锰卟啉-醋酸钴复合催化体系对甲苯氧气氧化的催化作用

研究了在无溶剂体系中,对氯四苯基锰卟啉［T(p-Cl)PPMnCl］和醋酸钴［Co(OAc)2］复合催化下,空气氧化甲苯制苯甲醛、苯甲醇和苯甲酸的新工艺。实验发现,T(p-Cl)PPMnCl/Co(OAc)2为复合催化剂时比单独使用T(p-Cl)PPMnCl 或Co(OAc)2时有更高的甲苯转化率和苯甲醛、苯甲醇、苯甲酸的收率,表现出明显的复合催化作用。研究表明,反应温度、反应时间和催化剂比例对T(p-Cl)PPMnCl/Co(OAc)2的复合催化效果有影响。     

Co/Mn/Zr复合催化剂催化甲苯液相氧化

以乙酰丙酮锆或乙酸锆与乙酸钴和乙酸锰制备乙酸钴/乙酸锰/乙酰丙酮锆或乙酸锆(Co/Mn/Zr)三元复合催化剂。比较乙酸钴(Co)、乙酸钴/乙酸锰(Co/Mn)和Co/Mn/Zr催化剂体系对甲苯液相氧化反应的催化性能。结果表明:在催化剂中添加Zr可以降低反应温度,提高甲苯转化率和苯甲酸选择性。与乙酸锆相比,采用乙酰丙酮锆制得的Co/Mn/Zr具有较好的催化活性。在Co,Mn和Zr物质的量之比为5 5 1,Co与甲苯的物质的量之比为1 10 000,溶剂乙酸与甲苯质量比为1 2.3,反应温度160℃和反应压力1.4 MPa的条件下反应3 h后,苯甲酸选择性和甲苯转化率分别为80.2%和15.4%。     

Electrochemical assistance of catalytic oxidation in liquid phase using molecular oxygen: oxidation of toluenes

Liquid phase autoxidation of toluene and p-methoxytoluene in acetic acid has been studied under electrolysis in the presence of cobalt acetate. The latency period disappears when Co³⁺ is electrogenerated in the medium either before or during autoxidation experiments. The kinetics of the oxidation process is accelerated under electrolysis condition. The effects of temperature, current intensity, Co concentration, oxygen flow rate are investigated. The transition between the kinetic and the mass transfer limitations is determined in the case of p-methoxytoluene.     

甲苯液相空气氧化过程中[Co2+]/[Co3+]的测定及其对反应的影响

Liquid phase oxidation of toluene is an environmental benign route for the production of benzoic acid. In a mm bubble column reactor, the commercial process of toluene liquid phase oxidation was conducted with Co(CH3COO)2&#8226;4H2O as catalyst. The Co2+ concentration [Co2+] was determined by extraction spectrophotometry and hereby the Co3+ concentration [Co3+] was obtained by mass balance. The results showed that [Co3+] reached the maximum at about 25-30 min. [Co3+] increased with increasing Co catalyst amount at total Co concentration <150 mg&#8226;L－1 of toluene. The conversion of toluene, yield and selectivity of benzoic acid increased with the increasing [Co3+/Co2+]max. A high [Co3+] and a high [Co3+]/[Co2+] ratio are beneficial to the reaction.     

异丙苯液相催化氧化

在500 mL钛制间歇釜中,以异丙苯为原料,醋酸为溶剂,醋酸钴、醋酸锰和溴化氢为催化剂,空气为氧化剂,考察催化剂浓度和反应温度对产物组成和反应速率的影响,并分析异丙基氧化产物结构.结果表明,比较适宜的反应条件为180℃,催化剂Co和Mn与反应物异丙苯物质的量之比为0.05,该条件下,异丙苯可以完全转化,苯甲酸的收率为95%.异丙苯氧化产物主要为α-甲基苯乙烯、苯乙酮、α-甲基苯乙烯的聚过氧化物以及苯甲酸;整个氧化过程中,α-甲基苯乙烯与氧气作用形成聚过氧化物的反应是影响苯甲酸收率的关键因素;提高反应温度和增加催化剂浓度都能改变口-甲基苯乙烯的聚过氧化物的稳定性,使其开裂并最终转化为苯甲酸.     

