A polyvalent harmonic coil testing method for small-aperture magnets

A method to characterize permanent and fast-pulsed iron-dominated magnets with small apertures is presented. The harmonic coil measurement technique is enhanced specifically for small-aperture magnets by (1) in situ calibration, for facing search-coil production inaccuracy, (2) rotating the magnet around its axis, for correcting systematic effects, and (3) measuring magnetic fluxes by stationary coils at different angular positions for measuring fast pulsed magnets. This method allows a quadrupole magnet for particle accelerators to be characterized completely, by assessing multipole field components, magnetic axis position, and field direction. In this paper, initially the metrological problems arising from testing small-aperture magnets are highlighted. Then, the basic ideas of the proposed method and the architecture of the corresponding measurement system are illustrated. Finally, experimental validation results are shown for small-aperture permanent and fast-ramped quadrupole magnets for the new linear accelerator Linac4 at CERN (European Organization for Nuclear Research).     

Measuring the magnetic parameters of the multipole magnets for the specialized MLS source of synchrotron radiation

A metrology light source (MLS) is currently being constructed at the Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt State Metrology Institute (Germany) for work in the range from IR to far UV radiation. The MLS system is composed of a storage ring with a circumference of 48 m for electrons with energies of up to 600 MeV and a 100-MeV microtron. The magnetic system of the storage ring contains 8 dipole magnets, 24 quadrupole magnets, 24 sextupole magnets, and 4 octupole magnets, all designed and produced by the Budker Institute of Nuclear Physics. The radial rotating coil method has been used in magnetic measurements of the multipole magnets. The measuring system is described, and the experimental results are presented.     

外加磁场对磁流体润滑油膜轴承的影响

为了研究磁流体润滑油膜轴承内磁场的分布情况,分别通过永磁铁、螺线管及亥姆赫兹线圈对其施加3种不同形式的外磁场。通过磁场二维实体有限元模型的数值仿真,分析在3种模型下磁流体润滑油膜轴承的磁场分布特性,并比较磁场在油膜区的分布情况。结果表明,永磁铁模型的磁场主要分布在永磁铁、油膜、轴承座以及靠近磁铁的轧辊部分,螺线管模型的磁场主要分布在油膜、轴承座以及靠近磁铁的轧辊部分,亥姆霍兹线圈模型的磁场主要分布在线圈以及油膜的端部;3种模型在油膜区磁场分布沿轴向均呈现中间小、两端大的不均匀现象,且具有端部效应;永磁铁模型和螺线管模型在油膜区磁场沿径向分布均匀,亥姆霍兹线圈模型沿径向分布不均匀。     

Manufacturing of a superconducting magnet system for 28 GHz electron cyclotron resonance ion source at KBSI

A magnet system for a 28 GHz electron cyclotron resonance ion source is being developed by the Korea Basic Science Institute. The configuration of the magnet system consists of 3 solenoid coils for a mirror magnetic field and 6 racetrack coils for a hexapole magnetic field. They can generate axial magnetic fields of 3.6 T at the beam injection part and 2.2 T at the extraction part. A radial magnetic field of 2.1 T is achievable at the plasma chamber wall. A step type winding process was employed in fabricating the hexapole coil. The winding technique was confirmed through repeated cooling tests. Superconducting magnets and a cryostat system are currently being manufactured.     

A linear superconducting suspension for a gravity-inertial instrument

A noncontact stable linear suspension is proposed for a ring-shaped superconducting coil in the magnetic field of two other stationary ring-shaped superconducting coaxial coils. The suspended coil is located between the stationary coils. To measure the displacement of the suspended coil, the stationary coils are connected in parallel and a low-inductance measuring coil is placed in the circuit between the connection points. The current in the measuring coil varies according to a linear law as the suspended coil is displaced along the common axis of the stationary coils. The characteristics of the instrument based on such a suspension are numerically evaluated. Due to the absence of a displacement meter as a separate unit, it is possible to simplify the design of the instrument to the maximum extent and exclude the reverse effect of the displacement meter on the suspended coil.     

Design of a vector magnet for the measurements of anisotropic magnetoresistance and rotational magneto-optic Kerr effect

A vector magnet is designed and assembled with two electromagnets to produce a rotational magnetic field in any direction within a plane. This design allows a rotation of the magnetic field without a mechanical rotation of the magnets. The fast speed of the field rotation (~10 s for a complete 360° rotation) and the stability against mechanical vibration easily overcome the slow drifting effect in anisotropic magnetoresistance (AMR) and rotational magneto-optic Kerr effect (ROTMOKE) measurements. As an example we applied this vector magnet to carry out AMR and ROTMOKE measurements on epitaxial growth of Fe(10 nm)∕MgO(001) films. The result demonstrates the stability and high quality of the vector magnet in determining the magnetic anisotropy of magnetic thin films using AMR and ROTMOKE techniques.     

