Au-Ag-Si新型中温共晶钎料的研究

根据合金相图的基本原理,分析了Au-Ag-Si系相图,研制出熔化温度在400℃～500℃的共晶钎料合金.通过钎料合金与Ni板的润湿性测试和润湿后界面的微观组织分析.结果表明:Au-Ag-Si系钎料对于纯Ni具有良好的漫流性和润湿性,在450℃～500℃范围内,可以对Ni板进行钎焊.     

Au-Ag-Si钎料薄带加工工艺的研究

根据Au-Ag-Si系三元相图制定了熔化温度在450～500℃的共晶钎料合金，针对该共晶合金的难加工性，对其加工工艺进行厂研究。结果表明：采用二次熔炼铜模浇铸的铸锭方式可以获得均匀、细小的共晶组织：组织组成为α初晶 (α β)共晶的亚共晶合金比α β的共晶合金更有利于加工；采用先包覆Al热轧再进行冷轧结合中间退火的工艺可以制得厚度为0．1mm表面质量较好的钎料薄带。     

电真空器件用金银锗钎料研制

研究了Au-Ag-Ge系列合金的熔化特性、加工性能以及钎焊性能。结果表明,在Au-12Ge合金中加入Ag元素,可以提高合金的熔化温度,但是仍不能满足使用要求。Au-52Ag-6Ge合金熔化温度为566～586℃,采用冷轧制+真空退火工艺可将合金加工制备为0. 10 mm厚的带材,清洁性、溅散性和铺展性能良好,可以与AgCu28共晶钎料、Ag Cu In钎料、AgCuInSn钎料形成四级梯度钎料,满足真空电子器件封接需求。     

Cu-Ag-Si-Ga系低蒸气压钎料合金研究

研究了Cu-Ag-Si-Ga系钎料合金的熔化特性、加工性能和在Cu、Ni和不锈钢母材上的铺展性、钎焊接头强度以及Ga对钎料合金微观组织的影响.推荐一种典型的钎料,其成分为40Ag-2Si-2Ga-余量Cu(质量分数%),熔化温度为786.1～823.0℃,在500℃的条件下的蒸气压低于5.51×10~(-8)Pa,该钎料适合用于850～870℃电真空器件分级钎焊.     

AgCuGa钎料的组织和性能

开发了一种银含量≤50%的新型Ag-Cu-Ga合金钎料,研究了Ag-Cu-Ga合金钎料的熔化特性、钎焊性能及接头的显微组织。结果表明,当Ag-Cu-Ga合金中Ga元素含量为5%时,其熔化温度为771～786 ℃,熔点适中,固液相温差较小。Ag-55Cu-5Ga合金铸态组织主要由富Cu相、富Ag相及Ag-Cu-Ga共晶相组成,这些塑性相为其提供了良好的加工性能。制备的0.1 mm带材清洁性、溅散性良好,在无氧铜、镍片上的铺展性能良好,在不锈钢上钎料有明显的收缩现象。搭接接头拉伸后在母材侧断裂,接头具有较高的强度。通过对接头界面组织分析,发现接头中形成了扩散层和大量的铜基固溶体及少量的细砂型共晶组织,扩散层及铜基固溶体从一定程度上提高了钎焊接头的强度。综合分析,Ag-55Cu-5Ga钎料是一种有望替代Ag-28Cu共晶钎料,满足真空电子器件封接需求。     

Au-20.1Ag-2.5Si-2.5Ge新型中温钎料的组织与性能

选择成分（质量分数，％）为Au-20．1Ag-2．5Si-2．5Ge的中温钎料合金，采用中频感应真空熔炼法制备钎料合金铸锭，分别利用DTA、SEM对钎料合金的熔点及显微组织进行分析，并初步研究钎料与Ni的润湿性。结果表明，钎料合金的熔化温度区间为451．36-506．49℃；钎料合金形成了α＋β共晶组织，由于Si、Ge同时加入，共晶组织变质为细小分散的共晶体；钎料合金具备优良的可加工性以及与Ni具有良好的润湿性，且在焊接界面钎料合金已与Ni合金化形成金属间化合物。     