Catalytic Liquid Phase Oxidation of Toluene to Benzoic Acid

The production of benzoic acid from toluene in the liquid phase with pure oxygen was studied. Investigations have been carried out with a view to determining the most suitable reaction conditions with respect to operating variables including oxygen flow rate, reaction temperature, batch time and catalyst loading. In a series of batch experiments carried out at 4 atm, the optimum values of mole ratio of oxygen to toluene, temperature, reaction time, and catalyst loading were found to be 2, 157 °C, 2 h and 0.57 g/L, respectively. In addition, a kinetic study was carried out by taking into consideration the optimum reaction conditions. The model dependent on the formation of benzyl radical was found to be feasible for describing the catalytic oxidation of toluene to benzoic acid in the liquid phase. The activation energy was determined as 40 kJ/mol.     

甲苯液相氧化过程中结垢的原因及其影响因素

甲苯液相空气氧化是环境友好的苯甲酸生产工艺.在SNIA苯甲酸生产过程中,CoC2O4&#8226;2H2O的生成导致甲苯氧化过程产生严重的结垢现象,严重影响生产的正常运行.通过液相色谱对反应中间产物进行检测,发现有痕量的对苯二酚、马来酸、草酸生成.对生成CoC₂O₄&#8226;2H₂O的可能途径进行了分析和研究,结果表明,通过苯、甲苯及其衍生物氧化生成草酸是导致结垢的主要原因.通过改变反应物组成及操作条件,对反应温度、操作压力、空速、催化剂用量、苯含量以及含水量等因素对结垢的影响进行了研究.结果表明,当生成苯甲酸的目标反应受到抑制时,结垢明显加剧.随着反应体系中的苯含量或含水量的增大,其结垢加剧.当催化剂浓度低于100 μg&#8226;g^-1时,随Co含量的增大,其结垢减轻.当反应体系中无苯甲酸时,反应受到抑制,结垢严重.当空气鼓气量低于4.0×10-3 m³&#8226;min^-1时,随空气鼓气量的增大,其结垢减轻.操作压力对结垢的影响较小.反应温度低于155 ℃时,反应受到抑制同时结垢加剧.     

Direct Oxidation of Toluene to Benzoic Acid with Molecular Oxygen over Manganese Oxides

Manganese oxides, which are easily prepared, simple to use and capable of being recycled, have been employed as catalyst in the selective oxidation of toluene to benzoic acid for the first time. Molecular oxygen was used as oxidant under additive- and solvent-free conditions. As a result, 39% conversion of toluene and 93% selectivity of benzoic acid were achieved.     

乙酰丙酮钴(Ⅱ)对甲苯液相空气氧化反应的催化性能

以乙酰丙酮钴(Co(acac)₂)为催化剂,在1 L高压搅拌反应釜中研究了其对甲苯液相空气氧化反应的催化性能和反应产物分布,考察了催化剂用量对甲苯转化率和苯甲酸收率的影响,并考察了不同温度下不同催化剂用量时的催化剂寿命。结果表明,Co(acac)₂催化甲苯液相氧化是平行连串的复杂反应,Co(acac)₂的催化活性存在"催化-抑制转换"现象,适宜的催化剂用量为0.0044%(质量分数);催化剂的寿命随反应温度变化存在一个最大值,165℃时催化剂寿命最长,反应温度较低(<165℃)时催化剂更容易失活;在165℃、Co(acac)₂用量为0.0044%时,反应4 h,甲苯转化率为19%,苯甲酸收率为80%;与醋酸钴、环烷酸钴等钴盐催化剂相比,Co(acac)₂催化剂具有用量少、催化活性时间长的优点,可有效地减缓钴盐结垢现象,Co(acac)₂催化剂对甲苯液相空气氧化反应具有良好的催化性能。     

超重力强化O3/H2O2氧化甲苯合成苯甲酸的研究

提出一种超重力环境下甲苯合成苯甲酸的新方法,对比不同臭氧化工艺合成苯甲酸的收率,研究了反应溶剂、臭氧气相浓度、过氧化氢与甲苯的摩尔比、超重力因子、液体流量对苯甲酸收率的影响规律。研究结果表明：RPB (rotating packed bed)-O₃/H₂O₂较其他工艺具有更高的反应性能;得到优化的工艺条件是反应溶剂为乙腈、臭氧气相浓度为80 mg·L^-1、过氧化氢与甲苯的摩尔比为0.15、超重力因子为40、液体流量为120 L·h^-1,在优化的工艺条件下得到苯甲酸收率为45%。通过电子顺磁共振仪 (EPR)对反应过程中产生的活性自由基进行表征,结果表明,O₃/H₂O₂体系中存在·OH。另外,用气相色谱-质谱联用仪(GC-MS)分析了中间产物,结果表明反应过程中生成的中间产物包括苯甲醇和苯甲醛。基于ERP实验和GC-MS表征结果,探索臭氧/双氧水氧化甲苯合成苯甲酸可能的反应历程。     

