Ultrasonic array imaging through an anisotropic austenitic steel weld using an efficient ray-tracing algorithm

Ultrasonic inspection of austenitic welds is challenging due to their highly anisotropic and heterogeneous microstructure. The weld anisotropy causes a steering of the ultrasonic beam leading to a number of adverse effects upon ultrasonic array imagery, including defect mislocation and aberration of the defect response. A semi-analytical model to simulate degraded ultrasonic images due to propagation through an anisotropic austenitic weld is developed. Ray-tracing is performed using the A^⁎ path-finding algorithm and integrated into a semi-analytical beam-simulation and imaging routine to observe the impact of weld anisotropy on ultrasonic imaging. Representative anisotropy weld-maps are supplied by the MINA model of the welding process. A number of parametric studies are considered, including the magnitude and behaviour of defect mislocation and amplitude as the position of a fusion-face defect and the anisotropy distribution of a weld is varied, respectively. Furthermore, the use of the model to efficiently simulate and evaluate ultrasonic image degradation due to anisotropic austenitic welds during an inspection development process is discussed.     

高速机车构架侧梁的焊接顺序

控制高速机车转向架构架侧梁的焊接变形是控制构架生产质量的关键.以热弹塑性理论为基础,基于热-机耦合算法创建了侧梁热弹塑性仿真模型,采用Marc软件,分别研究了内部焊缝和外部主焊缝焊接顺序对侧梁焊接变形量的影响,得到了焊接顺序影响变形的规律,为实际生产过程中控制高速机车转向架构架的焊接质量提供了可靠的依据.为了避免计算仿真模型过于庞大,计算效率低下等问题,在创建该数值仿真模型中,采用了分段移动的串热源模型和并行计算技术等,从而使数值仿真领域中最复杂的焊接过程仿真得以直接应用工程中.     

焊接热影响区晶粒生长动力学及其晶粒生长图的建立

本文提出了一种焊接热影响区(HAZ)晶粒生长动力学模型。基于这种模型和部分焊接热模拟试样的奥氏体晶粒尺寸数据,建立了含Mo 及含Mo、V两种微合金化钢的模拟HAZ 晶粒生长图。该图的预测值与其他焊接热模拟试样的奥氏体晶粒尺寸实测值较好地吻合。并对这两种钢的晶粒生长动力学特性进行了讨论。     

管屏拼焊焊缝表面缺陷的激光视觉检测方法

针对管屏多道焊缝表面缺陷存在焊缝定位困难、计算量过大的问题,文中提出一种管屏拼焊焊缝表面缺陷激光视觉检测方法,建立基于激光视觉的管屏焊缝检测系统,并基于激光视觉相机拍摄管屏图像。分析管屏特征并结合形态学操作定位焊缝,使用高维多项式拟合解决焊缝缺陷快速检测问题,实现了对管屏拼焊表面缺陷的快速检测。结果表明,该检测方案能识别的最小缺陷为1 mm2,检测速度为0.438 m/s,提升了管屏焊缝表面缺陷的检测效率,解决了曲面焊缝定位难、数据量大的难题,实现快速对大量焊缝轮廓进行检测,并符合应用要求。 创新点： (1)提出了一种管屏拼焊焊缝表面缺陷激光视觉检测方案,提升管屏焊缝表面缺陷检测效率。 (2)提出了基于高阶曲面的焊缝缺陷检测方法,实现快速对大量焊缝轮廓进行检测。 (3)管屏拼焊焊缝表面缺陷激光视觉检测方法经过数据集验证,效率和精度均满足应用要求。     

Model-based simulation of focused beam fields produced by a phased array ultrasonic transducer in dissimilar metal welds

