我国的水电开发与环境保护

我国水能资源丰富且分布集中、便于开发。大力开发水能资源，发展水电事业能够促进水资源综合利用，减轻我国的能源压力．促进地方经济发展和新农村建设。但是要处理好水电开发和生态与环境保护之间的关系，在水电开发过程中注意保护水质、地质，丰富景观，维护移民的利益，做到在保护生态与环境基础上的有序开发。     

水电开发与绿色未来

胡四一（水利部副部长） 水能资源是水资源的重要组成部分，是国际公认的绿色可再生能源。水能资源的可持续利用是国家可持续发展战略的重要组成部分。使水电开发和生态、环境协调发展，是水电建设者的共同职责。水电建设应遵循的原则：一是坚持人与自然和谐相处的理念。人与自然和谐相处是可持续发展战略的核心问题，是经济社会不断发展的必然结果，也是经济社会高度发展的必然要求。水电建设中，要认真处理好经济社会发展与自然生态保护、开发建设和生态、环境承载能力、当前利益和长远利益的关系。     

科学开发水能资源促进水资源可持续利用和经济社会的可持续发展

水资源是基础性的自然资源、战略性的经济资源和公共性的社会资源,水资源的可持续利用直接关系到全面建设小康社会目标的实现.水能资源是水资源的重要组成部分,水资源及其水能资源的可持续利用是中国可持续发展战略的重要组成部分.中国是一个水资源和能源短缺的国家,而中国的水能资源相对丰富,但目前的开发利用程度较低.水能资源与其他能源相比,具有清洁、可再生等优点.水电开发与建设要以科学发展观为指导,遵从人与自然和谐共处理念,坚持统筹规划、综合开发的原则,协调兴利与除害、水利与水电、开发与保护等各种关系,同时要高度重视开发建设与管理中的生态环境保护和移民安置问题.     

来自两院院士的乌江水能开发考察报告

一、引子为了探索水能开发与环保和谐发展,水电建设促进移民安居致富的新路子,中国工程院可再生能源发展战略研究水能组,组织中国科学院、中     

我国水能资源开发利用的机遇与挑战

我国水能资源理论蕴藏量和技术可开发装机容量居世界首位。水能是清洁可再生能源,在保护环境的基础上,积极有序开发水电是我国能源建设的基本方针。我国水能资源开发利用面临发展机遇和严峻挑战,要科学合理和适度有序开发水能资源;切实做好移民安置工作,让移民分享开发水能的效益;要加强科研、精心设计、精心施工,攻关解决水利水电工程建设中的技术难题,建成设计先进合理、安全可靠,施工质量优良的工程,攀登水利水电科技高峰。     

从向家坝工程看和谐水电

向家坝水电站具有发电、防洪、航运、灌溉、环保等显著综合效益,建设各方注重处理好水电与环保、水电与移民、水电与地方的关系。三峡总公司提出的“建设好一座电站,带动一方经济,改善一片环境,造福一批移民”的水电开发理念,就是要在水电开发过程中构建和谐社会,实现水电工程和生态环境、地方经济的双赢,实现工程和人的和谐发展。     

中国水电发展概况

水电是可再生、环境友好型的电力,开发利用好水能资源是增加能源供给,调整能源结构,保障能源安全,减排温室气体,保护生态环境,应对气候变化,实现可持续发展的重要措施。优先发展水电,是我国能源发展的重要方针。对近年来我国水电开发状况从水能资源、水电工程规模、水电发展规划等几方面进行了概述。     

杂谷脑河的和谐水电——华电杂谷脑河水电开发掠影

狮子坪、薛城、古城三座水电站,是四川杂谷脑水电开发有限责任公司在杂谷脑河上建设的水电项目,计划2007年年底建成发电。业主、施工、设计、监理四位一体,分别奋战在工程建设的各个领域,建设和谐水电。施工中,现场的机器设备都经过了低噪音处理,不会对环境造成太大的声污染。为了保护红豆杉,最终调整了2号支洞位置,1号支洞洞口也随之改变了支护形式。为恢复植被,将土地表层剥离出来,等工程完成后,将泥土回填于弃渣场的表皮。     

对当前水电工程建设若干问题的思考与建议

引言 水电是能源的重要组成部分,在保护环境的基础上有序开发水电是国家既定方针。根据当前调整结构、刺激投资、扩大内需的总体要求,应将水电开发摆在重要的位置,何况我国水能资源在能源、电力中的比重不高,亟待转变,但水电开发与环境和移民的关系需很好的把握和处理。多年来,已开发的水电,特别是形成流域协调机制的,发挥了不可或缺的作用。当前,需在科学发展观的指引下,对水电开发进一步统一认识,抓住机遇和时机,加大开发力度。     

