Apparatus for material tests using an internal loading system in high-pressure gas at room temperature

A new type of apparatus for material tests using an internal loading system in high-pressure gas up to 100 MPa at room temperature without conventional material testing equipment was developed. The apparatus consists of a high-pressure control system and a pressure vessel, in which a piston is installed in the cylinder of the pressure vessel. The load caused by the pressure difference between spaces separated by the piston in the vessel cylinder is applied on the specimen connected to the piston in the vessel cylinder. The actual load on the specimen is directly measured by an external load cell and the displacement of the specimen is also measured by an external extensometer. As an example of the application of the apparatus, a tensile test on SUS316 stainless steel the Japanese Industrial Standard (JIS) G4303, which is comparable to the type 316 stainless steel ASTM A276, was conducted in 90 MPa hydrogen and argon. Hydrogen showed a marked effect on the tensile property of the material. The hydrogen gas embrittlement of the material was briefly discussed.     

Modeling of the flow comparator as calibration device for high pressure natural gas flow metering in Modelica

The German national metrological institute, Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, is developing a new concept a for a volumetric primary standard to calibrate high pressure gas flow meters. The TUHH is supporting these Research & Development activities with its competence to elaborate computational models for detailed analysis of complex electromechanical systems including fluid flow aspects. The new primary standard is called Flow Comparator and uses an actively driven piston prover to measure the gas flow rate using the time the piston needs to displace a defined enclosed volume of gas in a cylinder. A computational model is developed in Modelica® to investigate the Flow Comparator’s dynamic behavior and interaction with other components in the loop. The validation of the developed model shows good compliance with measured piston velocity and differential pressure at the piston. The model is used to optimize the frequency inverter’s control voltage trajectory to increase the available calibration time.     

Development of high-pressure, high-field and multifrequency electron spin resonance system

The electron spin resonance (ESR) system which covers the magnetic field region up to 16 T, the quasicontinuous frequency region from 60 to 700 GHz, the temperature region from 1.8 to 4.2 K, and the hydrostatic pressure region up to 1.1 GPa has been developed. This is the first pulsed high-field and multifrequency ESR system with the pressure region over 1 GPa as far as we know. Transmission ESR spectra under hydrostatic pressure can be obtained by combining a piston-cylinder-type pressure cell and the pulsed magnetic field ESR apparatus. The pressure cell consists of a NiCrAl cylinder and sapphire or zirconia inner parts. The use of sapphire or zirconia as inner parts enables us to observe ESR under pressure because these inner parts have high transmittance for the electromagnetic wave with millimeter and submillimeter wavelengths. We have successfully applied this system for the pressure dependence measurements of an isolated spin system NiSnCl(6)6H(2)O up to 1.1 GPa. It was found that the single ion anisotropy parameter D of this compound strongly depends on pressure. The parameter D is approximately proportional to the pressure up to 0.75 GPa, and the relation between D and the pressure can be used for the pressure calibration of this high-field and high-pressure ESR system.     

A miniature cubic anvil apparatus for optical measurement under high pressure

A miniature cubic anvil apparatus was developed for optical measurement on materials in a high-pressure space of 8-10 mm(3) under high pressure, and preliminary experiments were conducted to 3.6 GPa at room temperature with optical visual observation and ruby fluorescence measurement. In the apparatus, a cubic pressure medium was squeezed with six tungsten carbide anvils, which are driven with a pair of guide blocks by tightening four loading screws. Optical access on the sample was made through holes in axial anvils and the guide blocks as well as optical windows made of Al(2)O(3) single crystals embedded in the pressure medium. The apparatus is compact and light, ~53 mm in diameter and height and ~530 g in weight, and the features of the apparatus benefit easy application of the apparatus to various types of standard optical measurement systems. The optical measurement on the sample in the high-pressure space of 8-10 mm(3) should greatly contribute to advancements of studies relevant to high-pressure behaviors of materials.     

Characteristics of pressure and force considering friction in a closed cylinder with a holed piston

A mathematical model for a closed cylinder with a holed piston was established to investigate the operational characteristics of a gas spring. An ideal gas working fluid and an adiabatic process were assumed in the model. Simulation and experimental results for a typical design and operational condition showed good agreement. The model was then used to investigate the effects of the orifice diameter, the filling pressure, and the velocity of the piston on the applied force and operating pressures of two chambers in the gas spring. The results showed that the orifice diameter and the piston velocity had significant effects on the pressure difference between the two chambers. A 0.05-mm reduction in the orifice diameter led to an approximately two-fold increase in the pressure difference. A 10% increase in the piston velocity resulted in an approximately 25% increase in the pressure difference. The orifice diameter and the piston velocity had a greater effect on the chamber with lower pressure than on the chamber with higher pressure. The force applied to the piston also varied with the piston velocity, the orifice diameter, and the filling pressure due to irreversibilities including the throttling process through the orifice and friction between the wall and the piston. The present model and results are expected to supply useful information about a new gas spring design.     