TiNi形状记忆合金与不锈钢激光钎焊AgCuZnSn钎料的研制

成功研制一种适合于TiNi形状记忆合金与不锈钢异质材料钎焊，并可安全应用于医学领域的新型AgCuZnSn银基钎料。对AgCuZnSn系钎料的熔化特性、微观组织、钎焊工艺特性及接头力学性能进行了研究。结果表明，所研制AgCuZnSn银基钎料成分为Ag51～53Cu21～23Zn17～19Sn7～9，固相线温度为590．0℃，液相线温度为635．3℃。该钎料主要由α—Ag固溶体、α-(Cu，Zn)固溶体和Ag-Cu共晶相组成，并含有少量Cu41Sn11、AgZn、Ag3Sn、Cu5Zn8等化合物。采用该钎料钎焊TiNi形状记忆合金与不锈钢，接头强度达320～360MPa，同时TiNi形状记忆合金性能损失较小。新型钎料熔点低、钎焊冶金特性优异，钎焊接头界面冶金结合平直、致密。     

Sn含量对Ag-Cu-In合金钎料加工及钎焊性能的影响

研究了Sn元素对Ag-Cu-In合金钎料加工及钎焊性能的影响。结果表明:Ag-Cu-In合金钎料中加入一定量的可以有效降低钎料的熔化温度,当8%Sn元素加入Ag-Cu-In合金中,其熔化温度降低为575~620℃,可以加工为0.10 mm厚的带材,钎焊性能良好;随着合金中Sn元素含量的增加,合金钎料中的脆性相增多、变大,导致合金的加工性能变差,不能成型。     

新型Ag-Cu-Ge钎料的性能及钎焊界面特征

根据Ag-Cu-Ge系三元相图,制备了Ag-Cu33.4-Ge28.1,Ag-Cu43-Ge20(质量分数,%)两种中温合金钎料。利用金相显微镜、DTA对钎料组织及其熔点进行分析,并对其润湿性进行测试。结果表明:两种合金钎料的熔化温区为539~622℃,Ag-Cu33.4-Ge28.1合金对于纯Ni和Cu具有良好的漫流性和润湿性。利用扫描电镜和能谱仪对钎焊后的界面微观组织进行观察与分析,发现在界面处形成了固溶体和金属间化合物。     

Al-Si-Cu-Ni低熔点钎料中合金元素对其性能的影响

Al-Si钎料因具有良好的润湿性、流动性、钎焊接头的抗腐蚀性和可加工性，应用非常广泛，但其熔点较高，很难用于低熔点的铝合金的钎焊。以Cu、Ni作为主要的添加元素，通过正交试验的方法研究了合金元素Cu、Ni、Si对铝基钎料熔点的影响。结果表明，影响的主次顺序为Cu、Si、Ni，同时得出：随着合金元素Cu、Si的含量的增大，其熔点大大降低；合金元素Ni的含量对钎料熔点的影响较小。钎料Al-20Cu-3.3Ni-10Si的熔点最低，达到535.8℃，同时该钎料的铺展性能极佳。     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Growth Kinetics of Single Inclusion Particle in Molten Melts

On the basis of the single-particle framework, a new theory on inclusion growth in metallurgical melts is developed to study the kinetics of inclusion growth on account of reaction and collision. The studies show that the early growth of inclusion depends on reaction growth and Brawnian motion collision, and where the former is decisive, the late growth depends on turbulence collision and Stokes＇ collision, and where the former is dominant; collision growth is very quick during the smelting process, lessened in the refining process, but nearly negligible in the continuous casting process.     

Theoretical Analysis for the Motion and Temperature of Melt Droplets in Spray Degassing Process

The motion of melt droplets in spray degassing process was analyzed theoretically. The height of the treatment tank in spray degassing process could be determined by the results of theoretical calculation of motion of melt droplets. To know whether the melt droplets would solidify during spraying process, the balance temperature of melt droplets was also theoretically analyzed. Then proof experiments for theoretical results about temperature of melt droplets were carried. In comparison, the experimental results were nearly similar to the calculation results.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.