伸缩止滑布剥离机

这种制革含铬革屑的超声波氧化脱铬方法其特点是将含铬革屑(按重量计)100份，H2O2含量30％3份～15份，水50份～400份．加入带有搅拌器的反应容器中．用碱调节pH=8.5～11，开动搅拌器，温度10℃～40℃．施加功率为50w～1200w、频率为20kHz～400kHz的超声波．每次作用时间为0.5小时～3.0小时，用滤布过滤滤渣用酸碱交替洗涤一次．再用碱调节pH=8.5～11．加入同前用量的H2O2和H2O，施加超声波和作用时间均按前工艺条件操作，如此反复多次，根据含铬革屑的脱铬要求选择脱铬次数。     

含铬革屑脱铬提取胶原蛋白的研究进展

制革含铬革屑的主要成分为胶原蛋白和铬,具有较大的资源化利用价值。国内外对含铬革屑资源化作了大量的工作,提出了氧化法、水解法及结合法等脱铬提取胶原蛋白的技术。为实现含铬革屑资源化,促进制革工业生态化和可持续发展。以含铬革屑脱铬率与胶原蛋白提取率为主要评价指标,简要介绍了各种含铬革屑的资源化技术,分析各种资源化技术的特点与优缺点。提出结合法应为含铬革屑脱铬提取胶原蛋白的最佳方法,并对含铬革屑的资源化利用前景作了展望。     

含铬废革屑氧化脱铬方法的研究

研究了氧化脱铬的各种影响因素如pH，含铬革屑颗粒大小，作用时间和作用温度等对脱铬的影响，在反应过程中未使用任何其它助剂，H2O2在反应过程中分解为水和氧，脱铬过程中产生的Cr^6 也能通过酸的加入，使其还原成Cr^3 ，故不会造成新的污染，但是单纯的氧化脱铬脱铬率是有限的，因此如能进一步提高含铬废革屑的脱铬率，此方法不失为一种有发展前途的脱铬方法。     

铬鞣革屑中铬的回收

本研究应用空气,氧气和过氧化钠氧化含铬革屑（含铬固体废弃物）,将其中的铬元素以可溶性铬酸盐的形式回收,再将提取的铬酸盐以碱式硫酸铬（Ⅲ）溶液的形式用于鞣制工艺。通过实验确定氧化剂是影响铬酸盐形成的最重要因素。850℃时,在空气和氧气的环境中最大的氧化产率分别为23．02％和30．41％,按化学计量比,当Na2O2的用量是铬的8倍时,铬酸盐的回收效率最大（99．45％）。采用Na2O2,回收含铬革屑中99．45％的铬而得到的铬酸盐,用蒸馏水溶解过滤后得到了具有重要价值的铬酸盐溶液。铬酸盐离子用Na2SO3还原后可以得到含Cr（Ⅲ）的硫酸盐溶液。     

含铬革屑氧化法脱铬工艺研究

本文研究了含铬革屑的氧化法脱铬工艺,经过单因素和正交实验优化得出的单次脱铬工艺为：H2O2用量13%,NaOH用量3.2%,反应温度50℃,反应时间30 min,料水比1∶20,脱铬率为24.67%。按此工艺脱铬四次,脱铬率达到97.39%。     

制革过程中铬鞣液的封闭循环

虽然制革工业利用的是肉食品工业的副产品，但仍可认为是资源的消耗者及污染制造者．所以对环保很重要。加工一吨盐湿生皮时．成品革只有200kg．只有2O％的原料皮转变成革．最大的问题是如何处置含铬的固体废渣。我们虽开发了一种酶脱铬工艺，而且发展为工业化规模，每日处理铬革屑3吨。此工艺分离出来的含铬泥渣，含有10％～15％的氧化镁，我们利用它来沉淀鞣制废液中的铬。沉淀后．废液中含铬量可从2294ppm降为6ppm。因此，在鞣制过程中．可利用此工艺形成鞣液的封闭循环。     

含铬革屑氧化法脱铬工艺研究

本文研究了含铬革屑的氧化法脱铬工艺,经过单因素和正交实验优化得出的单次脱铬工艺为:H2O:用量13%,NaOH用量3.2%,反应温度50℃,反应时间30min,料水比1:20,脱铬率为24.67%.按此工艺脱铬四次,脱铬率达到97.39%.     

