Global warming alters sound transmission: differential impact on the prey detection ability of echolocating bats

Climate change impacts the biogeography and phenology of plants and animals, yet the underlying mechanisms are little known. Here, we present a functional link between rising temperature and the prey detection ability of echolocating bats. The maximum distance for echo-based prey detection is physically determined by sound attenuation. Attenuation is more pronounced for high-frequency sound, such as echolocation, and is a nonlinear function of both call frequency and ambient temperature. Hence, the prey detection ability, and thus possibly the foraging efficiency, of echolocating bats and susceptible to rising temperatures through climate change. Using present-day climate data and projected temperature rises, we modelled this effect for the entire range of bat call frequencies and climate zones around the globe. We show that depending on call frequency, the prey detection volume of bats will either decrease or increase: species calling above a crossover frequency will lose and species emitting lower frequencies will gain prey detection volume, with crossover frequency and magnitude depending on the local climatic conditions. Within local species assemblages, this may cause a change in community composition. Global warming can thus directly affect the prey detection ability of individual bats and indirectly their interspecific interactions with competitors and prey.     

The Acoustic Emission Effects of Martensite Transformation in Alloys Cr12MoV and Fe-33Ni-4Ti-10Co

1 Introduction The method of acoustic emission (AE)as a new technique to study the processesin metals and alloys in the solid phase hasbeen widely used and developed since thelast 20 years. Martensite transformationis diffusionless. Because of changing fromone crystal structure to another by coopera-tive shear process the interfacial coherency     

The electron beam gun with thermionic hairpin-like cathode for welding and surface modifications

An axial thermionic electron beam emitter assembly with a special geometry of the cathode along with particular spacing of the electrodes has been used to produce a stable, sharp and high power density image at an acceleration voltage of 10 kV only. A hairpin-like tungsten wire, with diameter of 0.7 mm having semi-spherical emitting area at the crown with an angle of 45 degree at the vertex was used as a cathode. A direct heating method was used to heat the cathode. The emission current of the gun is in accordance with the Langmuir relation. An electromagnetic coil was used for focusing the beam at the target. A two dimensional programmable movement was applied to control the work site in the x-y direction. Focusing of the beam has been achieved up to 1 mm in diameter at an acceleration voltage of 10 kV.Thermionic efficiency of the gun is 4 mA W⁻¹ and the power density measured is ∼10⁵ W cm⁻².The gun was used for welding and surface modification of different materials including refractory metals.     

Buckling morphology of an elastic beam between two parallel lateral constraints: implication for a snake crawling between walls

A snake crawling on horizontal surfaces between two parallel walls exhibits a unique wave-like shape, which is different from the normal shape of a snake crawling without constraints. We propose that this intriguing system is analogous to a buckled beam under two lateral constraints. A new theoretical model of beam buckling, which is verified by numerical simulation, is firstly developed to account for the special boundary conditions. Under this theoretical model, the effect of geometrical parameters on the deformation shape, such as the distance between walls, length of the snake and radius of the snake, is examined. The buckling beam model is then applied to explain qualitatively the wave-like shape of the snake.     

Optical properties of GaN epilayers grown on Si (111) and Si (001) substrates

We report the observation of bright photoluminescence (PL) emission from two types of GaN epilayers grown by molecular beam epitaxy (MBE). Wurtzite phase GaN/Si (111) epilayers are grown by gas source MBE process, whereas cubic phase GaN epilayers are grown on (001) Si covered by thin SiC film in the process of Si annealing in propane prior to the GaN growth. PL emissions are identified based on the results of detailed PL and time-resolved PL investigations. For the wurtzite phase GaN we observe an efficient up in the energy transfer from bound to free excitons. This process is explained by a large difference in the PL decay times for two types (free and bound (donor, acceptor)) of excitonic PL emissions. For cubic phase GaN we confirm recent suggestion that acceptors have smaller thermal ionization energies than those in the wurtzite phase GaN.     

射频等离子体发射光谱分析在分子束外延GaN生长中的应用

研究了射频等离子体辅助分子束外延生长GaN晶膜中氮等离子体的发射光谱。用非接触式测量方法———光谱法测定了等离子体特性。讨论了分子束外延生长系统参数的变化与等离子体发光光谱变化之间的联系 ,薄膜生长与等离子体内活性粒子之间的关系     

强流脉冲离子束辐照对45钢表面状态的影响

本文研究了强流脉冲离子（HIPIB）束辐照对45钢表面形貌、显微硬度及残余应力等影响。结果表明,经HIPIB辐照处理,45钢表面出现火山口状熔坑,5次脉冲处理时熔坑比较明显,试样表面也变得凹凸不平,随着脉冲次数的增加,熔坑之间会连成不规则的网状形貌且界限变得不明显,表面发生光化。试样的显微硬度随着脉冲次数的增加而提高,未辐照时,显微硬度为HV342,20次脉冲时达到HV911。经HIPIB辐照处理,试样表面产生残余拉应力,且随着脉冲次数的增加,样品表面残余应力增大,由未处理时的152 MPa提高到656MPa。     

