高效藻类塘系统处理太湖地区农村生活污水

对高效藻类塘系统处理太湖地区农村生活污水进行了试验研究，实验系统由沉淀水箱、高效藻类塘和水生生物塘等组成．结果表明：高效藻类塘出水COD浓度受藻类生长影响较大，但出水溶解性COD比较稳定，平均去除率在70％以上。氨氮的去除效果好，平均去除率为93％，氨氮主要通过硝化、挥发和生物同化吸收三种途径去除．塘内磷主要通过沉淀去除，总磷平均去除率在50％左右．水生生物塘不仅能有效去除高效藻类塘出水中的藻类和悬浮物，而且能进一步降低水中有机物、氮、磷等污染物浓度．冬季水力停留时问的延长对保障系统的整体运行效果是有效的．高效藻类塘系统用来处理太湖地区农村生活污水具有一定的应用前景．     

高效藻类塘在水质净化中的研究进展

高效藻类塘相较传统污水处理塘而言,能产生更多的微藻生物量,并且其水质净化效果更佳。针对当前水体中多种污染物形成的复合污染,高效藻类塘不仅能同时有效地去除多种污染物,藻类产物也可创造经济效益。文章阐述了高效藻类塘中的藻菌共生系统和理化特征,重点论述了其对水体中多种主要污染物的去除机理及影响因素,最后对其研究进行了展望。     

高效藻类塘系统

<正>美国加州大学伯克利分校的Oswald提出并发展的高效藻类塘是对传统稳定塘的改进,其充分利用菌藻共生关系,对污染物进行处理。正因其最大限度地利用了藻类产生的氧气,塘内的一级降解动力学常数值比较大,故称之为高效藻类塘。高效藻类塘较传统的稳定塘停留时间短,占地面积少;建设容易,维护简便,基建投资少,运行费用低;BOD5、NH3-     

藻类技术在污水深度处理中的应用

介绍了高效藻类塘、水力藻类床、固定藻等藻类技术在污水处理领域的应用与研究进展,从多方面分析了藻类净化污水的原理以及藻类技术存在的优势与弊端．指出作为一种分布广泛的生物资源．藻类技术应用于经常规二级处理后碳氮比偏低而氮磷浓度偏高的污水的深度处理．有着良好的应用前景。     

膜-高效藻类塘工艺处理污水厂尾水

将高效藻类塘系统与滤膜结合起来,进行了城市污水处理厂尾水深度净化的实验研究。结果表明,在水力停留时间为4 d,进水COD为20.91~72.55 mg/L,NH4+-N、TN和TP质量浓度分别为0.74~2.85、7.01~10.15和0.35~0.52 mg/L条件下,高效藻类塘与陶瓷膜联用工艺出水各指标平均浓度分别为14.00、0.65、0.90和0.05 mg/L,分别达到地表水环境质量标准规定的II、III、III和II类标准。不锈钢膜和陶瓷膜对于藻类的拦截过滤效果均能达到90%以上,在提升出水水质的同时,可稳定维持低浓度进水条件下高效藻类塘内的藻类浓度。由于陶瓷膜孔径过小,易发生膜污染,清洗需求频繁,综合考虑过滤效果以及系统运行的稳定性,优先选择不锈钢膜。     

给水处理除藻技术最新进展

我国地表水源富营养化日趋严重,进而导致严重的藻类污染。藻类及其副产物的污染不仅给传统净水工艺带来了诸多不利影响,增加了水处理难度,而且使得供水安全难以保证。文章对饮用水中藻类去除技术进行了具体的论述,并系统分析各技术去除效果、局限性,展望了藻类去除技术发展前景。指出目前控制饮用水中藻类污染必须将水源污染的综合治理、开发高效低廉的新工艺结合起来。     

固定化藻类细胞去除污水中氮、磷的研究进展

固定化藻类细胞可用于去除污水中的N、P等营养物质,实现废水资源的完全再利用,是一项极有潜力的生物工程技术。介绍了固定化藻类细胞去除污水中N、P的一般原理、方法、技术特点及影响去除效率的各种因素．并对该技术的处理目标和应用前景作了展望。     