Phased array ultrasound testing (PAUT) can produce steerable and tightly focused ultrasonic beams, so it is widely used for detecting flaws. However, inspection of dissimilar metal welds (DMWs) using phased array ultrasound is not easy at all, since ultrasonic beams are skewed and distorted severely in the welds that are anisotropic and inhomogeneous elastic media. So, to increase focusing efficiency and have optimized conditions for inspecting the welds, quantitative prediction of phased array ultrasonic beams is needed. This paper proposes a modeling approach that includes modeling the grain orientation of the welds with buttering, calculating the ray path for the determination of focal laws, and applying the linear phasing multi-Gaussian beam model in order to focus the ultrasonic beams produced by a phased array transducer mounted on a wedge contacted to the interrogated DMW. This paper also presents an example of the model-based simulation of the focused beam fields produced in the DMW. The proposed model allows us to increase the focusing efficiency by accurately simulating the ultrasonic testing of welded components and to propose a new tool to associate welding design with the ultrasonic assessment of structural integrity.     

正面角焊缝的静载强度及其计算公式的探讨

本文通过分析角焊缝中应力应变分布及角焊缝的静载强度试验结果,对角焊缝的强度及其计算公式作了初步探讨。结果表明:角焊缝形状对焊缝中的应力应变分布影响很大,增加沿加载方向的焊脚尺寸,能改善焊缝中的应力应变集中程度,从而提高正面角焊缝的静载强度。同时,评定了目前经常使用的几个角焊缝强度计算公式的安全系数。最后,根据本文的试验结果及分析,提出了正面角焊缝强度的简化计算公式。     

Investigation of boundaries and structures in dissimilar metal welds

Abstract

Cracking, or disbonding, along the fusion boundary in dissimilar metal welds has been a persistent problem, particularly in applications where austenitic alloys are clad on to structural steels for corrosion protection. Many failures in dissimilar metal welds occur as a result of cracking along a boundary that runs parallel to the fusion boundary in the adjacent weld metal. A preliminary investigation was undertaken to determine the nature and evolution of boundaries and structure in dissimilar metal welds using a simple ternary system composed of a pure iron substrate and a 70Ni–30Cu (Monel) filler metal. Changes in base metal dilution were found to alter the evolution of boundaries and structures near the fusion boundary dramatically. Optical metallography and electron microanalysis reveal that the resulting weld microstructures and boundaries are similar to those observed in engineering materials used for cladding and corrosion resistant overlay. Transmission electron diffraction analysis revealed orientation relationships between adjacent base metal and weld metal grains at the fusion boundary to be different from the cube on cube relationship normally observed in similar metal welds. A model is proposed describing the evolution of the boundary most susceptible to cracking in dissimilar welds.     

Microstructural development in single crystal nickel base superalloy welds

Abstract

The welding behaviour of alloy PWA 1480, a single crystal nickel base super alloy, has been investigated. The ability to successfully weld single crystal nickel base superalloys is desirable for fabrication procedures as well as for potential repair applications in both aircraft and land based turbine systems. The microstructural development in welds of this alloy was characterised and analysed using a geometrical model developed earlier in the study of Fe–Cr–Ni single crystal welds. The microstructural features in the nickel base alloy welds and, in particular, the dendritic growth patterns, were accurately described by this model. However, several potential difficulties with the welding of the nickel base superalloys were identified. First, there is frequent formation of stray crystals which result in the loss of the single crystal nature of the weld. Second, dendritic zones are formed in the weld and these may result in a degradation of the weld properties, even if the single crystal character of the weldment remains intact. In addition, extensive cracking was found in these welds and this subject is dealt with in a companion paper.     

New model for prediction of ferrite number of stainless steel welds

Abstract

A new semi-empirical model for predicting the ferrite content of stainless steel welds has been developed. This model predicts the ferrite number of stainless steel welds as a function of composition. The model is based on an equation representing the free energy change between ferrite and austenite. This model has been derived from published data of experimental weld metal compositions and their corresponding ferrite numbers. The predictive capability of this model was found to be good and describes the effect of alloying elements on the ferrite number. This model is comparable in accuracy to currently available constitution diagrams but is applicable to a wider range of alloy compositions.     