皮革制造中的环境和生态问题及制革清洁生产技术（X）

4．3．5铬鞣的环境影响（1）含铬废物的影响制革中产生的含铬废物主要有三种形式：含铬废水、含铬污泥和削匀、磨革和修边等操作产生的废革屑。铬鞣使用的铬鞣剂的总量中，约83％的量是用于主鞣中，其中约56％的铬被革吸收和固定，     

含铬革屑资源化利用进展

本文主要综述了含铬革屑脱铬后获得胶原蛋白和铬资源在制革化工材料、工业明胶、富铬酵母及其它方面中的应用现状,以及各种应用中存在的问题和解决方式,最后对含铬革屑的资源化利用进行了展望。     

铬泥配制含铬主鞣剂及其应用性能探索

探索了用铬革屑充分提取胶原后剩下的铬泥配制含铬主鞣剂的工艺方案 ,填补了铬革屑综合利用中铬泥处理的空白。试验表明 :当铬泥中有机物的量与加入的红矾量的比例为 1.3∶ 1时 ,配制的铬鞣剂性能较好。用 1.5 % (以 Cr2 O3 计 )的该鞣剂鞣革 ,坯革的收缩温度可达 95℃ ,铬在革中的渗透、分布均匀 ,蓝湿革性能优良     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

An internet compendium of analytical methods and spectroscopic information for monomers and additives used in food packaging plastics

An internet website (http://cpf.jrc.it/smt/) has been produced as a means of dissemination of methods of analysis and supporting spectroscopic information on monomers and additives used for food contact materials (principally packaging). The site which is aimed primarily at assisting food control laboratories in the European Union contains analytical information on monomers, starting substances and additives used in the manufacture of plastics materials. A searchable index is provided giving PM and CAS numbers for each of 255 substances. For each substance a data sheet gives regulatory information, chemical structures, physico-chemical information and background information on the use of the substance in particular plastics, and the food packaging applications. For monomers and starting substances (155 compounds) the infra-red and mass spectra are provided, and for additives (100 compounds); additionally proton NMR are available for about 50% of the entries. Where analytical methods have been developed for determining these substances as residual amounts in plastics or as trace amounts in food simulants these methods are also on the website. All information is provided in portable document file (PDF) format which means that high quality copies can be readily printed, using freely available Adobe Acrobat Reader software. The website will in future be maintained and up-dated by the European Commission's Joint Research Centre (JRC) as new substances are authorized for use by the European Commission (DG-ENTR formerly DGIII). Where analytical laboratories (food control or other) require reference substances these can be obtained free-ofcharge from a reference collection housed at the JRC and maintained in conjunction with this website compendium.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Chlorohydrins of bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (BADGE) and of bisphenol F diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in canned foods and ready-to-drink coffees from the Japanese market

BADGE.2HCl and BFDGE.2HCl were determined in 28 samples of ready-to-drink canned coffee and 18 samples of canned vegetables (10 corn, 5 tomatoes and 3 others), all from the Japanese market. HPLC was used as the principal analytical method and GCMS for confirmation of relevant LC fractions. BADGE.2HCl was found to be present in one canned coffee and five samples of corn, BFDGE.2HCl in four samples of canned tomatoes and in one canned corn. No sample was found which exceeded the 1mg/kg limit of the EU for the BADGE chlorohydrins. However the highest concentration was found for the sum of BFDGE.2HCl and BFDGE.HCl.H₂O at a level of 1.5mg/kg. A Beilstein test confirmed that all cans containing foods contaminated with BADGE.2HCl or BFDGE.2HCl had at lest one part coated with a PVC organosol.     

European priorities for research to support legislation in the area of food contact materials and articles

A strong science base is required to underpin the planning and decision-making process involved in determining future European community legislation on materials and articles in contact with food. Significant progress has been made in the past 5 years in European funded work in this area, with many developments contributing to a much better understanding of the migration process, and better and simpler approaches to food control. In this paper this progress is reviewed against previously identified work-areas (identified in 1994) and conclusions are reached about future requirements for R&D to support legislation on food contact materials and articles over the next 5 or so years.     

Analysis of benzo[a]pyrene in spiked fatty foods by second derivative synchronous spectrofluorimetry after microwave-assisted treatment of samples

A simple, rapid and inexpensive method has been developed for the determination of benzo[a     

The development of reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel. II: Certification study

This paper describes the second part of a project undertaken to develop certified mussel reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins. In the first part two interlaboratory studies were undertaken to investigate the performance of the analytical methodology for several PSP toxins, in particular saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in lyophilized mussels, and to set criteria for the acceptance of results to be applied during the certification exercise. Fifteen laboratories participated in this certification study and were asked to measure saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in rehydrated lyophilized mussel material and in a saxitoxin-enriched mussel material. The participants were allowed to use a method of their choice but with an extraction procedure to be strictly followed. The study included extra experiments to verify the detection limits for both saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin. Most participants (13 of 15) were able to meet all the criteria set for the certification study. Results for saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of <0.07 mg/kg in the rehydrated lyophilized mussels. Results obtained for decarbamoyl-saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of 1.59+/-0.20 mg/kg. The results for saxitoxin.2HCl in enriched blank mussel yielded a certified mass fraction of 0.48 +/- 0.06 mg/kg. These certified reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel material are the first available for laboratories to test their method for accuracy and performance.     

Announcing a new international peer-reviewed journal:Food Science and Human Wellness now accepting manuscript submission in English

<正>We are pleased to announce the launch of a new international peer-reviewed journal-Food Science and Human Wellness,ISSN 2213-4530,which is an open access journal,produced and hosted by Elsevier B.V.on behalf of Beijing Academy of Food Sciences.Food Science and Human Wellness is an international peer-reviewed English journal that provides a forum for the dissemination of the