永磁悬浮非接触回转驱动系统

提出一种永磁悬浮非接触回转驱动系统,该系统由悬浮部分和非接触回转驱动两部分构成。悬浮部分采用运动控制方式,利用音圈电动机驱动永磁铁实现悬浮物竖直方向的稳定悬浮;回转驱动部分由直流伺服电动机驱动径向磁化永磁铁回转,形成变化磁场,非接触驱动悬浮物回转。本系统未在悬浮物中加入任何磁性材料,仅利用悬浮物表面剩余磁化点实现悬浮物的非接触回转驱动。介绍系统的悬浮与驱动原理,建立非接触驱动数学模型,并利用仿真与试验分析系统的回转驱动特性。分析结果表明：悬浮物的非接触回转驱动可以由伺服电动机驱动盘状永磁铁旋转来实现。铁球是否旋转与磁铁的数量无关;驱动磁铁的数量与系统的响应速度成正比,驱动磁铁的数量增多,输入速度和输出速度之间的线性度相对提高,旋转稳定。明晰本系统的非接触驱动特性,为隔离环境下铁磁性物品或零件的非接触操纵和姿态控制奠定了理论基础。     

Rotating-coil calibration in a reference quadrupole,considering roll-angle misalignment and higher-order harmonics

A method is proposed for calibrating the radius of a rotating coil sensor by relaxing the metrological constraints on alignment and field errors of the reference quadrupole. A coil radius calibration considering a roll-angle misalignment of the measurement bench, the magnet, and the motor-drive unit is analyzed. Then, the error arising from higher-order harmonic field imperfections in the reference quadrupole is assessed. The method is validated by numerical field computation for both the higher-order harmonic errors and the roll-angle misalignment. Finally, an experimental proof-of-principle demonstration is carried out in a calibration magnet with sextupole harmonic.     

基于平面线圈的高分辨力时栅角位移传感器

针对现有时栅角位移传感器采用漆包线绕制工艺加工线圈,导致线圈布线不均且容易随时间发生变化进而影响测量精度的问题,提出一种基于PCB技术的新型时栅角位移传感器。该传感器通过在PCB基板的不同层上布置特定形状的激励线圈和感应线圈,形成两个完全相同并沿圆周空间正交的传感单元;当在两传感单元的激励线圈中分别通入时间正交的两相激励电流后,通过导磁定子基体和具有特定齿、槽结构的导磁转子对传感单元内的磁场实施精确约束,使两传感单元的感应线圈串联输出初相角随转子转角变化的正弦感应信号;最后通过高频时钟脉冲插补初相角实现精密角位移测量。利用有限元分析软件对传感器进行了建模和仿真。根据仿真模型制作了传感器实物,开展了验证实验,并对实验中角位移测量误差的频次和来源进行了详细分析。经过标定和补偿,最终获得了整周范围内误差在-2.82″~2.02″的时栅角位移传感器。理论推导、仿真分析和实验验证均表明,该传感器不仅能实现精密角位移测量,还能在激励线圈和感应线圈空间极距和信号质量不变的情况下,将位移测量的分辨力从信号源头提高1倍,且结构简单稳定、极易实现,特别适用于环境恶劣的工业现场。     

Design and fabrication of a superconducting magnet for an 18 GHz electron cyclotron resonance ion∕photon source NFRI-ECRIPS

A superconducting magnet was designed and fabricated for an 18 GHz ECR ion∕photon source, which will be installed at National Fusion Research Institute (NFRI) in South Korea. The magnetic system consists of a set of four superconducting coils for axial mirror field and 36 pieces of permanent magnets for hexapolar field. The superconducting coils with a cryocooler (1.5 W @ 4.2 K) allow one to reach peak mirror fields of 2.2 T in the injection and those of 1.5 T in the extraction regions on the source axis, and the resultant hexapolar field gives 1.35 T on the plasma chamber wall. The unbalanced magnetic force between the coils and surrounding yoke has been minimized to 16 ton by a coil arrangement and their electrical connection, and then was successfully suspended by 12 strong thermal insulating supports made of large numbers of carbon fibers. In order to block radiative thermal losses, multilayer thermal insulations are covered on the coil windings as well as 40-K aluminum thermal shield. Also new schemes of quench detection and safety system (coil divisions, quench detection coils, and heaters) were employed. For impregnation of the windings a special epoxy has been selected and treated to have a higher breaking strength and a higher thermal conductivity, which enables the superconductors to be uniformly and rapidly cooled down or heated during a quench.     

