免涂装耐候钢腐蚀后的疲劳试验研究

裸露使用的耐候钢,表面带锈的同时还可能承受疲劳荷载。为了获得腐蚀后耐候钢的疲劳性能,对经过24 d乙酸盐雾循环试验后的Q355NHD耐候钢及其焊接试件的疲劳性能进行了试验研究,并对涂装后的Q345qD普通钢进行了疲劳试验。试验结果显示:腐蚀后的耐候钢疲劳裂纹均起始于腐蚀较严重的试件上表面;相同疲劳寿命下,腐蚀后的耐候钢疲劳强度介于焊接试件与普通钢之间。通过试验数据确定试件的应力-疲劳寿命(S-N)曲线,并利用极大似然估计等方法计算存活率-应力-疲劳寿命(P-S-N)曲线以及置信水平-存活率-应力-疲劳寿命(γ-P-S-N)曲线。计算结果表明,随着存活率以及置信区间的提高,估算的疲劳寿命偏于保守。     

钢结构桥梁焊接节点腐蚀疲劳研究进展

为深化对钢桥焊接节点腐蚀疲劳问题的认识,通过对既有研究成果进行梳理,从钢桥腐蚀原因及特点、焊接节点腐蚀疲劳性能影响因素及焊接节点腐蚀预测模型等方面进行了总结,探讨了钢桥焊接节点腐蚀疲劳研究的现状和发展趋势。针对环境腐蚀下疲劳裂纹萌生机理,重点讨论了点蚀疲劳损伤过程。基于3种典型的腐蚀疲劳模型(叠加模型,竞争模型和乘积模型),对腐蚀疲劳裂纹扩展机理进行了综述。对基于S-N曲线、Miner线性累积损伤理论和基于断裂力学裂纹扩展速率公式的两种主要的腐蚀疲劳寿命预测方法进行了归纳。研究结果表明:钢桥焊接节点腐蚀疲劳体现为环境介质和循环应力双重驱动下的裂纹扩展问题,其疲劳破坏模式、疲劳损伤机理、抗疲劳设计等问题更为复杂;钢桥腐蚀疲劳损伤驱动机理、腐蚀疲劳寿命评估方法及适用的疲劳性能强化技术,是钢桥的全寿命周期设计理论的重要基础和钢桥可持续发展亟待解决的重要研究课题。     

国产海上平台钢 E36-Z35焊接接头腐蚀疲劳的试验研究

本文对国产海上平台钢 E36 Z35板状焊接接头试件进行了常幅疲劳弯曲试验,结果表明在海水中自由腐蚀的平均疲劳寿命,约为空气中的1/2～1/3;只要寿命不很短,在阴极保护下,其寿命将大于海水中的自由腐蚀疲劳寿命,而且在低应力长寿命范围内,可以达到甚至超过空气中的疲劳寿命。试验表明,板厚增加,其疲劳强度将明显降低,根据试验数据,本文提出了厚度对疲劳强度和寿命的修正公式。试验得到的初步结论是,国产海上平台钢 E36-Z35,按我国焊接工艺规程制作的焊接接头,要比国外平台钢BS 4360、Grade 50D 的焊接接头好。此外,本文还讨论了应力比和加载频率对接头疲劳寿命的影响。     

沪通铁路长江大桥主梁新细节疲劳性能试验研究

为了研究沪通铁路长江大桥主梁桁架斜腹杆过焊孔焊接细节的疲劳性能,根据相似理论设计了疲劳试验 模型,并完成了3组（9个）试件的疲劳试验研究。试验中测得了各个试件在不同应力幅值下的疲劳寿命与应变状 态;并建立试件的有限元模型对比分析试验结果。试验结果表明：疲劳试验中每个试件的裂纹扩展与破坏模式具 有一致性;有限元计算结果与试验测试结果吻合良好,且误差均在15%以内;通过试验数据拟合得到过焊孔构造 细节的S-N曲线,其斜率为1/2.66,与Eurocode3的71焊接细节S-N曲线存在一定的差异;失效概率为2.3%的200万 次对应的该焊接细节疲劳应力幅值为37.89MPa。     