SIMULATION OF WELD THERMAL CYCLE USING THE MODEL OF CARBONITRIDE PARTICLES PRECIPITATION

.~nonDuringweldingofsteel,thethennalPulseeXperimentedintheheatedictedzone(HAZ)adjacenttothemoltenweldbeadcanresultinprondnentndcrostrUctUrechangesinsteel.Rapidaustenitegrain~andthefonnationofcoaxsetransformationProductsoncoolingmayleadtoacoarse--grainedregionOfrelativelyPOortoughnessthatissub.jecttofailure.Butcarbon--nitridepaxticlescanimp~everyeffectivelythetoughnessOftheHAZevenattheveryhighweldingheatinputbecausethisparticlecaninhabitthe~Oftheaustenitegrainsduringweldingtheedcycling.Th…     

MAG焊旋转喷射过渡熔滴运动形态的相关分析

熔滴旋转喷射过渡ＭＡＧ焊是用于钢结构的一种高效焊接方法,在窄间隙焊和角焊缝时还可以克服焊接时侧壁的熔剑不良等缺陷。本文用高速摄影方法拍摄了Ａｒ＋Ｏ２保护气体时旋转喷射过渡的熔滴过渡形态,建立了液尖－液流束运动的相关分析模型,并由此分析讨论了熔滴运动的动态变化过程和旋转参数。结果表明,用本文提出的“相关分析”方法,可以确定液尖与液流束运动的主从关系。在脉冲旋转喷射过渡期间,液尖、液流束均绕焊丝轴线做     

Comparing similar and dissimilar friction stir welds of 2017–6005A aluminium alloys

Abstract

Similar and dissimilar friction stir welds made of aluminium alloys 2017-T6 and 6005A-T6 are compared in terms of heat inputs, temperatures, material flow distributions and resulting local and overall tensile properties. Similar welds are systematically hotter and weaker than the dissimilar welds. Predictions of a three-dimensional finite element model of the tensile test transverse to the weldline are assessed towards local deformation fields measured by digital image correlation. Deformation systematically localises on the weakest heat affected zone, which is on the 6005A side in the dissimilar welds.     

Methodology to parameterize and assess the burn-zinc technique in the resistance spot welding process

To minimize the detrimental effects of zinc during resistance spot welding of galvanized plates, a technique known as Burn-Zinc is usually employed. However, there is not much information and studies available in the current literature about when and how to use this technique. The objective of this paper is to assess and understand this technique. To do so, a methodology to determine the ideal burn-zinc parameters as a function of the plates was proposed. This methodology was evaluated by a series of welds by systematically varying current and pressure at compatible levels for zinc burning. High-speed filming, synchronized with electrical signals, was employed to visualize and to analyse results. Once the burn-zinc parameters were defined, new welds were performed with and without the burn-zinc application. The proposed experimental procedure was shown to be efficient for checking and parametrizing the burn-zinc technique. However, there was evidence that the application of burn-zinc does not always lead to a reduction in operating time.     

Ultrasonic and structural characterization of anisotropic austenitic stainless steel welds: Towards a higher reliability in ultrasonic non-destructive testing

The non-destructive testing of austenitic stainless steel welds of the primary coolant piping system is a significant problem for the nuclear industry. Ultrasonic techniques would be very helpful to detect, locate and size potential defects. Unfortunately, austenitic welds are coarse-grained, heterogeneous and anisotropic. This leads to aberration and scattering of the ultrasonic waves. In this paper, we present several experimental results of ultrasonic testing of two austenitic welds exhibiting high anisotropy. In order to explain the observed display of wave propagation phenomena such as beam deviation, we use finite element modeling. The modeling is associated with a complete characterization of the inspected welds. Two essential characteristics of the welds are determined: the average elastic constants of the weld and the grain orientations. The capability of the model is illustrated in different testing configurations. This work associating structural characterization and modeling shows that a better understanding of the phenomena of ultrasonic propagation should allow the interpretation and reliability of the industrial inspections of heterogeneous anisotropic welds to be improved.     