Correlation of the leakage flow rate with pressure changes in a clearance-sealed piston prover

Leakage flow rate is one of the most important contributions to the measurement uncertainty when measuring small gas flow rates with a clearance-sealed piston prover. Our previous study has shown that the systematic effects related to the change of the gas viscosity can be successfully corrected, whereas the effects related to the reproducibility of the leakage flow rate are poorly understood. This paper focuses on the interpretation and correction of the reproducibility related effects by analysing experimentally identified variations of the leakage flow rate and the gas pressure in the inclined piston prover. Small changes of the leakage flow in the inclined piston prover indicate that the position of the piston relative to the cylinder remains approximately the same. The obtained relationship between the leakage flow rate and the gas pressure below the piston led to the pressure-based correction of the leakage flow rate.     

某型导弹高压正向式减压阀静态特性分析

高压气动减压阀是导弹/发射筒气源装置的重要元件,用于气源装置高压气瓶出口气体的减压与稳压。设计一种正向直动式减压阀,并建立其静态数学模型,用AMESim软件对其静态特性进行仿真分析,讨论锥形阀芯半角、敏感活塞面积和弹簧总刚度对该减压阀压力特性的影响。结果表明:锥形阀芯半角的增大能提高减压阀的调节精度;活塞面积的增大能提高调节精度,增大到一定值时,调节精度无明显提高,同时要考虑减压阀的尺寸;弹簧刚度的减小能提高减压阀的调节精度。     

A study of thermal and lubrication phenomena in the piston‐ring and cylinder‐sleeve tribosystem of an internal combustion engine and flash temperature calculation

The piston ring is one of the main elements in an internal combustion engine. Together with the cylinder sleeve, the piston ring has two basic functions: (1) contacting the cylinder sleeve to prevent the gases formed above the piston from migrating to the crankcase and (2) as a translation couple, formed of the piston‐ring and cylinder‐sleeve assembly. Complex tribological phenomena occur in the piston‐ring and cylinder‐sleeve tribosystem, according to variations in sliding speed, gas pressure, and temperature. This paper presents a method of calculation of the thickness of the lubricant film in the piston‐ring and cylinder‐sleeve tribosystem, using the Reynolds equation, integrated in specific conditions. According to the Newtonian behaviour of the lubricant, the shear stresses in the lubricant film between the piston ring and cylinder sleeve are determined. A computational procedure to determine flash temperatures in the piston‐ring and cylinder‐sleeve tribosystem is presented. The theoretical results, including film thickness, sliding speed, gas pressure, and flash temperatures for a complete crankshaft cycle are also presented.     

Large volume high-pressure cell for inelastic neutron scattering

Inelastic neutron scattering measurements typically require two orders of magnitude longer data collection times and larger sample sizes than neutron diffraction studies. Inelastic neutron scattering measurements on pressurised samples are particularly challenging since standard high-pressure apparatus restricts sample volume, attenuates the incident and scattered beams, and contributes background scattering. Here, we present the design of a large volume two-layered piston-cylinder pressure cell with optimised transmission for inelastic neutron scattering experiments. The design and the materials selected for the construction of the cell enable its safe use to a pressure of 1.8 GPa with a sample volume in excess of 400 mm(3). The design of the piston seal eliminates the need for a sample container, thus providing a larger sample volume and reduced absorption. The integrated electrical plug with a manganin pressure gauge offers an accurate measurement of pressure over the whole range of operational temperatures. The performance of the cell is demonstrated by an inelastic neutron scattering study of UGe(2).     

超高压均质机自动控制系统研究

超高压均质机在我国食品行业中已得到广泛应用,但由于其压力较高,目前市场上多为手动式。AM6型超高压均质机采用LG公司K120系列的K7M-DR40SPLC作为中心控制器,通过传感器采集系统压力产生的电压模拟信号和活塞的位置信息,信号经滤波、放大、模数转换后进入PLC处理,从而控制活塞和电磁阀等器件,最终实现了超高压均质机的自动控制。     