碳纤维增强复合材料板补强平面外纵向焊接接头疲劳性能试验研究

以碳纤维增强复合材料(CFRP)补强的平面外纵向焊接接头为研究对象,对其进行疲劳性能试验。为了模拟初始损伤,在节点板两端焊趾处引入人工预制初始缺陷。分析了应力幅、单/双面粘贴和CFRP板弹性模量对试件疲劳性能的影响。试验过程中采用沙滩纹加载方式,得到了疲劳裂纹随着荷载循环次数的扩展情况。试验结果表明:试件沿着其中一条预制裂纹发生断裂破坏,另一条预制裂纹也有不同程度的扩展;普通弹性模量CFRP板补强试件发生黏结层内破坏,高弹性模量CFRP板补强试件发生CFRP板断裂破坏;采用粘贴CFRP补强方法能够有效提高焊接接头疲劳性能,其疲劳寿命延长至未补强的1.28~8.17倍;裂纹扩展速率明显减慢,在CFRP材料覆盖区域尤为明显。采用双面粘贴和高弹性模量CFRP材料可以取得更好的补强效果,试件疲劳寿命延长程度分别约为单面粘贴和普通弹性模量CFRP板补强试件的2倍和3倍。     

HRB400钢筋材料疲劳裂纹扩展性能试验研究

以直径40mm的HRB400钢筋为研究对象,采用紧凑拉伸试件,裂纹扩展设计为沿钢筋径向和轴向两个方向,分别开展了应力比为0.02、0.1、0.2、0.3和0.5下的疲劳裂纹扩展速率试验以及疲劳裂纹扩展门槛值的测定试验,得到了不同应力比、不同试件取向下的疲劳裂纹扩展速率参数,测得了疲劳裂纹扩展门槛值。对试件的疲劳断口进行了微观分析,对比了两种试件取向下疲劳裂纹扩展性能的异同。试验结果表明：铁素体/珠光体沿钢筋轴向呈条带状分布;疲劳裂纹扩展速率随应力比的增大而增大,疲劳裂纹扩展门槛值随应力比的增大而减小;径向疲劳裂纹扩展速率曲线在裂纹扩展的初始阶段存在一个转折点,轴向疲劳裂纹扩展性能对应力比的变化更为敏感;钢筋在径向抵抗疲劳裂纹扩展的性能优于轴向方向;径向试件的韧性断裂特征明显,主要以穿晶断裂模式进行扩展,轴向试件脆性断裂形貌显著,主要以沿晶断裂模式进行扩展。     

海浪作用下海洋钢结构疲劳裂纹扩展的计算

本文采用断裂力学方法,对海洋钢结构在海浪随机荷载作用下的疲劳寿命,提出了可供参考的估算方法。本文通过随机荷载作用下海洋用钢及其焊接试样的疲劳裂纹扩展试验,找出了疲劳裂纹扩展的基本控制参数,同时还提供了海浪随机荷载时间历程统计处理软件。     

纵向弯曲作用下UHPC加固钢桥面板焊接节点疲劳性能研究

针对正交异性钢桥面板容易发生疲劳开裂的问题,对超高性能混凝土(ultra-high performance concrete, UHPC)加固正交异性钢桥面板开展疲劳试验研究,得到了典型U肋-盖板-横隔板(RDF)焊接节点的热点应力、疲劳寿命、裂纹扩展以及刚度退化等关键性能指标。结果表明,与RDF裸板试件相比,UHPC加固试件关键区域热点应力水平显著降低,试件刚度退化速度明显减缓,试件疲劳承载力提高。     