Liquid Phase Oxidation of Toluene to Benzaldehyde with Molecular Oxygen over Copper‐Based Heterogeneous Catalysts

We conducted the liquid phase oxidation of toluene with molecular oxygen over heterogeneous catalysts of copper‐based binary metal oxides. Among the copper‐based binary metal oxides, iron‐copper binary oxide (Fe/Cu=0.3 atomic ratio) was found to be the best catalyst. In the presence of pyridine, overoxidation of benzaldehyde to benzoic acid was partially prevented. As a result, highly selective formation of benzaldehyde (86% selectivity) was observed after 2 h of reaction (7% conversion of toluene) at 463 K and 1.0 MPa of oxygen atmosphere in the presence of pyridine. These catalytic performances were similar or better than those in the gas phase oxidation of toluene at reaction temperatures higher than 473 K and under 0.5–2.5 MPa. It was suggested from competitive adsorption measurements that pyridine could reduce the adsorption of benzaldehyde. At a long reaction time of 4 h, the conversion increased to 25% and benzoic acid became the predominant reaction product (72% selectivity) in the absence of pyridine. The yield of benzoic acid was higher than that in the Snia‐Viscosa process, which requires corrosive halogen ions and acidic solvents in the homogeneous reaction media. The catalyst was easily recycled by simple filtration and reusable after washing and drying.     

甲苯液相氧化动力学研究

建立了一套甲苯液相空气氧化的连续反应装置,在工业条件下进行了动力学实验研究。在排除氧气、催化剂质量分数等影响因素下,建立了反应动力学模型,并回归得到模型参数。用该模型计算得到的甲苯转化率和实验结果对比,最大误差4.72%,平均误差2.36%。研究结果表明,甲苯转化率受温度和停留时间的影响较大,尤以温度影响更为明显;主产物选择性受温度和停留时间的影响较小,但停留时间延长,会加剧苯甲醛向苯甲酸转化。     

Electrochemical characteristics of the Mn(iii)/Mn(ii) and Co(iii)/Co(ii) systems at platinum in anhydrous acetic acid solutions

The electrochemical oxidation of Mn(ii) and Co(ii) and reduction of Mn(iii) and Co(iii) at Pt in glacial acetic acid has been investigated by the rotating disc electrode technique. The diffusion coefficients of Mn(iii), Mn(ii), Co(iii) and Co(ii) ions, formal potentials and kinetic parameters of the Mn(iii)/Mn(ii) and Co(iii)/Co(ii) electrode reactions were evaluated. It was shown that the anodic oxidation of Mn(ii) and Co(ii) occurs at the surface blocked by a layer of adsorbed acetate ions. In addition, some experiments with an electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance (EQCM) were performed to explain the acetate adsorption on the surface of the polycrystalline platinum electrode.     

PPFVA润滑油降凝剂的合成

以富马酸、醋酸乙烯酯、混合醇为原料,采用"先聚-后酯"的方法,合成新型的润滑油降凝剂:富马酸混合醇酯-醋酸乙烯酯共聚物(PPFVA)。通过单因素及正交实验,确定了最佳聚合条件:n(富马酸)∶n(醋酸乙烯酯)=1∶0.75、w(过氧化苯甲酰)=1.5%、聚合时间3.5 h、聚合温度70℃、w(甲苯)=55%;酯化最优条件:n(富马酸-醋酸乙烯酯共聚物)∶n(混合醇)=1∶2、w(甲苯)=50%、w(对甲苯磺酸)=1.5%。IR结果表明,所制备产物的官能团结构与设计的目标产物相符。将最佳条件下合成的产物,加入到150SN润滑油中,凝点最多可降低17℃。     

碘催化酯交换合成酯的研究

以分子碘或酸作为催化剂,在相同的条件下采用不同的酯交换剂与正丙醇反应,实验表明,碘能有效催化酯交换反应,酯的反应顺序为苯甲酸甲酯、乙酸乙酯、乙酸乙烯酯,并对实验结果进行了初步分析。     