Uniformity condition for a rectangular field coil with a split winding

A generalized Helmholtz condition for field uniformity is derived from the closed form solution of the magnetic field in a multilayer rectangular coil pair as a function of coil dimensions and pair separation. The relation among the dimensions satisfying this condition is found and plotted in parametric form for single layer coils and for a multilayer coil with a specific winding thickness. For square coils of cross section small compared to their mean radius, the gap separation approaches half the coil radius, analogous to the classical condition for circular coils. Comparison between theoretical and measured values for tolerances within +/-5% of the field at the system center agree within a 6% maximum deviation. For the experimental coil, the area enclosed by the +/-5% contour was 58% of the area of the full coil.     

大间隙磁力传动系统驱动规律的仿真研究

针对已提出的大间隙行波磁场驱动的磁力传动系统,采用现代计算技术和数值计算中的有限元理论,运用ANSYS软件的磁场分析功能,建立了磁力传动系统的实体模型和有限元模型,通过模拟永磁体的角位移和电磁体线圈的通电状态,对系统工作过程进行了仿真;研究了系统永磁体在转动过程中的受力情况和各参数对系统驱动能力的影响规律,并进行了实验验证。研究结果表明:通过增加线圈匝数、线圈通电电流、永磁体外径和永磁体磁化强度,减小电磁体和永磁体间耦合距离,将电磁体和永磁体的相对位置沿x方向两侧(左侧或右侧)置于5 mm～10 mm范围内等方法,可提高系统的驱动力矩。     

Nuclear magnetic resonance apparatus for pulsed high magnetic fields

A nuclear magnetic resonance apparatus for experiments in pulsed high magnetic fields is described. The magnetic field pulses created together with various magnet coils determine the requirements such an apparatus has to fulfill to be operated successfully in pulsed fields. Independent of the chosen coil it is desirable to operate the entire experiment at the highest possible bandwidth such that a correspondingly large temporal fraction of the magnetic field pulse can be used to probe a given sample. Our apparatus offers a bandwidth of up to 20 MHz and has been tested successfully at the Hochfeld-Magnetlabor Dresden, even in a very fast dual coil magnet that has produced a peak field of 94.2 T. Using a medium-sized single coil with a significantly slower dependence, it is possible to perform advanced multi-pulse nuclear magnetic resonance experiments. As an example we discuss a Carr-Purcell spin echo sequence at a field of 62 T.     

新型磁性液体微压差传感器的设计及耐压分析

传感器是磁性液体的重要应用领域之一。为弥补现有磁性液体微压差传感器的不足,设计了一种新型的磁性液体微压差传感器,该传感器的复合磁芯由磁导率高的1Cr13和永久磁铁构成,磁性液体被吸附在永久磁铁的端部形成环状起到润滑和密封的作用,敏感元件采用1Cr13,转换元件采用对称线圈。当磁芯进入线圈后,使得线圈电感发生变化,电桥电路输出明显的电压信号。在此基础上,提出了回复力的线性程度和磁性液体环的耐压能力决定了磁性液体微压差传感器的量程范围,并通过理论推导、仿真分析和实验研究的手段证明了磁性液体环的密封耐压能力能够满足磁性液体微压差传感器的测量要求。该传感器体积小、成本低、便于安装,具有很强的实用价值。     

偏置磁场对磁致伸缩液位传感器检测电压的影响

为了提高磁致伸缩液位传感器的检测精度,研究了磁致伸缩液位传感器中产生偏置磁场的浮子磁铁的放置方式及其对检测电压的影响。利用ANSYS软件对浮子磁铁不同放置方式下形成的偏置磁场进行了有限元分析,分析显示:采用3块磁铁互成120°N极N极S极(NNS)放置或者采用圆环磁铁作为偏置磁场时检测效果比较理想。实验研究了磁致伸缩液位传感器的偏置磁场对检测电压的影响,并在浮子磁铁不同放置方式下进行多次实验。结果表明:偏置磁铁为3块磁铁互成120°NNS放置时或者为圆环磁铁时,检测电压的幅值达到50mV,比其它放置方式提高了近30mV。研究表明:磁致伸缩液位传感器应选择3块磁铁NNS放置或者选择圆环磁铁作为偏置磁场。     