藻类及嗅味物质生产性试验分析

为了解不同时期阳澄湖原水中藻类及嗅味物质的变化情况,解析二者之间的关系,于2017年4月～10月对阳澄湖原水中藻类、腐殖质、2-甲基异莰醇、土臭素等物质进行了连续监测,分析饮用水处理过程中藻类的去除情况,优化生产工艺,高效去除藻类的同时控制水中嗅味物质生成,提升水质,保障供水安全。结果表明,气温的增加有利于藻类繁殖,藻类生长旺盛时期,水中的腐殖质、2-甲基异莰醇、土臭素含量相应升高,各种物质浓度在不同时期的变化规律存在一定差异。春季养殖活动以及底泥中微生物共同作用可能是引起2-甲基异莰醇增加的主要原因,夏季嗅味物质的产生主要来源于藻类。工艺除藻过程中,次氯酸钠对藻类的去除率可高达97.24%,高锰酸钾对藻类去除率仅为28.16%。次氯酸钠除藻效果明显优于高锰酸钾,结合臭氧活性炭深度处理,可去除藻毒素等有机物质,降低二次污染风险。     

国内外污水处理研究进展

介绍了国内外工业农业污水处理的现状,国内外污水处理相关研究进展.综述了CCAS、CDI两种工业污水处理技术以及高效藻类塘、AO水处理等农业污水处理技术和相关工艺流程,污水循环利用的途径和方式.提出了工业农业污水处理中所存在的问题,并给出了相应的解决方案.     

高锰酸盐—生物活性炭联用工艺除藻试验研究

考察了高锰酸盐预氧化—生物活性炭联用工艺去除藻类的效能.试验结果表明,高锰酸盐预氧化能明显改善混凝工艺对藻类的去除效果,随高锰酸盐投量的增加,混凝工艺对藻类的去除率呈上升趋势.生物活性炭滤池对藻类的去除主要集中在进水端,在20 cm处,去除率可达到60%.高锰酸盐—生物活性炭联用工艺对藻类及有机物有明显的去除,去除率可...     

Nanomechanical mapping of glass fiber reinforced polymer composites using atomic force acoustic microscopy

In this work, a dual‐frequency resonance tracking (DFRT) method was applied on atomic force acoustic microscopy (AFAM) and high‐resolution, quantitative nanomechanical mapping of a glass fiber–reinforced polymer composites (GFRP) was realized. Results show that even using the single‐frequency AFAM, the fiber, and epoxy can give very good contrast in amplitude images. The modulus mapping result on GFRP by DFRT AFAM was compared with that by dynamic nanoindentation, and it is found that DFRT AFAM can map the elastic modulus with high spatial resolution and more reliable results. The interface of GFRP was especially investigated using a 2 μm × 2 μm scanning area. Finite element analysis was implemented to investigate the effect of tip radius and the applied pressing force on the interface measurement using a sharp “interface”. By setting a linear‐modulus‐varied interface with finite width in finite element analysis (FEA), similar comparison between FEA and AFAM experimental results was also implemented. The average interface width is determined to be 476 nm based on the high‐resolution modulus image, indicating that AFAM is a powerful method for nanoscale interface characterization. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014 , 131, 39800.     

A novel Bayesian inference soft sensor for real‐time statistic learning modeling for industrial polypropylene melt index prediction

A novel real‐time soft sensor based on a sparse Bayesian probabilistic inference framework is proposed for the prediction of melt index in industrial polypropylene process. The Bayesian framework consists of a relevance vector machine for predicting melt index and a particle filtering algorithm for soft sensor optimization. An online correcting strategy is also developed for improving the performance of real‐time melt index prediction. The method takes advantages of the probabilistic inference and using prior statistical knowledge of polymerization process. Developed soft sensors are validated with ten public databases from UCI machine learning repository and real data from industrial polypropylene process. Experimental results indicate the effectiveness of proposed method and show the improvement in both prediction precision and generalization capability compared with the reported models in literatures. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2017 , 134, 45384.     

