型医用金属材料中的应用研究进展

医用金属材料以其优良的综合性能,在生物医用材料领域占有越来越重要的地位。第一性原理方法作为目前合金微观组织研究中应用最广泛的理论计算方法,不依赖任何经验参数,即可为合金化设计提供理论基础。本文首先介绍了第一性原理计算的理论及方法,然后详细综述了第一性原理计算在设计新型医用钛合金和可降解镁合金中的研究应用现状,最后指出了其在医用金属材料设计中存在的问题及应用方向。     

医用钛合金的生物相容性专利技术分析

医用钛合金是近年来医用金属材料的研究热点,而生物相容性的优劣是钛合金能否用于临床的关键,对医用钛合金在整个医疗行业中的应用至关重要。本文主要针对医用钛合金在生物相容性改善方面的专利申请情况进行统计,分别从技术手段、申请量、申请人及国际专利分类号（IPC）分类领域进行了分析。一,生物医用钛合金技术专利简况生物医用材料包括医用金属材料、无机非金属材料、有机聚合物材料及复合材料等,其中医用金属材料的应用最早也最为广泛。     

医用金属材料表面自身纳米化研究进展

表面纳米化是提高医用金属材料表面耐磨性能、力学性能的有效手段,并可改善医用金属材料的生物学性能。本文介绍了滑动摩擦处理(SFT)、表面机械研磨处理(SMAT)、严重喷丸(SSP)三种常用医用金属材料表面纳米晶制备方法的原理和技术方法,并分别综述了上述三种表面纳米技术在医用金属材料领域的研究进展,重点阐述了表面纳米化医用金属材料的力学性能和生物学性能变化,最后介绍了滑动摩擦处理(SFT)、表面机械研磨处理(SMAT)、严重喷丸(SSP)三种表面纳米化技术目前存在的不足和未来研究方向,指出具有适宜纳米层深度、广泛的适应能力和较高的纳米化效率是表面纳米化技术的重要研究方向之一,同时表面纳米化制备工艺参数以及材料的组织、结构和性能对纳米化行为的影响,以及表面纳米化医用金属材料物化性能和生物学性能的变化规律及其微观机理还需要进一步的研究。     

Fundamentals and advances in magnesium alloy corrosion

There remains growing interest in magnesium (Mg) and its alloys, as they are the lightest structural metallic materials. Mg alloys have the potential to enable design of lighter engineered systems, including positive implications for reduced energy consumption. Furthermore, Mg alloys are also emerging as viable biodegradable materials and battery electrodes. In spite of the greatest historical Mg usage at present, the wider use of Mg alloys remains restricted by a number of inherent limitations, including vulnerability to corrosion, poor formability and low creep resistance. This review covers recent research that has led to advances in Mg-alloy corrosion; including the application of contemporary methods for understanding Mg corrosion, the establishment of an electrochemical framework for Mg corrosion, illumination of alloying effects, and attempts at corrosion resistant Mg alloys. A discussion drawing from many sources provides an unbiased focus on new achievements, as well as some contentious issues in the field. The electrochemistry of Mg is reviewed in detail, including so-called anodic hydrogen evolution and cathodic activation. This review also covers atmospheric corrosion, and biodegradable Mg alloys. Finally, past and present trends in the field of Mg corrosion are reviewed, identifying knowledge gaps, whilst attempting to also identify future developments and directions.     

A review on biodegradable materials for cardiovascular stent application

A stent is a medical device designed to serve as a temporary or permanent internal scaffold to maintain or increase the lumen of a body conduit. The researchers and engineers diverted to investigate biodegradable materials due to the limitation of metallic materials in stent application such as stent restenosis which requires prolonged anti platelet therapy, often result in smaller lumen after implantation and obstruct re-stenting treatments. Biomedical implants with temporary function for the vascular intervention are extensively studied in recent years. The rationale for biodegradable stent is to provide the support for the vessel in predicted period of time and then degrading into biocompatible constituent. The degradation of stent makes the re-stenting possible after several months and also ameliorates the vessel wall quality. The present article focuses on the biodegradable materials for the cardiovascular stent. The objective of this review is to describe the possible biodegradable materials for stent and their properties such as design criteria, degradation behavior, drawbacks and advantages with their recent clinical and preclinical trials.     

Challenges and Solutions for the Additive Manufacturing of Biodegradable Magnesium Implants

Due to their capability of fabricating geometrically complex structures, additive manufacturing (AM) techniques have provided unprecedented opportunities to produce biodegradable metallic implants—especially using Mg alloys, which exhibit appropriate mechanical properties and outstanding biocompatibility. However, many challenges hinder the fabrication of AM-processed biodegradable Mg-based implants, such as the difficulty of Mg powder preparation, powder splash, and crack formation during the AM process. In the present work, the challenges of AM-processed Mg components are analyzed and solutions to these challenges are proposed. A novel Mg-based alloy (Mg–Nd–Zn–Zr alloy, JDBM) powder with a smooth surface and good roundness was first synthesized successfully, and the AM parameters for Mg-based alloys were optimized. Based on the optimized parameters, porous JDBM scaffolds with three different architectures (biomimetic, diamond, and gyroid) were then fabricated by selective laser melting (SLM), and their mechanical properties and degradation behavior were evaluated. Finally, the gyroid scaffolds with the best performance were selected for dicalcium phosphate dihydrate (DCPD) coating treatment, which greatly suppressed the degradation rate and increased the cytocompatibility, indicating a promising prospect for clinical application as bone tissue engineering scaffolds.     