鸟嘴式K形方管节点疲劳性能试验研究

为研究鸟嘴式K形方管节点的疲劳性能,设计制作8个节点试件开展支管面内受荷工况下的疲劳试验。首先对试件进行静力加载,通过二次外推法得到焊趾处的热点应力值和应力集中系数(SCF),探明此类节点的热点应力分布规律和敏感热点位置。在此基础上开展高周常幅疲劳荷载试验,重点研究节点的疲劳破坏模式、裂纹扩展规律、刚度退化性能以及特征疲劳寿命等。结果表明:方型鸟嘴式K形搭接节点的最大SCF位于支管搭接区,其他节点的最大SCF均位于冠部支管热点;疲劳裂纹萌生于SCF最大值位置,并在萌生后较短时间内扩展贯穿壁厚;疲劳裂纹贯穿壁厚之后的节点刚度退化明显,但累计刚度退化在10%以内;IIW和API规范的S-N曲线可用于常规壁厚的鸟嘴式节点疲劳寿命预测,其对薄壁鸟嘴式节点的适用性还有待验证。     

钢箱梁竖向加劲肋焊接接头疲劳裂纹碳纤维补强修复试验研究

针对钢箱梁顶板与竖向加劲肋焊接接头疲劳细节,选取了3个已有焊趾疲劳裂纹的局部足尺试件作为研究对象,采用CFRP补强法对其中一组试件焊趾裂纹进行修复,其他两组对比试件则在CFRP补强的基础上分别进行钻孔及裂纹焊合处理。修复结束后,采用疲劳试验机进行100 MPa等应力幅疲劳加载,并在试验结束后对试件进行切割,以获取裂纹扩展断面。对试验数据进行处理分析,分别从疲劳裂纹扩展寿命、扩展断面等角度对修复效果进行评价。结果表明:CFRP补强法可显著提高疲劳裂纹的扩展寿命;在CFRP补强的基础上进行钻孔或裂纹焊合处理可进一步降低疲劳裂纹的扩展速率;CFRP布参与工作后可明显降低试件截面的疲劳应力,但粘贴未施加预应力的CFRP布对于短裂纹则几乎没有修复效果。     

Effects of weld profile and undercut on fatigue crack propagation life of thin-walled cruciform joint

Fatigue may occur in undercarriages and support systems of trailers, haymakers, graders and swing-ploughs made up of thin-walled tubular sections with wall thicknesses less than 4 mm. Little research has been done on the fatigue of thin-walled tubular sections below 4 mm thickness. The weld profile and weld undercut may affect the fatigue crack propagation life of welded joints especially for thin-walled sections. Numerical analysis of 2-dimensional non-load carrying thin-walled cruciform joints was performed to determine the effect of weld profile and weld undercut on fatigue crack propagation life under cyclic tensile loading. The cruciform joints analysed are made up of 3 mm thick plates, joined by fillet welds. The Boundary Element Analysis System Software (BEASY) is used, which uses fracture mechanics theory to carry out crack propagation analysis. The weld profiles and weld undercuts were measured from welded connections in thin-walled fillet welded sections. The measured weld profiles and undercut were used in the analysis. The results are compared with those of a similar study to determine the comparative reduction in fatigue crack propagation life between thin-walled cruciform joints (T=3 mm) and thicker walled cruciform joints (T=20 mm). This paper provides an understanding of the impact which weld toe undercut has on the fatigue crack propagation life of thin-walled cruciform joints. The presence of undercuts may reduce the benefits of the thickness effect in thin-walled joints of thicknesses less than 4 mm.     

Effect of stress ratio on the enhancement of fatigue strength in high performance steel welded joints by ultrasonic impact treatment

In this study, we conducted fatigue tests under various stress ratios using cruciform welded joints to confirm the benefit of Ultrasonic Impact Treatment (UIT) for the fatigue strength of welded joints. The material used in the experiment is the JIS SBHS500 high performance steel for bridges. The fatigue life of the peened weld joint by UIT is significantly longer than that of as-welded joints, especially at a low stress ratio. We also estimated the fatigue life of these cruciform joints by crack growth analysis based on the crack opening and closure simulation using the modified strip-yielding model, accounting for the residual stress distribution created by welding or UIT. These estimation results demonstrate good agreement with experimental results obtained at various stress ratios.     