Magnetic and field emission studies of atom beam sputtered Ni:SiO2 granular films

Ni:SiO₂ granular films have been prepared by atom beam sputtering technique under ambient conditions. These films have been subsequently annealed at 200-600 °C temperature. GAXRD and TEM analyses show the growth of Ni particles and improvement in crystallinity with increase in annealing temperature. Selected area electron diffraction and XPS analyses show the presence of a small quantity of NiO phase in addition to metallic Ni. Room temperature magnetic measurements indicate that the films annealed at lower temperatures (≤400 °C) are superparamagnetic and the film annealed at 600 °C is ferromagnetic. Magnetic results at 5 K are explained on the basis of exchange bias between Ni particles and surrounding nickel oxide. Systematic field emission studies on as-deposited and annealed films show a turn-on field ∼6.2-13.5 V/μm corresponding to an emission current density of ∼1 A/m². Field emission results are explained on the basis of electrical inhomogeneity effects.     

离子束溅射生长Ge纳米薄膜的表面形貌观察

采用离子束溅射技术并按正交试验方案生长了不同厚度以及在不同条件下退火的Ge纳米薄膜,用AFM图谱对薄膜的表面形貌进行了表征.结果表明厚度为2.8nm的Ge膜在600℃下退火10min,出现了高4nm、直径50nm左右的Ge岛,而10nm厚的Ge膜在720℃下退火120min,岛的数量较多且分布比较均匀.通过离子束溅射机理和沉积原子之间的扩散运动,对这些现象进行了较为合理的解释.     

ZnO纳米材料制备及其场发射性能的研究

采用水热法制备形貌和尺寸各异的纳米ZnO材料。用X射线衍射分析仪(XRD)和扫描电子显微镜(SEM)测试产物结构和表面形貌,分析影响纳米ZnO材料生长的因素,探讨纳米ZnO的生长机理。研究了各种形貌ZnO阵列的场致发射特性。实验结果表明,在各种ZnO纳米结构中,纳米管的场致发射性能最好,其最大电流密度可达到0.2mA/cm2,开启场强2.5V/μm,为寻求良好场发射性能的ZnO纳米材料提供了一个可行的途径。     

Diagnostic of fatigue damage severity on reinforced concrete beam using acoustic emission technique

Fatigue damage assessment using non-destructive testing on structures as well as reinforced concrete (RC) beam has become an attention for recent decades. In this paper, diagnostic of fatigue damage in RC beams using acoustic emission (AE) technique was investigated. Based on severity analysis of AE signal strength during service life of the beams, bath–tub curves derived from AE signal are presented and divided into three stages; burn-in, steady state and burn-out. At the same time, deflection in the RC beams also has been analyzed.     

多跨的三种梁的横向自由振动模型

运用了参数变易法对Timoshenko、Rayleigh和shear梁的横向自由振动模型进行了推导,分析了铰支座、集中质量、转动惯性、拉压弹簧和扭转弹簧的复杂边界条件的情形,进而给出了带有多个复杂边界条件的三种梁的自由振动模型。在其简化的Euler梁下对三个有一定工程实践意义的模型进行了推导,分别是双跨梁、双跨梁带有任意个集中质量和单跨梁带有任意个拉压弹簧的自由振动模型,三个模型的频率方程的结果与已有文献的结果相比具有很好的一致性。并运用Nastran将双跨梁进行了算例分析,结果本文提出的公式计算的一阶频率与有限元方法得出的一阶频率之差小于5%,表明提出的模型是合理可用的。     

Kinetics of epitaxial growth and roughening

We review some recent results on epitaxial growth and surface roughening. Particular emphasis is placed on the concept of the critical island size in submonolayer growth and on the existence of scaling in both the submonolayer and multilayer growth regimes. The use of scaling ideas as well as Monte Carlo simulations and continuum equations is shown to be effective in understanding experimental results for submonolayer growth and surface roughening.     

Visualization of emitting sites on carbon fiber cathode by surface treatment in high-current vacuum discharge process

In this paper, a carbon fiber cathode, having robust, easily shaped, and epoxy-free properties, is constructed by squeeze casting technique that can overcome some disadvantages of conventional methods. Carbon fiber emitters on the cathode surface had a high distribution density, thus ensuring sufficient emission centers or emission uniformity. The fabricated cathode was tested in a diode powered by a 350 kV, 40 Ω, 400 ns high-voltage pulse generator. The turn-on electric field was estimated to be 50 kV/cm, and the field enhancement factor was (1.2–2.0) × 10³. It was found that the electron emission of carbon fiber cathode is initiated from the individual bright spots at a current density of up to 400 A/cm². Most notably, the X-ray images of electron beam on anode foil demonstrate the development of bright spots on the cathode surface. As a whole, this class of cathodes can endure high-current pulsed emission, and has a positive application prospect.     