基于椭圆织构优化的间隙密封液压缸摩擦性能研究

考虑织构参数对零件表面性能影响的多变性和复杂性,以间隙密封液压缸为研究对象,在液压缸的缸筒内壁构造椭圆微织构形貌,采用循环迭代法研究椭圆织构的长短轴比、椭圆率以及面积占有率等多个椭圆形状参数同时变化对缸筒表面动压润滑和摩擦性能的影响;同时在获得最优椭圆织构参数后进一步分析了液压缸与活塞间隙以及活塞运动速度对织构表面摩擦特性的影响。结果表明此种方法可以得到最优椭圆织构参数即优势区间,即当椭圆织构的长、短轴尺寸分别为a∈［0.43,0.46］mm,b∈［0.29,0.32］mm,缸筒表面产生最大动压和最佳润滑特性,且存在一个最佳间隙值(2 μm)使得织构表面油膜承载力最大,而活塞运动速度对缸筒表面的摩擦性能影响较小。     

Energy dissipation of materials at high pressure and high temperature

We report an experimental method to study the anelastic properties of materials at high pressure and high temperature. The multianvil high pressure deformation device, used to apply a cyclic loading force onto the sample, can reach 15 GPa and 2000 K. A synchrotron x-ray radiation source provides time resolved images of the sample and reference material. The images yield stress and strain as a function of time; stresses are derived from the reference material, and strains from the sample. This method has been tested by applying a sinusoidal stress at megahertz to hertz frequency on a San Carlos olivine specimen at 5 GPa and up to 2000 K. Strain as small as 10(-5) can be resolved. We have obtained experimental results which exhibit resolvable attenuation factor (Q(-1)) and shear modulus (M) at deep Earth conditions. These results are in quantitative agreement with previously reported lower pressure data and suggest that temperature and grain size have dominating effect on these properties.     

Method for altering deformational characteristics of controlled-clearance piston-cylinders

A new controlled-clearance pressure balance has been developed to improve the hydraulic pressure standard for pressures up to 1 GPa. For several controlled-clearance (CC) piston-cylinders, characterization experiments based on the Heydemann-Welch (H-W) model were performed to estimate the pressure dependence of the effective area. The results of the experiments, specifically, the changes in the piston fall-rate and the generated pressure in response to the applied jacket pressure, are summarized for CC piston-cylinders of different pressure ranges. At pressures higher than a few hundred MPa, the characteristics of some piston-cylinders differed from those predicted by the H-W model. In this paper, a method for altering the deformational characteristics of CC piston-cylinders is examined. It was found that adjusting the area of the outer surface of the cylinder to which the jacket pressure is applied is an effective method for obtaining deformational characteristics that satisfy the conditions of the H-W model.     

Experimental and Analytical Investigation of Floating Valve Plate Motion in an Axial Piston Pump

The purpose of this investigation was to experimentally measure the motion of the floating valve plate in an axial piston pump under various operating conditions and to develop a model to determine how the floating valve plate motion affected the lubricating pressures between the valve plate and cylinder block. In order to achieve the objectives, a hydraulic circuit was designed and developed to incorporate and operate a floating valve plate axial piston pump. The hydraulic circuit integrating the axial piston pump (axial piston pump apparatus, APPA) consists of a series of valves, pressure sensors, a charge pump, flow meters, temperature sensors, a heat exchanger, and proximity probes. The floating valve plate axial piston pump housing was modified to incorporate three proximity probes to measure the valve plate position and motion relative to the cylinder block, thus allowing for determination of the film thickness within this contact. The results illustrate that as the pump starts up the valve plate experiences vibrations and begins to lift relative to the cylinder block. Then as the pump reaches steady-state operation the valve plate achieves a fixed position and tilt. The results also demonstrate that under steady-state operation, the valve plate vibrates and this vibration correlates well with the speed and the number of pistons in the pump. The measured film thickness results were then used in a lubrication model to determine the pressures generated between the floating valve plate and the cylinder block. The analytical results highlight how the motion of the valve plate directly correlates to the pressure pulsations seen in the lubricating gap.     

Measuring radial pressure distributions of piston rings based on partial-thin-walled cylinder

The measurement of radial pressure distribution of piston rings is very important for minimizing the wastages of lubricating oils and hence the lower gas emissions; for improving the friction status to reduce the gasoline consumption and for the reasonable heat transfer efficiency for the desired accuracy levels. For accurate and efficient measurement of radial pressure distribution of piston rings, a new PC based prototype instrument based on a partial-thin-walled cylinder sensor is designed and developed. The present paper describes the details of the measurement principle, hardware and software of this instrument. The measurement results thus obtained using the proposed instrument during experiments performed on a conical ring of diameter 110 mm and a drum ring of diameter 120 mm, are quite accurate, consistent and repeatable within the desired level of accuracy.     