Generalizing solubility parameter theory to apply to one‐ and two‐dimensional solutes and to incorporate dipolar interactions

Hildebrand and Hansen solubility parameters are commonly used to identify suitable solvents for the dispersion or dissolution of a range of solutes, from small molecules to graphene. This practice is based on a number of equations, which predict the enthalpy of mixing to be minimized when the solubility parameters of solvent and solute match. However, such equations have only been rigorously derived for mixtures of small molecules, which interact only via dispersive forces. Herein, we derive a general expression for the enthalpy of mixing in terms of the dimensionality of the solute, where small molecules are considered zero‐dimensional, materials such as polymers or nanotubes are one‐dimensional (1D) and platelets such as graphene are two‐dimensional (2D). We explicitly include contributions due to dispersive, dipole–dipole, and dipole‐induced dipole interactions. We find equations very similar to those of Hildebrand and Hansen so long as the solubility parameters of the solute are defined in a manner which reflects their dimensionality. In addition, the equations for 1D and 2D systems are equivalent to known expressions for the enthalpy of mixing of rods and platelets, respectively, as a function of surface energy. This agreement between our expressions and those commonly used shows that the concept of solubility parameters can be rigorously applied to extended solutes such as polymers, nanotubes, and graphene. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013     

对机械设备设计研发过程的讨论

本文对机械设备设计研发过程的基本步骤、工作方法及需要引起注意的问题进行了较详细的论述,并对机械设备设计研发工作的开展提出了一些建议.     

涂料研究开发新进展及关键科学与技术问题

阐述了近年来国内外涂料的研究开发现状,包括:利用新的树脂合成方法获得新的成膜物;直接引入无机纳米粒子以改善涂层性能;表面微纳结构构建以获得功能涂层等;提出了未来涂料技术的发展趋势,包括:环保化和健康化;通用涂层的高性能化;多功能化和智能化等;和需要突破的关键科学与技术问题。当企业发展到一定阶段和规模后,要加强科研开发的投入,加强产学研合作,加强基础研究,要敢于开发国外没有的技术和产品,敢于领先国外技术,才能真正成为涂料强国。     

TiO2‐Oligoaldaramide nanocomposites as efficient core‐shell systems for wood preservation

Homogeneous core‐shell systems were obtained with a growth, in controlled steps, of several oligoamides on TiO₂ nanoparticles. Derivatives of natural compounds, such as l ‐tartaric acid and α,α′‐trehalose, were used as diesters in the polycondensation reactions with ethylenediamine. TiO₂ anatase was chosen because of its high photo‐activity and its antimicrobial activity. The TiO₂ nanoparticles had been previously activated then functionalized using two different coupling agents, and finally, the TiO₂‐oligoamide nanocomposites were synthesized using two synthetic pathways. The final products were characterized by ¹H NMR, ¹³C NMR, FT‐IR, and transmission electron microscope. These nanocomposites can show improved properties in comparison with the single components (TiO₂ nanoparticles or oligoamides), which are useful in many fields, such as antimicrobial coatings for surfaces in cultural heritage conservation. A nanocomposite (TiO₂‐polyethylenetartaramide) was used for applicative studies, and it has shown a good efficacy against fungal attack by Trametes versicolor on wood specimens (Fagus sylvatica). © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015 , 132, 42047.     

Poly(butylene succinate)/layered double hydroxide bionanocomposites: Relationships between chemical structure of LDH anion,delamination strategy,and final properties

A series of poly(butylene succinate) (PBS) containing organo‐modified layered double hydroxide (LDH) are prepared by melt compounding and by in situ polymerization of succinic ester and 1,4‐butanediol. Various LDHs intercalated with renewable organic anions are used. More specifically, lauryl sulfate, stearate, succinate, adipate, sebacate, citrate, and ricinoleate ions are used as LDHs organo‐modifiers. The thermal, rheological, and dynamic mechanical properties of the samples are investigated. The results reveal a general mechanical reinforcement imparted by the clays. Significant changes are observed for the in situ polymerized nanocomposites, especially for LDH stearate which improves the properties of PBS nanostructure, whereas very few differences are observed for the other samples. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 130: 1931–1940, 2013     