Compatibilization of PLA/starch composite with electron beam irradiation in the presence of a reactive compatibilizer

The aim of this study is to improve the compatibility of poly (lactic acid) (PLA)/starch composite by electron beam irradiation in the presence of glycidyl methacrylate (GMA) as a reactive compatibilizer. Compatibilization process has been done by melt mixing the PLA/starch and GMA with a twin screw extruder and exposing the PLA/starch/GMA mixture to electron beam at room temperature. The exposure process was carried out to induce definite interfacial adhesion at the interface between PLA and starch through electron beam-initiated graft copolymerization by the medium of the GMA. To testify the effect of this compatibilization strategy, rheological, mechanical, and morphological properties of the composite were analyzed. The scanning electron micrographs of the cryofracture and tensile fracture surfaces of the composites revealed that the interfacial adhesion between PLA and starch was greatly improved by this strategy. Fourier transform infrared study confirmed the grafting reaction between PLA and starch. The reaction schemes were proposed to understand the reaction mechanisms at the interface.     

The problem of locating facilities causing airborne pollution revisited

Summary The present paper regards the location of obnoxious facilities in the context of a realistic environment. Efforts have been made in the past towards this direction, without much success as fas as the modeling is concerned. The prevailing meteorological conditions of the area under consideration, that evidently play an important role in the dispersion of pollution, either were completely ignored or inadequately considered. In this work, the most recent wind-discrete models and solution methods are presented and analyzed and their limitations are identified. A new simulation-aided wind-continuous model is introduced capable of remedying the above limitations. Finally, a generalization is proposed and discussed, regarding the introduction of the stack height as a decision variable in the relative model.     

A methodology for identification of damage in beams

In this work, a parameter based on correlation of signals using mathematical morphology and other two parameters based on energy of a vibration signal using wavelet transform and bispectrum theory are used for approximate location of damage in a steel clamped-free beam. The experimental data are obtained through accelerometers placed along the sample. The system is excited using impact hammer. A preliminary location of the damage is found using the position of the accelerometer that has a higher energy change when it is compared to the signal of the system with and without damage. The mathematical models are obtained using 2D elasticity theory and the finite element method. The numerical and experimental data are approximated using the particle swarm optimization method, and this way, it is possible to adjust the location and severity of the damage. The procedure is also applied to a free–free steel beam with two damages and a sandwich beam.     

计算机电磁辐射的测量

目的 介绍计算机系统电磁辐射测量的条件要求和测试方法。方法 给出计算机系统辐射发射的理论模型。详细论述了测量条件要求和测试方法，并按美国联邦通信委员会（简称FCC）规定测试。结果与结论 测试结果的真实性和可重复性得到了有效保证，这些要求和方法适用于计算机系统，计算机以及与计算机主机连用的外部设备的试验，对其他电子设备辐射测量，本文的原理和方法同样具有借鉴意义。     

电子束快速成形TC4合金的组织与断裂性能

利用超景深显微镜和扫描电镜对电子束选区熔化快速成形的沉积态TC4试样组织与断口形貌进行观察和分析,研究不同几何成形和加载方向对断裂性能的影响。结果表明,断裂性能在垂直试样中受到柱状晶组织的影响,具有各向异性,在沉积方向上的断裂韧度为94.94MPa·m^1/2,大于电子束扫描方向的断裂韧度85.33MPa·m^1/2,而伸长率很小,仅为3%;α相形态对断裂性能有影响:水平试样片层状的α集束组织伸长率及断裂韧度优于垂直试样相互交错的针状α组织,最大值为14.5%和101.45MPa·m^1/2,而抗拉强度和屈服强度较小;电子束选区熔化制备的TC4试样断口由许多不同尺寸的韧窝和弯曲的撕裂棱组成,断裂方式以延性韧窝状沿晶断裂为主,水平试样的断口撕裂棱曲折程度、韧窝尺寸和深度大于垂直试样。     

A study on interlaminar behavior of carbon/epoxy laminated curved beams by use of acoustic emission

Abstract

The interlaminar tensile strength of carbon/epoxy laminated curved beams with variable thickness and through-the-thickness tufted reinforcement is studied experimentally by means of a four-point-bending test in accordance with ASTM D6415. These tests are monitored by the acoustic emission (AE) technique in order to gain deeper knowledge of the delamination onset and post-failure behavior. The results show that AE technique has proven to perform well when identifying delamination onset and its evolution after failure. In addition to this, AE has demonstrated to be an appropriate tool to assess the manufacturing quality of the carbon/epoxy laminated curved-beam, once the right pattern has previously been established.