Computer simulation of a 1.0 GPa piston–cylinder assembly using finite element analysis (FEA)

The paper reports a preliminary study of the behavior of a high performance controlled-clearance piston gauge (CCPG) in the pressure range up to 1 GPa through finite elemental analysis (FEA). The details of the experimental characterization of this CCPG has already been published (Yadav et al., 2007 [1]). We have already pointed out that the use of Heydemann–Welch (HW) model for the characterization of any CCPG, has some limitation due to the fact that the linear extrapolation of the cube root of the fall rate versus jacket pressure (v^1/3–p_j) curve is assumed to be independent of the rheological properties of the pressure transmitting fluids. The FEA technique addresses this problem through simulation and optimization with a standard ANSYS program where the material properties of the piston and cylinder, pressure dependent density and viscosity of the pressure transmitting fluid etc. are to be used as the input parameters. Thus it provides characterization of a pressure balance in terms of effective area and distortion coefficient of the piston and cylinder. The present paper describes the results obtained on systematic studies carried out on the effect of gap profile between piston and cylinder of this controlled-clearance piston gauge, under the influence of applied pressure (p) from 100 MPa to 1000 MPa, on the pressure distortion coefficient (λ) of the assembly. The gap profile is also studied at different applied jacket pressure (p_j) such that p_j/p varied from 0.3, 0.4 and 0.5.     

微机测控高压气瓶疲劳试验装置研制

疲劳试验是气瓶出厂时的强制抽检项目 ,对于保证高压气瓶反复充装 ,长期可靠使用具有重要意义。本文开发研制的疲劳试验装置采用先进的计算机数据采集和控制技术 ,能够根据设定参数实现可控压力循环 ,实时显示并记录循环压力波形 ,同时自动存储压力循环次数 ,并给出标准规定的试验记录和报告。     

Investigation on the radial micro-motion about piston of axial piston pump

The limit working parameters and service life of axial piston pump are determined by the carrying ability and lubrication characteristic of its key friction pairs. Therefore, the design and optimization of the key friction pairs are always a key and difficult problem in the research on axial piston pump. In the traditional research on piston/cylinder pair, the assembly relationship of piston and cylinder bore is simplified into ideal cylindrical pair, which can not be used to analyze the influences of radial micro-motion of piston on the distribution characteristics of oil-film thickness and pressure in details. In this paper, based on the lubrication theory of the oil film, a numerical simulation model is built, taking the influences of roughness, elastic deformation of piston and pressure-viscosity effect into consideration. With the simulation model, the dynamic characteristics of the radial micro-motion and pressure distribution are analyzed, and the relationships between radial micro-motion and carrying ability, lubrication condition, and abrasion are discussed. Furthermore, a model pump for pressure distribution measurement of oil film between piston and cylinder bore is designed. The comparison of simulation and experimental results of pressure distribution shows that the simulation model has high accuracy. The experiment and simulation results demonstrate that the pressure distribution has peak values that are much higher than the boundary pressure in the piston chamber due to the radial micro-motion, and the abrasion of piston takes place mainly on the hand close to piston ball. In addition, improvement of manufacturing roundness and straightness of piston and cylinder bore is helpful to improve the carrying ability of piston/cylinder pair. The proposed research provides references for designing piston/cylinder pair, and helps to prolong the service life of axial piston pump.     

轴向柱塞泵配流副润滑特性的研究进展

介绍了国内外有关轴向柱塞泵配流副润滑特性方面的研究成果，并进行了综合分析和比较。指出需借鉴国外现有的关于轴向柱塞泵配流副压力分布规律的理论，确定最佳剩余压紧系数，现有的配流副结构设计方法和理论依据需进一步完善。建立了轴向柱塞泵配流副润滑特性试验平台，可在不同压力、温度、转速、结构下测试配流副间隙并得出配流副润滑膜的形成及变化规律。通过润滑特性测试平台还可以确定最佳水液压柱塞泵配流副润滑结构和材料配对，为研制出性能良好的轴向柱塞式水液压泵奠定实验基础。     

高压大流量直轴式柱塞泵缸体的设计与研究

讲述了用球墨铸铁替代传统复合结构材料设计高压柱塞泵缸体。通过对K3V112高压大流量柱塞泵的计算,验证了球铁作为缸体材料的可行性。对球铁进行气体软氮化可以得到具有良好的耐磨性、耐腐蚀性、耐热性和耐热粘附性的氮化物层,大大提高了缸体的性能。通过材料替代,简化了缸体的制造工艺,大大降低了制造成本并提高了生产效率与成品率。