Preparation and testing of Nafion/titanium dioxide nanocomposite membrane electrode assembly by ultrasonic coating technique

Membrane electrode assemblies with Nafion/nanosize titanium dioxide (TiO₂) composite membranes were manufactured with a novel ultrasonic‐spray technique (UST) and tested in proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC). The structures of the membranes were investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X‐ray diffraction (XRD), and thermogravimetric analysis. The composite membranes gained good thermal resistance with insertion of TiO₂. The SEM and XRD techniques have proved the uniform and homogeneous distribution of TiO₂ and the consequent enhancement of crystalline character of these membranes. The existence of nanometer size TiO₂ has improved the thermal resistance, water uptake, and proton conductivity of composite membranes. Gas diffusion electrodes were fabricated by UST. Catalyst loading was 0.4 (mg Pt) cm^?2 for both anode and cathode sides. The membranes were tested in a single cell with a 5 cm² active area operating at the temperature range of 70°C to 110°C and in humidified under 50% relative humidity (RH) conditions. Single PEMFC tests performed at different operating temperatures indicated that Nafion/TiO₂ composite membrane is more stable and also performed better than Nafion membranes. The results show that Nafion/TiO₂ is a promising membrane material for possible use in PEMFC at higher temperature. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014 , 131, 40541.     

Synthesis and properties of cross‐linked polymers from epoxidized rubber seed oil and triethylenetetramine

A series of epoxidized oils were prepared from rubber seed, soybean, jatropha, palm, and coconut oils. The epoxy content varied from 0.03 to 7.4 wt %, in accordance with the degree of unsaturation of the oils (lowest for coconut, highest for rubber seed oil). Bulk polymerization/curing of the epoxidized oils with triethylenetetramine (in the absence of a catalyst) was carried out in a batch setup (1 : 1 molar ratio of epoxide to primary amine groups, 100°C, 100 rpm, 30 min) followed by casting of the mixture in a steel mold (180°C, 200 bar, 21 h) and this resulted in cross‐linked resins. The effect of relevant pressing conditions such as time, temperature, pressure, and molar ratio of the epoxide and primary amine groups was investigated and modeled using multivariable nonlinear regression. Good agreement between experimental data and model were obtained. The rubber seed oil‐derived polymer has a T_g of 11.1°C, a tensile strength of 1.72 MPa, and strain at break of 182%. These values are slightly higher than for commercial epoxidized soybean oil (T_g of 6.9°C, tensile strength of 1.11 MPa, and strain at break of 145.7%). However, the comparison highlights the potential for these novel resins to be used at industrial/commercial level. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015 , 132, 42591.     

Lipid Composition,Natural Antioxidants and Physicochemical Characteristics in Liver Oil from Rajiforms from the Gulf of Mexico

Lipid composition by class, fatty acids, natural antioxidants (carotenes, tocopherols) and physicochemical characteristics of liver oil from three commercial rays, Rhinoptera bonasus (Chucha), Aetobatus narinari (Pinta) and Dasyatis americana (Bala) from the Gulf of Mexico were analyzed. Liver oil yield for R. bonasus, A. narinari and D. americana were of 43.04, 41.2 and 38.2% (wet weight), respectively. Triacylglycerols were the most abundant lipid by class in R. bonasus (68.9%), A. narinari (85.9%) and D. americana (81.6%), while sterols esters, sterols, di- and monoacylglycerides, polar lipids and wax esters were found in minor proportions. Species showed similar carotenes concentration, 8.7, 12.8 and 8.0 μg/g for R. bonasus, A. narinari and D. americana, respectively. α-tocopherol concentration was higher (p < 0.05) for A. narinari (46.7 mg/100 g) than for R. bonasus (21.0 mg/100 g) and D. americana (13.7 mg/100 g). Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in R. bonasus were high with docosahexaenoic acid (12.1%) in a higher proportion than eicosapentaenoic acid (7%).