Real-time arc welding defect detection technique by means of plasma spectrum optical analysis

An optimized technique for real-time spectral analysis of thermal plasmas, with application in the monitoring and defect detection of industrial welding processes, particularly arc-welding, is presented in this paper. The calculation of the plasma electronic temperature by means of a sub-pixel algorithm permits on-line quality assessment of the welds, allowing the detection of common defects to be found in the welding seam, such as oxidation due to insufficient shielding gas flux or lack of penetration caused by current fluctuations of the welding power source. The proposed technique has been successfully checked in a real-time arc-welding monitoring system, and experimental results of stainless-steel welds are also reported.     

Torque,temperature and hardening precipitation evolution in dissimilar friction stir welds between 6061-T6 and 2014-T6 aluminum alloys

Dissimilar friction stir butt welds between the 2014-T6 and the 6061-T6 Al alloys were performed with various sets of welding parameters including a lateral shift of the tool from the initial separation between the plates to be welded and by placing the alloys, either on the advancing, or on the retreating side of the weld. Torque and temperature measurements during welding as well as macrographies and hardness profiles measurements were performed after welding. It was found that the welding torque, the temperature, the metal flow and the welds’ hardness profile depend on the proportion of each alloy included in the stirred zone. Those results are attributed to the difference between the softening temperatures of both alloys. The 6061 alloy's HAZ is the weak link in all dissimilar welds. The evolution of the hardening precipitation, the hardness and the local yield strength in the 6061 alloy are therefore modeled. The model reasonably well predicts the experimentally measured hardness of both similar and dissimilar welds. It also explains the influence of the alloys placement or tool lateral shift on the welds hardness by their influence on the precipitate radius and volume fraction.     

Analysis of effect of tool geometry on plastic flow during friction stir spot welding using particle method

The effect of tool geometry on the plastic flow and material mixing during friction stir spot welding (FSSW) is investigated using the particle method approach. For spot welds made with a cylindrical pin tool with flat shoulder, the model predicts the material flow at the pin periphery to be in the upward direction and the material is pushed downward beneath the shoulder giving rise to the resultant hook geometry. Other pin geometries evaluated include tapered pin, inverse tapered pin, triangular pin, convex shoulder, and concave shoulder. With good correlation with experimental trials, this model is then used to predict the material flow for spot welds. The material flow, and thereby the resultant hook formation, is quantified using numerical methods and is expressed as standard deviation of the particle movement. A triangular pin with a concave shoulder is the preferred tool geometry from the current study that results in high strength spot welds.     

基于神经网络的316L不锈钢激光焊焊缝形貌预测

在316L不锈钢的激光焊接过程中,其焊接工艺参数直接影响焊缝的形貌,建立焊接工艺参数与焊缝几何形状之间的关系对于优化焊接工艺参数,降低焊接成本非常重要. 根据316L不锈钢焊缝二维不光滑轮廓形貌特点,采用分段函数思想,分别使用Hermite插值和最小二乘拟合的方法描述焊缝轮廓,构建广义回归神经网络焊缝二维形貌预测模型. 结果表明,采用Hermite插值的方法能够获得更准确的焊缝形貌,其平均相对误差为?3.49%. 该模型为316L不锈钢激光焊焊缝预测提供一种有效方法.     

基于改进GWO-GRNN的管道焊缝三维重构测量

为提高双目相机不同位姿下焊缝的三维重构测量精度,提出一种基于立体视觉图像误差补偿的管道焊缝三维重构测量方法。采用改进灰狼算法(IGWO)优化广义回归神经网络(GRNN)补偿焊缝三维重构图像点的坐标误差。采用混沌映射、非线性收敛因子和最优记忆保存思想对GWO算法进行改进,通过8个标准测试函数进行仿真验证;利用优化后的GRNN模型对图像点坐标误差进行预测和补偿,计算三维坐标重构出焊缝点云,三维测量焊缝的焊宽、余高和长度。试验结果表明：该模型在双目相机不同的位姿状态下都能较准确地实现焊缝的三维重构,焊缝的三维测量相对误差在0.9%以内。