中国水电开发与可持续发展

水能资源在中国相对较为丰富，它既是清洁的能源，又是可再生能源，是用于发电的优质能源。中国水电开发水平远低于世界上水能资源相对丰富的国家。当前是中国水电开发建设的最好时机，要有一个良好的建设管理体制；要做好流域项目规划；要有一个优质的设计和技术管理；要有完善的移民政策和行动，做好水库移民搬迁，要充分做好生态和环境的评估；做好资金的筹措，多渠道融资．运作好资金，保证工程建设的资金使用。     

地下厂房施工过程的三维非线性数值模拟分析

根据冗各电站地下厂房开挖支护的施工顺序,以隐式杆单元模拟锚杆,以壳单元模拟混凝土喷层,采用三维非线性有限元技术,对洞室群的开挖支护动态过程进行了模拟计算。通过三维非线性有限元计算分析得到:洞室群动态开挖过程中围岩应力变形的分布规律,围岩塑性区的发展规律,锚杆受力变化情况。计算结果表明:整个开挖过程中,洞周围岩位移变化规律正常,量值较小,塑性区主要分布在洞室周边,围岩稳定性较好;但在洞室交叉口处围岩的变形较大,出现较大范围的塑性区,在此基础上提出了支护措施优化方案,并对优化方案的效果进行了评价。     

Evaluation of freshwater mussel relocation as a conservation and management strategy

The relocation of unionacean mussels is commonly used as a conservation and management tool in large rivers and streams. Relocation has been used to recolonize areas where mussel populations have been eliminated by prior pollution events, to remove mussels from construction zones and to re-establish populations of endangered species. More recently, relocation has been used to protect native freshwater mussels from colonization by the exotic zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha. We conducted a literature review of mussel relocations and evaluated their relative success as a conservation and management strategy. We found that 43% of all relocations were conducted because of construction projects that were forced to comply with the Endangered Species Act 1973 and that only 16% were monitored for five or more consecutive years. Most (43%) relocation projects were conducted from July to September, presumably a period when reproductive stress is relatively low for most species and the metabolic rate is sufficient for reburrowing in the substrate. The mortality of relocated mussels was unreported in 27% of projects; reported mortality varied widely among projects and species and was difficult to assess. The mean mortality of relocated mussels was 49% based on an average recovery rate of 43%. There is little guidance on the methods for relocation or for monitoring the subsequent long-term status of relocated mussels. Based on this evaluation, research is needed to develop criteria for selecting a suitable relocation site and to establish appropriate methods and guidelines for conducting relocation projects.     

基于模型试验的河床砂砾石层基本特性研究

为了经济可靠地确定深厚覆盖层的基本特性参数,以大渡河双江口水电站坝基河床砂砾石层基本特性研究为工程背景,进行大尺寸模型试验,研究河床砂砾石层的旁压模量和动探击数随密度、级配以及上覆压力的变化规律。根据室内模型试验结果,结合现场旁压试验及钻孔试验成果,推断出坝址区河床砂砾石相关层位的密度,并依此进行砂砾石室内力学试验,获得设计所需力学参数。研究成果可为深厚覆盖层基本特性测试提供新的方法。     

Serial discontinuities in a Rocky mountain river. I. Distribution and abundance of plecoptera

Samples were taken year-round at eleven sites along the altitudinal profile (2900-1400 m a.s.l.) of the Gunnison River, a 329 km tributary of the Colorado River, to document the distribution of the Plecoptera and to evaluate responses to hypolimnial-release dams in the headwaters and middle reaches. Twenty-two species were present, with the greatest species richness occurring in an unregulated segment upstream of the middle reach dams; average nymphal biomass over the study period (175 organisms, 395 mg dry mass m^?2) was also greatest in this segment. Only four species (58 organisms, 48 mg m^?2) were present in the tailwaters of the headwater dam and values were greatly reduced (nine species; 35 organisms, 180 mg m^?2) below the middle reach dams. The stonefly community recovered ca. 80 km downstream from the last dam (15 species; 244 organisms, 250 mg m^?2), apparently in response to natural resetting of environmental conditions corresponding to those above the middle reach dams. At the most downstream site (11) only four species (four organisms, 16 mg m^?2) were present. The observed distributional pattern is a classic serial discontinuity in response to hypolimnial stream regulation in a temperate latitude river.     