Q460D高强钢及其焊缝连接疲劳性能试验研究

在疲劳荷载作用下钢结构焊缝区易发生疲劳断裂,通过Q460D高强钢及其焊缝连接的疲劳性能试验研究,结合试验数据,拟合了Smax-N曲线预测其疲劳寿命,根据疲劳损伤理论分析了疲劳破坏程度,并通过断口形貌揭示了疲劳裂纹扩展规律。研究结果表明：Q460D母材具有较高的疲劳抗力;对接焊缝接头Smax-N的95%保证率曲线与ANSI/AISC 360-10的疲劳设计曲线吻合较好;GB 50017—2003的设计曲线能较好预估循环次数大于40万次以上十字接头的疲劳寿命。损伤指标能够较好地表征疲劳破坏过程中构件内部状态的变化,缺口系数越大,损伤发展越快。瞬断前裂纹扩展规律与损伤发展一致,随着损伤发展疲劳条带间距逐渐变大。     

Prediction of fracture behavior of beam-to-column welded joints using micromechanics damage model

Moment-resisting steel frames often fail by fracture failure of beam-to-column welded joints during a strong earthquake. This paper provides a numerical methodology based on micromechanics damage model instead of traditional fracture analytical methods to investigate the crack initiation and propagation of welded beam-to-column joints subjected to monotonic loading and ultra low cycle loading conditions. Firstly, parameters used in the micromechanics damage model for steel base metal, heat affected zone and weld metal were calibrated, respectively, against uniaxial tension test results and cycle test results of notched specimens. The evolution of void growth in the notched specimens under different loading conditions was compared. Secondly, fracture process of the welded joints subjected to tensile loading was simulated based on the micromechanics damage model. The predicted load displacement response agrees well with the other researcher's test results. Finally, the micromechanics damage model was applied numerically to investigate the ultra low cycle fatigue fracture behavior of the welded joints under constant amplitude as well as variable amplitude inelastic cyclic loading. According to the distribution and evolution of void in the welded joints obtained from finite element analysis, crack initiation and propagation were presented and the number of cycles to fracture was predicted. It is shown that the fatigue life predicted from finite element analysis based on micromechanics damage model agrees well with the other's test results.     

Q690D高强钢焊缝连接疲劳性能试验研究

文中对Q690D高强度钢材及其焊缝连接的疲劳性能进行试验研究,讨论Q690D母材、对接接头、十字接头三种连接形式的疲劳极限;拟合了S-N设计曲线,并与现行规范进行比较,对其疲劳特性及疲劳寿命给予评价。试验结果表明：Q690D母材与普通钢材相比表现出较高的疲劳抗力;GB50017设计曲线能较好评估循环次数大于30万对接接头的疲劳寿命,且具有足够安全储备;十字接头S-N设计曲线与AISC360规定的疲劳设计曲线吻合较好。采用电镜扫描分析不同阶段断口的微观形貌特征,并基于零塑性累积应变率假设得到疲劳损伤公式,讨论焊接缺陷对试件疲劳损伤的影响。断口形貌可以反映试件的疲劳损伤发展过程,损伤曲线又很好地解释了断口的形成机理。     

Effect of High Strain Rate on Low-Cycle Fatigue Behavior of Steel Welded Joints During Earthquake Loading

This study aims to investigate the effects of strain rate on the low-cycle fatigue strength of steel welded joints. Load-carrying cruciform joints with different material mismatch ratios were fabricated in order to observe the effects of material mismatching. A series of displacements that generate low-cycle fatigue damage were applied to the specimens. The experiment was conducted by fast cyclic loading and displacement control, using feedback from a displacement transducer. The feedback control algorithm was found to be critical. Thus, a non-linear feedback control algorithm, i.e., PID control, was implemented in the testing machine. An experimental setup capable of fast cyclic loading was developed. Fatigue life based on the load drop curve indicated that higher strain rates caused lower fatigue life. Failure behavior regarding the strain rate effects of steel welded joints was observed.     