增材制造多孔金属生物材料研究综述

增材制造的多孔金属生物材料广泛应用于植入物骨骼等生物医用工业领域,具有很大的发展潜力,目前,对多孔金属生物材料的研究主要聚焦在多孔生物材料的设计、制造与表面处理等方面.对比了不同增材制造技术的特点,并说明了粉床熔融技术最适合多孔金属生物材料的制造.同时,讨论了不同金属生物材料(生物惰性材料与降解材料)制造多孔生物材料的...     

可生物降解的化妆品包装材料研究进展

目的 综述可生物降解的包装材料在化妆品应用方面的研究进展,为生物降解材料的广泛使用提供参考。方法 通过对国内外聚乳酸、聚羟基链烷酸酯、纤维素、壳聚糖等可生物降解包装材料在化妆品中的研究与应用,分析各种材料的性能特点,提出可生物降解的包装材料在化妆品应用方面的未来展望。结果 不同类型的化妆品应根据产品特性选择适宜的可生物降解的包装材料,可生物降解包装材料在化妆品中的应用有待进一步研究和推广。结论 可生物降解材料应用于化妆品包装是未来发展趋势之一,应用纳米技术对材料性能提升具有重要意义。     

高直链淀粉材料改性及应用研究进展

目的高直链淀粉具有独特的糊化特性和优异的成膜性能,在可降解材料和包装领域有较大的应用前景,但高直链淀粉基可降解材料耐水性差,湿强度低是一直以来固有的缺陷,因而需要充分了解高直链淀粉基材料的广泛应用,深入探索高直链淀粉的改性方法。方法通过追踪国内外高直链淀粉相关的改性研究和应用进展,概述高直链淀粉的基本性质和性能,重点分析高直链淀粉常用的改性方法,如物理改性、化学改性和酶改性对高直链淀粉微观结构和力学性能的影响,详细介绍高直链淀粉在众多领域的挑战与机遇。结论通过物理改性、化学改性和酶改性等方法,可以实现高直链淀粉粒径减小、糊化温度降低、热稳定性提高等理化性质的改善,拓宽了高直链淀粉在包装、食品和医用等领域的应用范围。     

In Vivo and In Vitro Degradation Behavior of Magnesium Alloys as Biomaterials

The corrosion behavior of pure Mg,AZ31,and AZ91D were evaluated in various in vitro and in vivo environments to investigate the potential application of these metals as biodegradable implant materials.DC polarization tests and immersion tests were performed in different simulated body solutions,such as distilled(DI) water,simulated body fluid(SBF) and phosphate buffered solution(PBS).Mg/Mg alloys were also implanted in different places in a mouse for in vivo weight loss and biocompatibility investigations.The in vivo subcutis bio-corrosion rate was lower than the corrosion rate for all of the in vitro simulated corrosive environments.The Mg/Mg alloys were biocompatible based on histology results for the liver,heart,kidney,skin and lung of the mouse during the two months implantation.Optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy were carried out to investigate the morphology and topography of Mg/Mg alloys after immersion testing and implantation to understand the corrosion mechanisms.     

可降解医用高分子材料降解建模研究现状

可降解医用高分子材料降解过程复杂,致其医用研究尚处于＂试错＂阶段。文中就降解医用高分子材料的降解建模研究现状展开讨论,针对建模相对比较成熟的药物缓释系统介绍了机理论模型的非蒙特卡洛模型和蒙特卡洛模型及元胞自动机模型;分析了药物缓释系统、组织工程支架降解建模中建模方法的思路与存在的问题;归纳了当前的建模或从微观或从宏观角...     

生物医用可降解锌基合金的研究进展

锌基合金是近几年新兴的一种医用可降解材料,有望应用于心血管支架及骨植入等医疗器械。锌是人体必需的营养元素,具有良好的生物相容性及适宜的体内降解速率,作为可降解合金的基体有很广的应用前景。然而,生物可降解锌基合金的设计、加工、强化及降解机理等研究尚处于起步阶段,还需要做大量的基础研究工作。本文以最终医疗器械产品的理想标准要求为切入点,从生物相容性、力学性能及抗腐蚀性能等方面对近几年医用锌基合金的研究成果进行了综述分析,并展望了其未来的发展方向。     

Modification of Iron with Degradable Silver Phases Processed via Laser Beam Melting for Implants with Adapted Degradation Rate

In medical technology, implants are used to improve the quality of patients’ lives. The development of materials with adapted properties can further increase the benefit of implants. If implants are only needed temporarily, biodegradable materials are beneficial. In this context, iron-based materials are promising due to their biocompatibility and mechanical properties, but the degradation rate needs to be accelerated. Apart from alloying, the creation of noble phases to cause anodic dissolution of the iron-based matrix is promising. Due to its high electrochemical potential, immiscibility with iron, biocompatibility, and antibacterial properties, silver is suited for the creation of such phases. A suitable technology for processing immiscible material combinations is powder-bed-based procedure like laser beam melting. This procedure offers short exposure times to high temperatures and therefore a limited time for diffusion of alloying elements. As the silver phases remain after the dissolution of the iron matrix, a modification is needed to ensure their degradability. Following this strategy, pure iron with 5 wt% of a degradable silver–calcium–lanthanum alloy is processed via laser beam melting. Investigation of the microstructure yields achievement of the intended microstructure and long-term degradation tests indicates an impact on the degradation, but no increased degradation rate.