基于BP神经网络-马尔科夫链模型的隧道围岩位移预测

在隧道工程施工中,围岩位移预测起着很重要的作用。将BP神经网络-马尔科夫链模型引入到隧道围岩位移预测中来,通过对训练样本的学习,利用BP神经网络实现了对位移时间序列的滚动预测,同时得到了实测值与预测值的相对误差;在此基础上利用马尔科夫链对相对误差进行修正,有效地提高了预测结果的精度。并将该模型应用于某公路隧道拱顶下沉位移时序预测中,结果表明该模型具有精度高、科学可靠的特点,为隧道围岩变形的预测提供了新的途径。     

Short communication. Pipelines as a refuge for freshwater snails

In the lower River Murray, Australia, populations of gastropods have declined markedly over the past 40 years. Of the native fauna of about 18 species, only the ancylid Ferrissia petterdi remains common (but in patches), and another five species feature in sporadic local resurgences. Until recently the viviparid Notopala was thought to be extinct. The introduced physid Physa acuta is widespread, but in low numbers. The decline probably is associated with flow regulation, high turbidity and the introduction of common carp. Snail populations have persisted, however, in irrigation pipelines fed from the river, where they periodically cause blockages. This paper reports the discovery of the only known populaion of Notopala hanleyi in a pipeline where the inner wall accumulates microbial and other organic matter, providing high quality food for snails. In the Murray before regulation most of the periphytic biomass was probably microbial, as fluctuating water levels would have maintained littoral communities in a highly productive, early state of succession his postulated that, by stabilizing seasonal water levels, regulation has promoted the production of filamentous green algae, an inferior food source, and so displaced snail populations from the open aquatic environment.     

浙江省水域调查录入系统的设计和应用

浙江省水域调查录入系统将调查数据与电子地图相整合,对分类水域数据进行统计计算,并对输入数据进行合理性和完整性检查,得到调查范围内现有水域的详细数据,实现了水域调查数据输入、计算、统计和查询的数字化管理,提高了工作效率和工作质量,为各地下阶段水域保护规划编制和水域管理工作提供了数据支持。对该系统的设计原则、功能和技术设计等作了介绍。     

基于CT-连续加荷水泥乳化沥青混凝土细观损伤规律研究

利用CT技术对水泥乳化沥青混凝土的细观损伤过程进行实时扫描观测,获得了混凝土试件在连续加荷下的CT图像。通过采用直观分析法、CT数分析法、CT数与损伤变量关系3种方法分析表明,水泥乳化沥青混凝土的破坏过程可分为压密、扩容、裂纹扩展、破坏4个阶段,同时混凝土在受压过程中具有韧性,在极限荷载之前各断面处于压密和微扩容的强化阶段,极限荷载之后混凝土从损伤到破坏发展比较平稳。     

Automated system for removal and pneumatic transport of fly ash from electric precipitator hoppers

A system for removal and pneumatic transport of fly ash is examined, in which air pulses act on batches (pistons) of ash formed in a duct. Studies are made of the effect of several physical parameters on the force required to displace a piston of ash and these serve as a basis for choosing a system for removal and pneumatic transport of ash simultaneously from several hoppers of an electric precipitator. This makes it possible to separate the ash particles according to size without introducing additional components. Formulas are given for calculating the structural and dynamic parameters of this system and measurements of indirect dynamic parameters are used to calculate the input-output characteristics of the system. In order to optimize the system, configurations for summing several ducts into a single transport duct for pneumatic ash transport are proposed. Some variants of dry ash utilization and the advantages of producing of size-separated particles are considered. __________ Translated from élektricheskie Stantsii, No. 2, pp. 26–30 (2008).     

The flood pulse advantage and the restoration of river-floodplain systems

The ‘flood pulse advantage’ is the amount by which fish yield per unit mean water area is increased by a natural, predictable flood pulse. Evidence for this increase is presented from tropical and temperate fisheries. It is argued that increasing multispecies fish yield by restoring the natural hydrological regime is consistent with increasing production of other trophic levels and with restoration from ecological and aesthetic viewpoints. When applied to a river-floodplain system, this restoration would provide a large, self-sustaining potential for recreation, commercial exploitation, and flood control. An interim ‘natural flood pulse’ restoration approach is proposed for systems modified for navigation. This approach approximates the natural hydrological regime in a river reach and is intended as a first step in the long process of restoring the watershed.