Electrochemical characteristics of the Mn(iii)/Mn(ii) and Co(iii)/Co(ii) systems at platinum in anhydrous acetic acid solutions

The electrochemical oxidation of Mn(ii) and Co(ii) and reduction of Mn(iii) and Co(iii) at Pt in glacial acetic acid has been investigated by the rotating disc electrode technique. The diffusion coefficients of Mn(iii), Mn(ii), Co(iii) and Co(ii) ions, formal potentials and kinetic parameters of the Mn(iii)/Mn(ii) and Co(iii)/Co(ii) electrode reactions were evaluated. It was shown that the anodic oxidation of Mn(ii) and Co(ii) occurs at the surface blocked by a layer of adsorbed acetate ions. In addition, some experiments with an electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance (EQCM) were performed to explain the acetate adsorption on the surface of the polycrystalline platinum electrode.     

固体超强酸催化合成乙酸橙花酯和乙酸香叶酯

研究了固体超强酸催化合成乙酸橙花酯和乙酸香叶酯 ,寻找能替代浓硫酸的新型高效催化剂 ,并对不同催化剂、催化剂用量、反应时间、不同带水剂及带水剂用量等因素对体系的影响作了较详细的探讨。结果发现 ,催化剂的催化效果由强到弱的顺序为 :Fe2 O3 SO4 2 ->ZrO2 SO4 2 ->磷钨酸 >磷钼酸 >对甲苯磺酸 >浓硫酸 ;带水剂能明显提高酯化收率 ,在苯、甲苯、二甲苯 3种带水剂中 ,以甲苯最好 ;优化的反应条件为 :乙酸 7.8g (0 .130 0mol) ,橙花醇香叶醇 15 4g(0 10 0 0mol) ,催化剂Fe2 O3 SO4 2 -0 5g (0 0 0 19mol) ,带水剂甲苯 2 0mL ,反应温度为回流温度 ,反应时间 4h ,酯化收率可达 95 44 %     

甲苯液相催化氧化过程模拟与优化

Liquid-phase oxidation of toluene with air has become the main technology for producing benzoic acid in a reactor at present. Based on the kinetic model of the toluene oxidation process obtained from laboratory and mass balance of key component, a novel model is established to simulate the industrial toluene oxidation process, in which the effects of benzaldehyde and benzyl alcohol are considered and the kinetic parameters are revised by industrial data. The simulation results show that the error of benzoic acid yield is within 3.5%. Based on the simulation model, to maximize the benzoic acid yield, an optimization model is proposed to optimize the operating parameters, including toluene feed-in mass flux and temperature. The optimization result indicates that on the allowable operating conditions the maximum benzoic acid yield obtained with the reaction temperature at 167.2 C an the mass flux at 104.1 t·h^- 1 is greater than the current one, which can be used to guide industrial reactor s operation.     

甲苯液相氧化反应过程的模拟

甲苯液相空气氧化是环境友好的苯甲酸和苯甲醛生产工艺。根据在模拟工业条件下测定的动力学数据和观察到的实验现象,提出了该反应的反应机理和反应网络,建立了相应的动力学模型。根据该动力学方程,对现有工业生产过程进行了模拟,发现现有工业过程处于严重供氧不足的情况。提出了3种强化方案并分别对其进行了模拟计算和比较。模拟结果表明,通过增大空气供给量和采用富氧空气氧化均可有效强化现有工业生产过程。采用富氧空气氧化,其甲苯转化率可提高到22.24%,甲苯反应量可增大57%。采用增大空气量的方法,可提高甲苯反应量31%,甲苯转化率可提高到18.61%。若同时增大甲苯和空气负荷,甲苯反应量可提高71%。     

乙酸异戊酯合成研究进展

综述了采用对甲苯磺酸、氨基磺酸、对氨基苯磺酸、Hβ型沸石、FeY、8种无机盐、铌酸、杂多酸和阳离子交换树脂等催化剂合成乙酸异戊酯的方法。阐述了在上述催化剂作用下的反应条件、催化剂的性质以及合成工艺的特点 ,列举了各催化剂在产率、反应时间、后处理工艺、是否可重复使用、带水剂以及是否易于保存和使用等方面所具有的优势 ,指出不加带水剂、前馏分的回用问题和高效催化剂的固载化是今后的研究方向