Development of an optimised magnetic field source for flowmeter applications

Sensitivity of a magnetic flowmeter relies on many factors like magnetic field strength, gap between electrodes, material properties, magnet temperature etc. For a given measuring conditions, a strong magnetic field source can produce highest sensitivity for the flowmeter. An economic design of magnetic field source would be to produce the strongest magnetic field from a given amount of magnetic material. In this paper, various magnet configurations are analyzed using FEM and the flowmeter sensitivity using such magnet configurations are compared. It is observed that magnets arranged in a Halbach fashion produce the highest sensitivity for the flowmeter using a given amount of magnetic material. The major challenge for the development of such a magnetic field source is its fabrication from its constituent magnets, combatting their huge attractive/repulsive forces (∼2500 N for our case). Therefore, a specific mechanical tool has been designed for assembling the magnetic field source and a robust assembly technique has been devised using numerical computations. The designed magnetic field source produces a peak magnetic field of 0.78 T in the pole cross section of 50 mm × 50 mm.     

Note: design of a novel rotating magnetic field device

A novel device to produce a rotating magnetic field was designed, constructed, and tested. The system consists of a Helmholtz coil pair which is mechanically coupled to a dc electric motor whose angular velocity is controlled. The coil pair generates a uniform magnetic field; the whole system is rotated maintaining the coils energized using brushes. The magnetic field strength is uniform (≈5.8 mT) for a workspace of about 100 mm along the rotation axis. The system remains free of undesirable high amplitude mechanical vibrations for rotation frequencies below 10 Hz. We verified the performance of the apparatus by conducting experiments with magnetic swimmers.     

Optimal Design for Open MR/Superconducting Magnet with Active Shielding

The optimal design method for an open Magnetic Resonance Imaging(MRI)superconducting magnet with an active shielding configuration is proposed Firstly,three pairs of current rings are employed as seed coils.By optimizing the homogeneity of Diameter Sphere Volume(DSV),the positions and currents of the seed coils will be obtained.Secondly,according to the positions and currents of the seed coils,the current density of superconducting wires is determined,and then the original sections for the coils can be achieved.An optimization for the homogeneity based on the constrained nonlinear optimization method is employed to determine the coils with homogeneity.Thirdly,the magnetic field generated by previous coils is set as the background field,then add two coils with reverse current,and optimize the stray field line of 5 Gauss in a certain scope.Finally,a further optimization for the homogeneity is used to get final coils.This method can also be used in the design of other axisymmettic superconducting MRI magnets.     

线性测微电感的精化

为提高测微电感传感器的测量精度,提出了基于赫姆霍兹线圈理论设计螺线管线圈的方法,改善了螺线管线圈内轴向上磁场的分布均匀性。首先,分析了螺线管线圈模型,建立了螺线管线圈参数与轴向磁场强度分布相互关系的广义函数模型。然后,通过线圈与磁芯的尺寸确定了系统轴向磁场强度分布函数模型,结合磁芯移动区间范围设置磁场均匀度最小误差目标函数,通过对目标函数寻优得到各螺线管线圈的各项参数。最后,搭建了测微电感传感器的测试系统,测试了传感器性能。实验结果表明:与传统线圈相比,改进型螺线管线圈在100μm测量范围内的线性度由0.46%提高到0.30%。实验显示通过对不同规格的螺线管线圈进行组合,可使得螺线管内轴向上磁场强度分布均匀,从而提高了测量精度。     

Lumped parameter modeling and analysis of hybrid magnet engine valve actuator

The hybrid magnet engine valve actuator (HMEVA) composed of two types of magnets (permanent magnet and electromagnet) and two balanced springs is a promising tool for implementing innovative engine management strategies for variable valve timing. Finite Element Method (FEM), a favored actuator design tool due to its high accuracy, was utilized to analyze the electromagnetic actuator, but it consumes a lot of time especially in computation iterations for optimization. Accordingly, the magnetic equivalent circuit analysis can be an alternative tool to FEM because of its computation iteration capability with fair accuracy. In this paper, an equivalent magnetic circuit model of an HMEVA is developed considering the reluctances, external magnetic forces and so on, and the simulation results are presented. In addition, the result of lumped parameter analysis (LA) is compared with those obtained from finite element analysis for verification.