Low- and high-cycle fatigue behavior of load-carrying cruciform joints with incomplete penetration and strength under-match

The fatigue strengths of load-carrying cruciform joints with incomplete penetration and a strength mismatch between the base metal and the deposit metal were studied. Low- and high-cycle fatigue tests were performed on specimens with five matching conditions and two sizes of incomplete penetration. The test results revealed that the failure life was governed by crack propagation in both the low-cycle and high-cycle fatigue regions, and the crack propagation paths differed according to the matching and loading conditions. In addition, the fatigue strengths of the joints were compared for the degree of strength matching and the size of incomplete penetration in the low- and high-cycle fatigue regions. It was found that the effect of strength matching on the fatigue strength is negligible in the high-cycle fatigue region, but it becomes large in the low-cycle fatigue region and significantly reduces the fatigue life of the specimen in the under-matched joints.     

Fatigue crack growth analysis of a square hollow section T-joint

Stress concentration sites are always found at the brace and chord intersection corners of any rectangular welded tubular joint. As a result, fatigue cracks are liable to be initiated and propagated from these corners. In this paper, the 3D fatigue crack growth under the weld toe of a square hollow section welded T-joint is simulated using boundary element method. In accordance with the 3D analyses, fatigue crack growth is predicted using a model based on the Paris’ law and stress intensity factors. Good agreement between the experimental and predicted crack growth and crack shape development is obtained. Based on this crack growth analysis, the fatigue life of a specimen is predicted and compared with the standard S-N curve for hollow section joints. It is found that the standard S-N curve is safe and slightly conservative.     

Fatigue Behavior Investigation and Stress Analysis for Rib-to-Deck Welded Joints in Orthotropic Steel Decks

The fatigue problems in orthotropic steel decks have raised widely concerns in recent years. This study focused on the root crack mechanism at rib-to-deck welded joints, based on the previous test results of sectional specimens and the matching FE analysis, the fatigue behaviors of structure detail were investigated by considering the effect of root gap shapes, weld penetrations, and plate thicknesses on crack initiation. Besides, various root crack depths were simulated in models to clarify the stress variations occurring during the propagation stage under cyclic loading. The results showed that the root gap shape and penetration rate have an impact on the root cracking direction and fatigue life at the initiation stage, but seem not directly related to the crack propagation mechanism; the higher penetration rate is advantageous for the prevention of root crack initiation. However, although the stiffness increased with the increase in plate thickness, the fatigue life of crack initiation might be reduced owing to the low fatigue strength of the thick deck plate, whereas the U-rib thickness has limited effect on the stress response of the root tip. Moreover, the significant difference between the 8 mm-crack model and other crack models is the high stress concentration around the crack tip. The stress conditions of root tip would be changed under loading cycles when a root crack propagated into half of deck plate thickness. Finally, the effect of structural dimensions on fatigue strength were also compared according to test results and FEA.     

国际期刊导读

给出波纹钢腹板与翼缘板焊接节点的疲劳评估方法。对这种焊接节点的失效模式、应力分布和疲劳强度进行试验研究和有限元分析。由于节点处弧线焊缝的应力集中对疲劳寿命的评估十分重要,因此,对这类几何效应进行了研究,并对其应力特性进行了讨论。结果表明,由于节点处弧线焊缝疲劳关键点的应力集中,曲率半径与波纹高度之比越小,波纹和曲率角度的影响越显著,反之亦然。可将十字形节点的S-N曲线作为极限值,与不同波纹角度焊接节点的疲劳强度进行对比。所提出的方法考虑了复合应力条件,可用于波纹板焊接节点的疲劳评估。该方法也从理论上对残余应力的影响进行了讨论。